The Pennsylvania magazine of history and biography

HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.

Vol XXXV.

PHILADELPHI A»
PUBLICATION FUND OF

THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA

No. 1300 LOCUST STREET.
1911.

i

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXV.

MM

Banquet given by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, to Cele-
brate the Ninety-fifth Anniversary of the Birth of Major
General George Gordon Meade, December 31, 1910. (Portrait.) I
Joseph Richardson's Road. A Bit of Color from the Forgotten Past.

By Han. Samuel W. Pennypacker. 41

The First Balloon Hoax. By Joseph Jackson. (Illustrated.) . . 51
Orderly Book of Gen. John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg, March 26-

December 20, 1777. (Concluded.) .... 59, 156, 290
Letters of a French Officer, Written at Easton, Penna., in 1777-1778. 90
Extracts from the Journal of Surgeon Ebenezer Elmer of the New
Jersey Continental Line, September 11-19, 1777. By John

Nixon Brooks 103

Three Interesting Letters 108

Notes and Queries 112,244,365,512

Book Notices 122,256,383

Presentation of Portrait of the late Henry Charles Lea, Vice-Presi-

dent of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. (Portrait.) . 129
Slavery in Colonial Pennsylvania. By Edward Raymond Turner. . 141
The West Collection of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. . 152
Records of St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Congregation, Lehigh

County, Penna., 1750-1764. By Clarence E. Beckel. . . .188
William Penn's Account with Samuel Jennings, Receiver-General,

1690-1693 199

Town Dockets of Chesterfield Township, Burlington County, New
Jersey, December 15, 1692, to December 2, 1712. By Dr. Carlos

E.Godfrey 211

" The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware, 1638-1664," by Amandus

Johnson, Ph.D. By G. B. Keen, LL.D. (Portrait.) . . .223

iv Contents of Volume XXXV.

PAGE

Beginnings of the Iron Industry in Trenton, N. J. By William

Nelson, Esq 228

Anthony Wayne, Presentation of His Portrait to the Historical

Society of Pennsylvania on behalf of Mrs. Joseph W. Drexel,

May 9, 1910. By Charles Henry Hart. (Portrait.) . . .257
Letters of James Logan to Thomas Penn and Richard Peters. . . 264
Extracts from the Diary of Joseph Heatly Dulles. By Charles W.

Dulles, M.D. . . 276

Letters of Two Distinguished Pennsylvania Officers of the

Revolution 304

Who Was the Mother of Franklin's Son. An Inquiry Demonstrating

that She Was Deborah Read, Wife of Benjamin Franklin. By

Charles Henry Hart 308

A Philadelphia Schoolmaster of the Eighteenth Century. By Joseph

Jackson. (Portrait.) 315

Orderly Book of the Second Pennsylvania Continental Line, Colonel

Henry Bicker. At Valley Forge, March 29-May 27, 1778. By

John W. Jordan. (Continued.) 333, 463

Selections from the Diary of Christiana Leach, of Kingsessing, 1765-

1796. By Robert H. Hinckley 343

Isaac Wilson, Head-Master. By Charles H. Browning. ... 350
Tombstone Inscriptions in the Baptist Graveyard at Cape May

Court House, N.J. By Mrs. Emma Steelman Adams. (Continued.)

356, 506
Laurel Hill and Some Colonial Dames Who Once Lived There. By

Wittiam Brooke Rawle, Esq. (Illustrated.) 385

Letters from William Franklin to William Strahan. By Charles

Henry Hart. (Portrait.) 415

Five Letters from the Logan Papers in the Historical Society of

Pennsylvania. By Miss J. C. Wylie .497

Officers of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania 513

517

MAJOR GENERAL GEORGE GORDON MEADE

THE

PENNSYLVANIA MAGAZINE

OF

HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.

VOL. XXXV. 1911. No. 1

BANQUET GIVEN BY THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF
PENNSYLVANIA, TO CELEBEATE THE NINETY-
FIFTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF MAJOR
GENERAL GEORGE GORDON MEADE, DECEMBER
31, 1910.

THE ninety-fifth anniversary of the birth of Major General
George Gordon Meade, Commander of the Army of the
Potomac from June 28, 1863, until the disbandment of that
army after the surrender at Appomattox, was chosen as
a fitting time to bring to the attention of a too-forgetful
people, the genius and great services of the victor ol
Gettysburg. The movement originating with former Gov-
ernor Samuel W. Pennypacker, President of the Historical
Society of Pennsylvania, found a quick response from the
members of the Society, and a committee composed of
Hon. Charlemagne Tower, Hon. Samuel "W. Pennypacker,
Col. William Brooke Rawle and Col. John P. Nicholson,
was appointed to make suitable arrangements for a banquet.
On Saturday evening, December 31, 1910, military and naval
oflicers, statesmen, diplomats, judges, barristers of national
reputation, authors, journalists and captains of industry,
who met in the Hall of the Historical Society of Pennsyl-
vania, made up an assemblage seldom seen even in this city
of distinguished gatherings. Three Lieutenant Generals —
VOL. xxxv. — 1

2 General Meade Anniversary Banquet.

Miles, Bates and Young — and an Admiral of the Navy,
Melville — made a unique setting for the occasion. In the
main Reading Room were displayed a portrait of the father
of General Meade, and three jewelled swords presented by
the city of Philadelphia, the citizens of Philadelphia at the
Great Sanitary Fair in 1864, and by his soldiers on the
Rappahannock, respectively. The Assembly Room, in
which the banquet was served, was decorated simply but
impressively with the National and State Standards. Back
of the guests' table hung a life size portrait of Meade, painted
at Head Quarters Army of the Potomac, in the Field dur-
ing the winter of 1863-4, by Thomas Hicks, draped by a
large American flag, and flanking it, his tattered headquarters
and Fifth Corps flags.

Descendants of General Meade who shared in the honors
of the evening, occupied seats in the balcony to listen to the
speeches. They were : — Mrs. George Meade, Miss Henrietta
Meade, Mrs. John B. Large, Miss Florence Meade, Mr.
Saunders L. Meade, Miss Salvadora Meade, Mr. and Mrs.
George J. Cooke, Mr. and Mrs. H. H. Francine, Mr. Ser-
geant Large, Miss Henrietta Large, Mr. and Mrs. John B.
Large, Jr., Mrs. G. G. M. Large, and Mrs. Robert H. Large.

The following guests of honor, members of the Historical
Society of Pennsylvania, and veterans of the Army of the
Potomac, participated in the celebration : —

Nelson A. Milea, Lieut. Gen. U. S. A. (retired) ;

8. M. B. Young, Lieut. Gen. U. 8. A. (retired) ;

John C. Bates, Lieut. Gen. U. 8. A. (retired) ;

George W. Melville, Rear Admiral, U. 8. N. (retired) ;

Hon. Samuel W. Pennypacker ;

Hon. Hampton L. Carson ;

Col. William Brooke Rawle ;

Col. John P. Nicholson ;

Charles Leonard Moore ;

L. W. Moore, Commander Depart. Penna. , G. A. R. ;

J. D. Fenimore, Commander Meade Post, G. A. R.;

George Gordon Meade ;

George G. Meade Large ;

Robert H. Large ;

General Meade Anniversary Banquet.

George W. Ochs, Public Ledger ;
Dr. A. C. Lambdin, Public Ledger ;
Samuel C. Wells, The Press;
John P. Dwyer, Record;
William A. Connor, Associated Press.

Edwin J. S. Adams,

Thomas Willing Balch,

William J. Barr,

Hon. Norris S. Barratt,

Gen. Robert B. Beath,

Hon. Dimner Beeber,

T. Brown Belfield,

Col. K. Dale Benson,

L. S. Bent,

Major Sylvester Bonnaffon, Jr.,

Gen. Wendell Phillips Bowman,

Peter Boyd,

Alexander P. Brown,

Jno. Cook Brown,

M. G. Brumbaugh,

John Cadwalader,

Eichard McCall Cadwalader,

George W. Carpenter,

Gen. L. H. Carpenter,

Allen Childs,

B. Frank Clapp,

James Clarency,

William M. Coates,

Frederick W. Conaway,

John F. Couaway,

J. Cardeen Cooper, M.D.,

D. E. Dallam,

William Drayton,

Henry Sturgis Drinker,

Frank Brooke Evans,

Clarence T. Fades,

Gen. B. F. Fisher,

George Harrison Fisher,

Stanley G. Flagg, Jr.,

J. Roberts Foulke,

W. R. Gaulbert,

George S. Graham,

John T. Lewis, Jr.,

Hugh McCaffrey,

Clayton McElroy,

William MacLean, Jr.,

Hon. J. Willis Martin,

Capt. S. Emlen Meigs,

Charles K. Mills, M.D.,

W. M. Mintzer,

Thos. M. Montgomery,

John T. Morris,

M. Richards Muckle,

S. Davis Page,

Harold Pierce,

E. E. Pennock,

Isaac A. Pennypacker,

James L. Pennypacker,

Joseph W. Pennypacker,

Horace Pettit,

John R. Read,

Joseph G. Rittenhouse, Jr.

W. J. Roe,

Major J. G. Rosengarten,

Henry W. Rupp,

Edward S. Sayres,

D. Nicholas Schaffer,

C. Morton Smith,

Ernest Spofford,

George Stevenson,

George R. Stull,

Hon. Mayer Sulzberger,

H. G. H. Tarr,

Edmund C. Taylor,

Gen. John P. Taylor,

Joseph Thompson,

Nicholas Thouron,

Hon. Charlemagne Tower,

Geoffrey Tower,

4 General Meade Anniversary Banquet.

Major John C. Groome, John W. Townaend,

Thos. Skelton Harrison, T. Chester Walbridge,

Charles Henry Hart, John G. Watmough,

W. J. Heller, W. H. Wetherill,

Charles E. Hires, Col. Theo. E. Wiedersheim,

James Hogan, Francis H. Williams,

Samuel Hafty, George Willing,

Gregory B. Keen, Hon. W. W. Wiltbank,

John R. Kendrick, William D. Winsor,

Major William H. Lambert, Charlemagne Tower Wolfe,

Col. E. A. Landell, Leon B. Wolfe,

A. Layman, M.D., Edward Randolph Wood,

Col. J. Granville Leach, Howard Wood,

David P. Leas, J. A. Wood,
Stuart Wood.

President Pennypacker presided at the banquet, and at
the plate of each guest, in addition to the menu, was an
excellent card photograph of General Meade (see frontis-
piece), presented by Mr. Frederick Gutekunst, an active
member of the Society for half a century. When Coffee
and Cigars were reached the attention of the banqueters was
asked, and the President in -his introductory remarks said :

ADDRESS OF HON. SAMUEL W. PENNYPACKER.

Ladies and Gentlemen : — The object of the Historical
Society of Pennsylvania, is not alone to collect and preserve
the materials which throw light upon the history of the
Country. It is, beside, so to utilize them that the im-
portant part borne by this State in the origin and develop-
ment of the Nation may be proven, and may make its
proper impress upon those given to research, and in time
upon the people everywhere.

The most important public service is often forgotten by
the neglectful and perverted by the unfaithful. There is
as much need to preserve reputations as there is to protect
bank accounts. We meet to-night to do honor to a most
distinguished soldier of the War of the Rebellion, and to
indicate our appreciation of his preeminent achievement. It

General Meade Anniversary Banquet. 5

may well be that some other captain, Grant, or Rosencrans,
or Sherman, or Thomas, had the skill and the capacity to
command with success upon a battlefield as important as
Gettysburg, but upon no one of them did fate impose such
a task, or bestow such a reward. The result of that battle
settled the issues of the War. It did much more. To-day
two diverse peoples, one in the East and one in the West,
stretch hands and blow kisses across the Pacific Ocean, wait-
ing intent to see which in the end will be the Master of its
waves. America is able to dig her canal and to keep watch
and ward for the Aryan race, because a half century ago the
most momentous battle of modern times was won upon a
Pennsylvania field by a Philadelphia soldier, George Gordon
Meade.

It is not for me, as the presiding officer of this dinner, to
tell about his services. We have here to-night one of the
vice-presidents of this society, a learned lawyer who has
been the Attorney-General of the Commonwealth, a bril-
liant writer who has told us the story of the Supreme Court
of the United States, an eloquent orator at once persuasive
and impressive. I have the great pleasure to present to you
the Hon. Hampton L. Carson.

ADDRESS OF HON. HAMPTON L. CARSON.

Mr. President, Fellow-members of the Historical Society, Dis-
tinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen : — We have met to
celebrate the 95th Anniversary of the birthday of George
Gordon Meade, one of our great commanders, a son of
Pennsylvania, who, on Pennsylvania soil, performed a ser-
vice to State and Nation of which the benefits will last as
long as the flag of the Republic floats; a general who fought
a battle and won a victory, of which history will declare
that a contrary event would have essentially varied the
drama of the world in all its subsequent scenes. Of him
it may be said, as Voltaire said of Marlborough, that "he
had in high degree that calm courage in the midst of tu-

6 General Meade Anniversary Banquet.

mult, that serenity of soul in danger, which the English call
a cool head, a quality which gave to the English the glories
of Creasy, of Poictiers and Agincourt."

He had dash and fire as a division commander, coolness
as the commander of a corps, thus displaying courage with-
out rashness and caution without timidity, qualities which
Jugurtha was said to have possessed as described by the
historian Sallust. He was skilled in logistics, the art of
moving large bodies of men, as well as in strategy and tac-
tics, in which Turenne and Napoleon so greatly excelled.
Thus he united in a marked degree some of the most strik-
ing characteristics of the four great commanders I have
named.

In my boyish recollections General Meade stands out as
a very distinct personality. I often saw him on horseback
as he was riding in the park, or on the streets of Philadel-
phia, or occasionally in a drawing room. I went to school
with his youngest son. My father and mother were intimate
with General Meade and Mrs. Meade, and it happened that
my uncle General A. A. Humphreys commanded a division
at Gettysburg, and afterwards was Meade's Chief of Staff.
To this accidental relationship of mine to one closely con-
nected with him I find an explanation of the action of
the committee in selecting me, entirely without military
knowledge or experience, to address a body of gentlemen,
some of whom not only fought under him but were also
participants in his great fight. I have envied, as few boys
except those of my own generation can envy, the men ten
years older than myself. As I cast my eyes along this glit-
tering line and see men here who beneath the inspiration of
those glorious stripes and under those inextinguishable stars,
fought on those hills and rocky slopes in order that this
Union might live, I feel that it is a degree of immortality
for them in advance to have participated as soldiers under
his command.

General Meade was born on the 31st of December, 1815,
in the town of Cadiz, Spain, where his father, a citizen of

General Meade Anniversary Banquet. 7

Pennsylvania, was a merchant and also represented the gov-
ernment of the United States as a naval agent. On his
father's side he was of Irish descent and on his mother's
of English. There was not the slightest trace of military
inheritance in his blood. He came of a race of merchants,
and for three generations back those merchants had been
conspicuous in the life and business of Philadelphia. His
great-grandfather was here in Philadelphia as early as 1732.
His grandfather was one of the merchants who signed the
non-importation resolutions in 1765, and subsequently, in
1780, contributed the then very large sum of £2,000 for
the relief of the suffering soldiers of George Washington.
General Meade's great-aunt married Thomas Fitzsimmons,
then a young merchant of Philadelphia, but who is known
to fame as one of the signers of the Constitution of the
United States, and who as a member of the first Congress
of the United States under the Constitution, became con-
spicuous in advocating our first tariff law. General Meade's
father was a merchant who as early as 1803 went to Spain,
and there lived during an interesting series of years, that
brought him in close contact with the Duke of Wellington
throughout his campaigns in Portugal and Spain, and three
years after the birth of his illustrious son he returned to this
country, and the boy received his early education in a school
at Mount Airy, Germantown. Subsequently removing to
Washington, he became a pupil of the man who afterwards
was celebrated not only as Lincoln's Secretary of the
Treasury but as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the
United States, Salmon P. Chase. So that you observe, not
only from the family history but from the personal contact
of young Meade with men of distinction, that he had unusual
opportunities afforded to him of rising in the scale of affairs.
Unfortunately his father died in middle lifo after a long and
ineffectual effort to secure from the government of the
United States a recognition of a Florida claim which oper-
ated very much like the French Spoliation Claims, in the
shape of an assumption on the part of the United States

8 General Meade Anniversary Banquet.

Government in the purchase of territory of claims which
United States citizens had against the ceding power. He
spent his life and his energy and died of disappointment at
not having received that act of justice at the hands of his
government which no juet government should withhold.
The boy afterwards was sent to West Point Academy at the
age of sixteen, graduated four years later, and at the age of
twenty joined the squadron of his brother-in-law, Com-
modore Dallas. When at Havana they received the news
of the Dade Massacre, which ushered in the Seminole War.
Owing to the misfortune of a fever contracted in the
swamps, he was not able to perform any very active service,
but finally being detached upon purely engineering work,
he took a part not only in the building of a railroad but in
the laying out of the boundary line between Texas and the
United States. Subsequently he ran the lines between
Texas and Mexico. He engaged in observations at the
mouths of the Mississippi, which later led General Humph-
reys to investigate more extensively the causes of the fre-
quency of the bars and shoals of that great river. He then
came to Philadelphia and on the lower Delaware performed
services to this port in the way of light-house construction,
and about the time of the outbreak of the Mexican War,
he was a member of the Topographical Engineers. Becom-
ing attached to the staff of General Taylor, he served in
the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de La Palma and in the
attack on Monterey, particularly distinguishing himself in a
reconnoissance of the enemy's works in front of General
Worth's lines, gaining the commendation of his commander.
Later he joined the army of General Scott and before Yera
Cruz, helped to lay out the lines of circumvallation and to
indicate the construction of the naval battery. With this
experience and these varied activities he then entered on
the Geodetic Survey on the Great Lakes and was in that
service as a Major of Topographical Engineers at the time
of the outbreak of the Civil War.

Disinclined to accept staff duty, he applied to Governor

General Meade Anniversary Banquet. 9

Curtin and received an appointment as a brigadier-general
in command of a division of the famous Pennsylvania Re-
serves. Joining the Army of the Potomac under McClellan,
he particularly distinguished himself at Games' Mills and at
the Battle of Frazier Farm or Qlendale or Charles City
Cross Roads, as it is variously called, where he was severely
wounded. I will not stop, except simply for a moment, to
indicate the value of the services he performed at that last
named battle, where by preventing the breaking through of
Stonewall Jackson's corps, he guarded the transportation
lines across the White Oak Swamp and enabled McClellan's
army to reach safely the protection of Malvern Hill. Join-
ing the army a second time, his wound healing rapidly, he
then became the commander of the Pennsylvania Reserves,
subsequently distinguishing himself at South Mountain and
Antietam, there taking command of Hooker's corps when
Hooker was wounded. Subsequently placed in command of
the Fifth Corps, he attracted general attention to himself at
Fredericksburg by a fierce attack on the right wing of Lee's
army, penetrating far to the rear, and was driven back simply
because of heavy pressure with a great loss of gallant men.
By the sagacity and the soldier like qualities which he
had displayed, as well as by the particular value of a remark
made concerning the disastrous battle of Chancellorsville,
his name was suggested to the President for appointment to
the supreme command of the Army of the Potomac, at the
time when Hooker asked to be relieved; and on the 28th
day of June, 1863, he found himself suddenly burdened
with the responsibility of taking command of a great army,
not yet concentrated, without any suggestion of value or
any information of importance from the retiring commander,
upon the eve of that which was to prove to be a battle for
the defence of the soil of his native state against Lee's
columns flushed with victory, stimulated by their successes
at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, and believing that
they could conquer in fair fight the Army of the Potomac
wherever found. I do not know where it is written in

10 General Meade Anniversary Banquet.

military annals that any soldier, no matter how distinguished
or experienced, had ever before upon such short notice
been called upon to assume so responsible a command.
Modest but dignified, self-possessed and self-reliant, shirk-
ing no duty, but impressed by the gravity of his situation,
he gathered in his scattered corps, and ascertaining that
Lee was at Chambersburg with Hill and Longstreet, and
that Ewell was at Carlisle and Early was at Wrightsville,
on the Susquehanna, he gave the orders for the concentra-
tion of his army in the direction of Gettysburg.

Then with that supreme quality of prudence which indi-
cates the foresight of the great commander, he had examined
and selected a defensive line along Pipe Creek where he
felt that he could safely fight a defensive battle if that
proved in the course of events to be the proper situation,
pushing out the First Corps under Reynolds, supported
by the Eleventh under Howard. On the morning of the
1st of July, that gallant soldier of Pennsylvania, John F.
Reynolds, finding Buford's Cavalry engaged to the north of
the village of Gettysburg, pressed forward to make disposi-
tions for his support when unfortunately, struck by a bullet
in the neck, he lost his life on sacred soil. I need not re-
count the events of that day of disaster, when Early and
Ewell coming in from the northeast by lines from York and
Hanover and meeting as the roads converged the forward
movement of Hill and Longstreet through the Cashtown
Pass, the First Corps and the Eleventh Corps had to suc-
cumb under the pressure of superior numbers, but just as
both corps were driven back, there arrived on that scene of
deadly peril a second son of Pennsylvania, Winfield Scott
Hancock, sent by George G. Meade to take command and to
indicate whether the field of Gettysburg would afford a
proper line on which to post the army to fight for the pres-
ervation of the Union and the supremacy of the flag. It
was well that such a man, with quick glance and instinctive
knowledge of topography, had arrived in order to form the
divisions in proper lines to hold the ridge.

General Meade Anniversary Banquet.

11

The line of battle as assumed towards midnight of the
1st of July, General Meade arriving at that time, has been
described very often as in the shape of a fish hook. It is
impossible to indicate that precisely by words, but by placing
my right arm in this position and crooking around the hand
so as to form the barb of the hook, you have here at the
elbow the position of Round Top, here on the middle fore-
arm Little Round Top, there Cemetery Ridge, here Cemetery
Hill, and around to the right in northeast and southeast
directions Gulp's Hill and Wolfs Hill, while beyond in the
open lies the Rummel farm, which you will hear described
by Colonel Brooke Rawle. Gn the opposite side indicated
by my left arm was the ridge known as the Seminary Ridge,
which was occupied by the Confederates. Between them
lay that fatal undulating country over which Pickett's charge
took place, which will be described by Colonel Nicholson.
On the morning of the 2nd of July, an attack was meditated
to drive Ewell and Early away from the Federal right, but it
was found because of the peculiar formation of the ground
and the presence of Rock Creek that this was inadvisable.
The various corps were posted in such a way that the First
and Twelfth were on the right, the Eleventh was on the
Cemetery Hill and on the Cemetery Ridge proper rested the
Second Corps under Hancock; the Third under Sickles
should have closed its lines in connection with Hancock's
corps to Little Round Top where Sykes rested with Sedgwick
in reserve. Above on the extreme left rose the high hill of
Round Top overlooking the field.

Scenes of carnage, of detonating noise and wild confusion
have been described as among the most sublime that man
can contemplate, where huge masses of disciplined valor are
arrayed under skillful commanders against each other, and
all the deadliest instruments of war which science can devise
are trained upon the living lines; this is but material, but
that which gave sublimity to that scene was the thought that
among the clouds hovering above that field of battle were
those vital principles for which the flag floats and for which

12 General Meade Anniversary Banquet.

men were willing to lay down their lives. The deadliest
fighting on the second day was owing to the misjudgment
of the commander of the Third Corps in throwing out his
divisions so far in advance of the Cemetery Ridge that the
advanced line had both wings in the air. Humphreys com-
manded the division on the right, Birney in the centre and
DeTrobriand on the left. General Meade riding to the
field, with an instinctive judgment as to the true line of
defence, divined at once that Sickles had made a mistake
in pushing out to the ridge east of the Emmetsburg road.
He ordered him to withdraw but found that it was too late,
for he was attacked both on the flanks and the centre by
Longstreet's corps charging for ward, the men taking advan-
tage of the chasm which led to the Devil's Den and up
around the base of Little Round Top and the still greater
Round Top. Then occurred what General Alexander, a
brigadier general of the Confederate army and the com-
mander of Longstreet's artillery, in his recent book has
described as the finest piece of generalship in the entire
war on either side. Meade, with a superb display of tactics,
brought powerful forces in succession to the support of the
imperilled line, and secured the possession of Round Top,
the key to the entire field. The contest was bloody and
strenuous, charges and countercharges were frequent, in the
Peach Orchard, at the salient and across the Wheat Field
the tide of battle ebbed and flowed. Charge and counter-
charge; regiment and division and brigade, finally a corps
thrown into support, the right wing drawn on to sustain the
centre, and then Humphreys, another son of Pennsylvania,
performing an evolution which military men have described
as one of the marvels of tactical performance under a hot
fire, facing round and changing line, arid in good order fall-
ing back to the Cemetery Ridge. Sickles' mistake cost in
life and in wounds over sixty per cent, of the total losses
of the three days' fight. But as the day closed and as
Longstreet was driven back, again sprang Pennsylvania
to the front, the Pennsylvania Reserves under Crawford

General Meade Anniversary Banquet. 13

charging across the Wheat Field and pressing back the
Confederates, and the sun went down upon a bloody and an
undecided day.

On the morning of the 3rd of July, it having been found
that during the night Ewell had taken advantage of the
weakening of the right wing, and had captured some of the
positions in the neighborhood of Gulp's Hill, General Meade
ordered forward masses of artillery to retake the lost ground.
This was accomplished and was the first achievement of the
day. Then came a lull — the awful prelude to the storm.
All during the forenoon the hot sun beat upon the scene of
carnage, where men lay ghastly and dead, where men lay
groaning and writhing, where wounds smarted and thirst
was maddening, where artillery wagons were overturned
and horses were kicking and plunging in agony. Along
Cemetery Ridge beat the heart of Pennsylvania, along the
entire line pulsed the fate of the nation, back of the Bloody
Angle stood the Philadelphia Brigade ready to resist assault.
On the opposite line Longstreet massed his artillery. Then
Hell vomited. The concentrated fire of 120 guns opened
and for two hours belched shot and shell upon the Cemetery
Ridge. Lee having failed in his attacks on the right and
left wings determined to risk one supreme effort to break
the centre and drive Hancock and the Pennsylvanians and
the Yermonters and the Massachusetts men and other gallant
soldiers of the Union into the jaws of destruction. Hunt's
artillery replied for a time, and then reserved its fire to con-
centrate it on the advancing line, for across the open space,
the details of which will be described by Colonel Nicholson,
came Pickett's charge. The expiring effort of the Confed-
eracy rose like a billow with a crimson crest and dashed
itself against the rock ribbed Cemetery Ridge, and then
rolled back, leaving prisoners in our hands, standards capt-
ured, broken hopes. Then came the conviction to our
army that Gettysburg had been won, that the coolness, the
courage, the skill and the perspicacity of the great Pennsyl-
vania soldier, George G. Meade, had rescued the Army of

14 General Meade Anniversary Banquet.

the Potomac from the indecision, the incompetency and the
failures of its previous commanders, and had planted in the
hands of that army a standard of victory which never after-
wards was lowered.

In England in the days of the Armada, a dark cloud hung
upon the coast, while Europe stood in breathless suspense to
see the result of the great cast made in the game of politics
then being played by the craft of Borne, the power of Phillip
and the genius of Farnese against the Island Queen and her
Drakes, her Raleighs, her Effinghams and her Cecils. In
the same manner there brooded over the rocky hills of
Gettysburg those spirits of Good and Evil which met in
deadly conflict like Michael and Satan. The victory of
Meade meant on that holy soil that Freedom and Union had
triumphed over Secession and Slavery, and had rescued this
nation from the petty dismemberment which would have
wrecked our majestic planetary system, where every State
under the flag of the Republic revolves to the music of the
Union about the Constitution of the United States as a cen-
tral sun.

I shall not further attempt a biographical sketch in detail,
nor shall I attempt a critical estimate of the military genius
of Meade based upon a review of his military work. That
task has been already done and admirably done, and its fur-
ther elucidation belongs to men of military knowledge and
experience. I prefer to view Meade as he appears to my
mind's eye in the very definite relation of a chosen instru-
ment in the hands of Providence for the accomplishment
of certain moral and physical results in the promotion of
the plain destiny of America. George G. Meade was born
to be the victor at Gettysburg, in the same sense that
John Marshall was born to decide the case of Marbury vs.
Madison. He was born to be the commander at a critical
moment, in the same sense that Benjamin Franklin was
born to negotiate the French Alliance, and Webster to be
the expounder of the Constitution. There is no fatalism in
this, but the recognition of the truth that great men, whether

General Meade Anniversary Banquet. 15

statesmen, soldiers, lawyers, merchants, bankers or railroad
men, who do great things and influence great movements^
are the products of a long series of phenomena physical and
moral, controlled by law, resulting in certain characteristics
springing from ancestry, climate, race, training, education,
environment and particular aptitude for an emergency, which
at a given time and place, under the clash and conflict of
antagonistic forces, produce results which propel through
the centuries influences which become telluric, and lift the
globe in the upclimb of the race from barbarism to civiliza-
tion. The charm of the rose, and the sturdiness of the oak,
the beauty of woman and the intellect of man, are the prod-
ucts of those laws of transformation which have converted
stellar influences and impalpable gases into a solid world,
teeming with beauty, both intellectual and physical, just as
the Invention of Printing, the Discovery of America, the
Settlement at Jamestown, the Landing of the Pilgrims, and
the Founding of Pennsylvania led to the Declaration of In-
dependence, the Framing of the Constitution of the United
States, and the Victory at Gettysburg, all three of them
wrought out on Pennsylvania soil, and in a masterful sense
largely the result of Pennsylvania's contribution to the sum
total of achievement. Here is the niche that belongs to
George Gordon Meade, filled by a grand and impressive
figure, the victor and the hero at the supremest crisis in our
military history.

President Pennypacker. Lee had sent Stuart with his
cavalry around the Army of the Potomac to make an attack
upon the rear. Fortunately it happened that he was met
there by that great Pennsylvania Soldier, General Gregg,
and was defeated. "We have asked General Gregg to be
here tonight. He is nearly eighty years old and unable to
attend in this winter season, but he has written a very com-
mendatory letter of General Meade, which with your per-
mission I shall read.

16 General Meade Anniversary Banquet.

READING, PA., December 8, 1910.

HON. CHARLEMAGNE TOWER,
HON. SAMUEL W. PENNYPACKER,
COL. WM. BROOKE RAWLE,
COL. JOHN P. NICHOLSON.

Committee.
Dear Sirs :

I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your let-
ter of the 1st inst. extending to me an invitation to be present
at a dinner to be given on the 31st inst. by patriotic citizens
of Philadelphia as a tribute to the memory of General
George Gordon Meade.

I am delighted to know that the memory of that great
soldier is to be honored in such an appropriate manner in
his home city, and my great regret is that I am compelled
to decline an invitation so courteously extended to me to be
a guest at the dinner. I am well advanced in years, fast
nearing the four score mark, and can only hope to escape
the danger incident to old age in the inclement winter sea-
son, by remaining under the shelter of my own roof.

In the War of the Rebellion, I enjoyed the privilege of
serving in the Army with General Meade, and was familiar
with his fine reputation as a Brigade, Division and Corps
commander. His accession to the command of the Army
of the Potomac on the eve of the battle of Gettysburg, was
accepted by that Army with entire satisfaction. That the
confidence reposed in him was not misplaced, was shown by
the masterly and skillful manner in which he handled the
troops under his command which associate his name so
gloriously and inseparably with the great victory won at
Gettysburg. When General Meade assumed command of
the Army of the Potomac I was in command of a Division
of Cavalry, and in August of the following year I fell in
command of the Cavalry of that Army, and was brought
in close official relations with General Meade, for whom I
had the highest respect and admiration because of his great

General Meade Anniversary Banquet. 17

ability displayed as an Army Commander. Our personal
relations were most agreeable and friendly.

It has always been with his host of friends a matter of
great regret, that General Meade had not received profes-
sional rewards commensurate with the great and distin-
guished service he rendered his Country when its life hung
in the balance.

Very respectfully yours,

D. McM. GREGG.

President Pennypacker. The organization composed of
the officers of the Army and Navy who served in the War
of the Rebellion is the MILITARY ORDER or THE LOYAL LE-
GION OF THE UNITED STATES. Its success, like that of most
other organizations, is mainly due to the efforts of a single
individual of enterprise and energy. He has collected the
most comprehensive and finest library of the literature of
that war. He is perhaps the most learned student of that
great conflict. The fact that the Field of Gettysburg is
marked with monuments, from one end to the other, desig-
nating the positions of the troops engaged, is largely due
to his efforts. He is here tonight, and he will tell you about
the great infantry and artillery assault at the crisis of the
three days' fight at Gettysburg, which was a final and des-
perate effort to break the centre of General Meade's line of
battle. I present to you Lieutenant-Colonel John P.
Nicholson.

ADDRESS OF LIEUTENANT-COLONEL JOHN P. NICHOLSON.

Lieutenant-Colonel Nicholson then read from the manu-
script a graphic and thrilling account of " Longstreet's As-
sault on the Union line," in the afternoon of July 3, 1863,
during the Battle of Gettysburg, and its repulse, which will
be published in connection with a forthcoming series of pa-
pers prepared by him relating to the Battles of Antietam,
Chancellors ville and Gettysburg.

VOL. XXXV. 2

18 General Meade Anniversary Banquet.

President Pennypacker. There was with General Gregg
in his cavalry fight on the right at Gettysburg, a gentleman
who also is now a Vice-President of this Society. He was
a young fellow then, nineteen years of age, a member of the
Senior Class at the University of Pennsylvania on leave of
absence, and a Lieutenant in the Third Pennsylvania Cav-
alry. He was in the thick of the fight, and afterwards was
breveted " for gallant and meritorious services," first as a
Major and again as a Lieutenant-Colonel. I have the pleas-
ure of introducing to you Lieutenant-Colonel William
Brooke Rawle.

ADDRESS OF LIEUTENANT-COLONEL WILLIAM BROOKE RAWLE.

Mr. President, Ladies, Honored Guests and Fellow Members
of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania : — As the years roll
by, it is, perhaps, because of the intense strain of modern
life, and the multitude of affairs which engage our atten-
tion, that we are rapidly allowing the mist of time to dim
the recollections of the momentous events which occurred
in this country nearly half a century ago. To us here in
Pennsylvania especially this fact is to be regretted, inasmuch
as on our own soil was fought one of the greatest battles of
modern times, the most important one in its effects dur-
ing the entire conflict of the Civil War of the Southern
Rebellion. It is but natural that upon an occasion like this
special reference should be made to it, for the words
" Meade " and " Gettysburg," " Gettysburg" and " Meade"
are synonymous and inseparable. Thanks to the leadership
of General George Gordon Meade, himself a citizen of
Pennsylvania, our beloved State and City were saved from
capture and occupation by an enemy from whom there was
much to fear as an invading hostile force.

It is high time now, before all of us who had reached
maturity in those days have passed away, that attention
should be recalled to the great debt of gratitude which we
owe to General Meade. It has been asked : " Why have we
chosen the ninety-fifth anniversary of his birth to honor his

General Meade Anniversary Banquet.

19

memory ? The one hundredth would be more appropriate."
But, alas, when this corresponding day in the year 1915 shall
arrive, there will be scarcely any one left of those who
served under General Meade during that great War, in the
glorious old Army of the Potomac, to tell of what they
saw, and of the events in which they took part.

I have been requested to tell upon this occasion, as I have
done before, the story of one particular phase of that great
battle of Gettysburg — and one of supreme importance —
the cavalry fight on the right flank and rear of Meade's line,
which took place simultaneously with the infantry fight
just described by Colonel Nicholson. In the few minutes at
my disposal, however, it is impossible to describe it with
sufficient particularity, or to do justice to it.

The crisis, the most important event of that great battle,
occurred on the third and last day of its continuance, dur-
ing the afternoon of July 3, 1863, when a well conceived
and concerted movement on the part of General Robert E.
Lee, the Confederate commander, with a massed force esti-
mated at from fifteen thousand to seventeen thousand in-
fantry under General Longstreet, moved from Seminary
Ridge on the westward upon the centre of General Meade's
position along Cemetery Ridge, while at the same time a force
estimated at from six thousand to seven thousand cavalry un-
der that other distinguished Confederate General, J. E. B. Stu.
art, advanced from the eastward, directed to the same point.

Colonel Nicholson — than whom no one could do it better
or even as well — an eye witness of Longstreet's assault, and
now and for years past Chairman of the Gettysburg National
Park Commission — who has made a thorough study of the
battle in all its details, has given us a graphic and thrilling
account of the first mentioned movement, known as " Long-
street's," or, by many, as " Pickett's Charge," centring upon
the point now marked as the " High Water Mark of the Re-
bellion." The great preliminary artillery battle which he de-
scribes began at a few minutes after one o'clock in the after-
noon by the firing of two signal guns by the Washington

20 General Meade Anniversary Banquet.

Artillery of New Orleans. Now I beg to call attention
particularly to the correlation of the times of occurrences,
according to the weight of authority. The tremendous ar-
tillery firing lasted in its intensity until about a quarter be-
fore three o'clock, from which time until about three it
gradually slackened, and then ceased. At the latter hour
Longstreet's assaulting force moved out from the woods in
which it had been concealed along Seminary Ridge. It took
about twenty minutes for it to move at a steady pace over
the three-fourths of a mile or more through the open fields,
to the position of the Union lines, and at about a quarter
before four o'clock the Confederates began to fall back
repulsed.

Meanwhile, what was going on to the eastward of Meade's
position ? About two and a half miles to the northeastward
of Wolfs Hill, which was the barb of the fish-hook-like
shape of Meade's line of battle, and where the Union in-
fantry and cavalry picket and skirmish lines connected,
General Stuart, screened by woods and hills, had taken posi-
tion during the morning, along and a short distance to the
southward of the York Pike, with practically all the cavalry
then with the Army of Northern Virginia, consisting of the
four brigades of General Wade Hampton, General Fitzhugh
Lee, General William H. F. Lee (under Colonel Chambliss),
and General Jenkins (under Colonel Ferguson), respectively,
and four batteries of Horse Artillery — "the main strength
and flower of the Confederate cavalry, led by their most
distinguished commanders."

General David McM. Gregg, the Commander of the Sec-
ond Cavalry Division of the Army of the Potomac, had
been ordered to take position in the morning on the right
of that Army, between the Hanover Road and the York
Pike. This he did with the First and Third Brigades of
his Division, which were commanded by Colonels Mclntosh
and Irvin Gregg respectively, with Randol's Battery of
Horse Artillery. On part of this field, nearer Gettysburg,
along Brinkerhoft's Ridge, he had had, the evening before,

General Meade Anniversary Banquet. 21

a sharp skirmish with the celebrated " Stonewall Brigade" of
Confederate Infantry. On reaching the place to which he
had been ordered he found it in possession of General Ous-
ter's "Michigan Brigade" of the Third Cavalry Division
with Pennington's Battery of Horse Artillery, which he was
directed to relieve and send over to report to General Kil-
patrick on the left of the line near Round Top. The force
under General Gregg including Ouster's command num-
bered about five thousand men, though not more than three
thousand were actually engaged in the fight about to be de-
scribed (Irvin Gregg's brigade being held in reserve close
at hand in full view of the field), as against Stuart's six
thousand to seven thousand men.

Prom the position occupied by General Gregg's command
we had a fine view over the open country of the tremendous
artillery duel going on from two to four miles off. While
this was at its height, about two o'clock, Mclntosh sent for-
ward part of his brigade to find out what, if anything, was
going on beyond a ridge surmounted by trees, called Cress'
Ridge, to the northward and westward of where he was
posted. It was marvellously fortunate that he did so, for
the movement developed the fact that, unseen from our po-
sition, Stuart, screened by the ridge, was just starting around
General Gregg's left flank, with Jenkins' Brigade, supported
by that under the command of Chambliss. Jenkins' Bri-
gade in advance, under Ferguson, had to stop to fend off
Mclntosh and part of the Michigan Brigade, which had
been sent to support and lengthen his line. Then followed
some brilliant cavalry fighting, mounted and dismounted,
to and fro over the whole field, supported by the horse ar-
tillery batteries on both sides. Shortly before three o'clock,
just as the great artillery battle over to our left and rear
was ceasing preparatory to Longstreet's advance, the First
Virginia Cavalry of Fitz Lee's Brigade made a mounted
charge upon Randol's Battery, in an endeavor to force its
way through and past Gregg's force and strike Meade's line
in rear. It was met by the Seventh Michigan, but unsuc-

22 General Meade Anniversary Banquet.

cessfully. The First North Carolina and the Jeff Davis'
Legion of Hampton's Brigade moved up to the support of
ths First Virginia, and were at first successful in driving
our people back, but ultimately all were repulsed by the
heavy lines of mounted and dismounted cavalry on both
their flanks.

Just then, about ten minutes after three o'clock, when
Longstreet's lines of battle had started on their movement
to the assault of Cemetery Ridge, there appeared in the dis-
tance, emerging from behind the screen of woods on the
crossroad by the Stalsmith farm, a little over a mile north
of the Hanover Road, heading over the open fields in the
direction of our batteries and the rear of centre of Meade's
line of battle, a large mass of cavalry — the superb brigades
of Wade Hampton and Fitz Lee. Every one of us saw at
once that unless this, the grandest attack of all, was checked,
the fate of the day would be decided against the Army of
the Potomac. They were Stuart's last reserves and his last
resource. If the Baltimore Pike was to be reached, and panic
and havoc created in the rear of Meade's line of infantry,
as intended and hoped for, the important moment had ar-
rived, as Longstreet's command was even then moving up
to the assault of Cemetery Ridge from the opposite side.

In close columns of squadrons, advancing, side by side,
and as if in review, with sabres drawn and glistening like
silver in the bright sunlight — the spectacle called forth a
murmur of admiration. It was, indeed, a memorable one.
Chester, of Randol's Battery, whose section of guns was
nearest, opened fire at once, with a range of less than a mile.
Pennington, and Kinney, with the other section of Randol's
Battery, soon joined in. Canister and shell were poured in-
to the steadily approaching columns as fast as the guns could
fire. Our dismounted men fell back to the right and left,
and such as could got to their horses. The mounted skirm-
ishers rallied and fell into line. Then Gregg rode over to
the First Michigan, which, as it had come upon the field a
short time before, had formed close column of squadrons

General Meade Anniversary Banquet.

23

supporting the batteries, and gave the word to charge. As
its Colonel, Town, ordered sabres to be drawn and the col-
umn to advance, Custer dashed up with similar orders, and
placed himself at its head. The two opposing columns
drew nearer and nearer to each other, the Confederates out-
numbering their opponents three or four to one. The gait
increased — first the trot, then the gallop. Wade Hampton's
battle-flag floated in the van of his brigade. The orders of
the Confederate officers to their men could be distinctly
heard by us, "Keep to your sabres, men! keep to your
sabres !" for the lessons we had given them at Kelly's Ford,
at Brandy Station and at Aldie had been severe. There
their cry had been, " Put up your sabres ! Draw your pistols
and fight like gentlemen!" But the sabre was never a
favorite weapon with the Confederate cavalry, and now, in
spite of the lessons of the past, the warnings of the present
were not heeded by all.

As the charge was ordered the speed increased, every
horse on the jump, every man yelling like a demon. The
columns of the Confederates blended, but their alignment
was maintained. Chester put charge after charge of double
canister into their midst, his men bringing it up to the guns
by the armful. The execution was fearful, but the long
rents closed up at once. As the opposing columns drew
nearer and nearer, each with good alignment, every man
gathered his horse well under him, and gripped his weapon
the tighter. Though ordered to retire his guns, toward
which the head of the assaulting column was directed,
Chester kept on firing until the enemy was within fifty yards
of him, and the head of the First Michigan had come into
the line of his fire. Staggered by the fearful execution of
the two batteries, some of the men in the front of the Con-
federate column began to check their horses and wavered.
Some turned and the column fanned out to the right and
left, but those behind came pressing on. Custer, seeing
some of the men in the front ranks of the enemy hesitate,
waved his sabre and shouted to those following him, " Come

24 General Meade Anniversary Banquet.

on, you Wolverines !" and with a fearful yell the First Michi-
gan rushed on, Ouster four lengths ahead.

Mclntosh, as he saw the Confederate column advancing,
sent his Adjutan^General, Captain Walter S. Newhall, with
orders to Captains Treichel and Rogers, of the Third Penn-
sylvania Cavalry, whose squadrons were deployed as dis-
mounted skirmishers on the enemy's right, to mount and
rally their men for a charge on his flank as it passed. But
sixteen men could get their horses, and with five officers
they made for the battle-flag. Newhall, sharing the excite-
ment of the moment, rushed in, by the side of Treichel and
Rogers, at the head of the little band. Captain Miller,
whose squadron of the Third Pennsylvania had been fight-
ing mounted in skirmishing order, rallied it and fired a
volley from the woods on the right as the Confederate
column passed parallel with his line but a short distance off,
and then, with sabres drawn, charged down into the over-
whelming masses of the enemy.

The small detachment under Treichel and Rogers struck
the enemy first, all making for Wade Hampton's color-guard.
Newhall was about seizing the flag when a sabre cut was
directed at his head, and he was compelled to parry it. At
the same moment the color-bearer lowered his spear and
struck Newhall full in the face with it, knocking him sense-
less to the ground. Nearly every officer and man in the
little band was killed or wounded. Almost at the same
moment, Miller, with his squadron, struck the enemy's left
flank about two-thirds of the way down the column. Going
through and through, he cut off the rear portion and drove
it back past the Rummel farm buildings up to the Con-
federate batteries on Cress' Ridge, and nothing but the scat-
tering of his men prevented his going farther and taking the
guns, wounded though he was.

Meanwhile the two columns had come together head on
with a loud resounding crash like the falling of timber — the
one led by Wade Hampton and Fitz Lee, and the other by
Custer — and were fighting hand to hand. Mclntosh, with

General Meade Anniversary Banquet. 25

his staff and orderlies, and such scattered men from the
Michigan and other regiments as he could get together, and
part of the Fifth Michigan, charged in with their sabres.
For minutes, which seemed like hours, amid the clashing of
the sabres, the rattle of the small arms, the frenzied impre-
cations, the demands to surrender, the undaunted replies
and the appeals for mercy, the Confederate column stood
its ground. Captain Thomas of Mclntosh's staff, seeing
that more was needed to turn the tide, cut his way over
to the woods on the right, where he knew he could find
Captain Hart, who had remounted his battalion of the First
New Jersey. In the melee, near the colors, was an officer
of high rank, and the two headed the battalion for that part
of the fight. Then it was that Wade Hampton was
wounded.

By this time the edges of the Confederate column had
begun to wear away, and the outside men to draw back.
As Hart's battalion and the other parties charged in from
all sides, the enemy turned. Then there was a pell-mell
rush of the Confederates toward their rear, our men follow-
ing in close pursuit. Many prisoners were captured, and
many of our men, through their impetuosity, were carried
away by the overpowering current of the retreat.

The pursuit was kept up past the Rummel farm buildings,
the key point of the field, and the enemy was driven back
into the woods beyond on Cress' Ridge, and toward the
York Pike. The line of fences, and the farm buildings,
which in the beginning of the fight had been in the posses-
sion of the enemy, remained in ours until the end. All
serious fighting for the day was over. Longstreet's assault
upon Cemetery Ridge had been effectually repulsed by
Hancock " The Superb," of Pennsylvania. So also, the
simultaneous attack by Stuart on the right flank and rear
of Meade's army had been repulsed under the successful
leadership of that other magnificent soldier from Pennsyl-
vania, General David McM. Gregg. General Meade's vic-
tory along the whole line at Gettysburg was complete.

26 General Meade Anniversary Banquet.

President Pennypacker. And there came a change ! The
next speaker is a distinguished man of letters, whose verse
has received commendations abroad as well as at home. He
has written for us a lyric. I want you all to listen to it, for
it is indeed a meritorious production. I call upon Mr.
Charles Leonard Moore.

Mr. Moore read his poem, which follows:

GETTYSBURG.

I see the sunny, sultry days of that far battle June,

And the earth with riches weighted lies in a tranced swoon ;

But the bells rock in the steeples and the crowds sway here and there,

And wild Alarm rides through the land and Rumor rules the air.

For Lee is o'er the border

And the State reels at the stroke,

And order and disorder

Are to meet in battle smoke ;

In the battle of all battles,

Fates farthest leash of war

For the South, that wears the Victor's palms

And knows a Conqueror's star.

I see a man just back from fight his musket take once more,

And a woman aids to arm him and waves him from the door,

And neither pallor flecks her cheek, nor tears her orbed eyes dim.

' ' If he did not go," exulteth she, "I would not live with him."

For Lee is o'er the border

With all the Rebel wrath,

And Meade is mustering his might

Across the Southron's path;

And life and home and honor

Upon the duel bide,

And men are heroes at the teat,

And women deified.

I see the gathering lines of blue wind o'er the distant land,
And the Chieftain in whose hand is thrust the baton of command :
The men move on through day and night while women watch and pray,
And great are the hearts that march to fight and great are those that

stay :

For with Lee across the border
It is grips till the weaker fall ;
It is now or never for either tide ;
It is win or lose for all ;

General Meade Anniversary Banquet. 27

Upon a nation's warlike course

The clouds must gather and stay,

Or be broken and shattered and put to flight

And roll and die away.

Guard then, O land who guarded thee, who fought in those great days,
And aureoles pour around their heads, bright as the battle blaze;
But most round his, the firm, the wise, the Warder of the Gate,
Who tore the wreath from the Victor's brow and kept and saved the

State !

For when Lee was o'er the border
It was Meade and Meade alone
Who swept those hurrying hosts of men
To their tryst with death and moan,
Who stationed them and ranked them,
And bided storm on storm,
And rode himself in the threatened gap
Ere his lines had chance to form.

Our heroes won us Empire and Peace — half joy, half curse —

And the best we can do for them is the laud of speech and verse,

For these can keep in memory still the gleam of gun and blade,

And the steel-gray glint that came in eyes death could not make afraid.

So if across our border

Another foe shall come

Our souls may stand apparelled

For the rolling of the drum,

And armed men shall throng the streets

With all the olden fire,

And women on the thresholds stand

Like spirits to inspire.

President Pennypacker. We are a very fortunate Society
tonight. "We have with us a Lieutenant-General who com-
manded the Army of the United States. When he was a
youth, he rose from a Captain of a company to the com-
mand of a division in General Meade's army, and having
been trained in that discipline he never was daunted either
by the Southron Lee, or by the Apache chief Geronimo, or
by that strenuous President who became his commander-in-
chief. I have the pleasure of introducing to you Lieutenant-
General Nelson A. Miles.

28 General Meade Anniversary Banquet.

ADDRESS OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL NELSON A. MILES.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : I esteem it an
honor to mingle with those who honor the memory of one
of the greatest characters in our history. I esteem it an
honor to come to this magnificent banquet, and to mingle
with the members of this Historical Society, one of the
grandest, noblest and best in all our country. You honor
yourselves, in my opinion, in honoring the memory of that
son of Pennsylvania, that great commander of our principal
army, in the greatest crisis our Republic has ever known.
Your orator has given us a most interesting account of the
history of the family and of the accomplishments of that
distinguished officer, how he was so well fitted for the great
responsibility, and how he was so well equipped at the time
when we needed a man of that build. He was a marked
man. He was well known to the military men of this
country. Every position that he had occupied, of field offi-
cer, of brigade, division and corps commander, had been
filled with great ability, and his qualification was well known
to his comrades and to those interested in the welfare of our
country, and yet, as has been truly said this evening, he was
assigned to that important command without notification
or intimation that he must be prepared for it, and you might
search history in vain to find another instance where a gen-
eral has been assigned to the command of a great army
under such trying circumstances and weighted down with
such grave responsibilities, and then won such a glorious
victory.

We have also listened with great interest to a 'description
of that battle. We could almost see it re-enacted. It has
been so beautifully and so graphically described here this
evening, that I would like a copy to read and to hand to my
friends in every part of the country. It ought to be read
by every American ! It is somewhat surprising to see how
little interest is felt by our people in the events of that great
Civil War, or War of the Rebellion, as it is called, and to

General Meade Anniversary Banquet. 29

notice how little is known of the history of that heroic age.
The dark cloud of war had been gathering over the Repub-
lic for generations, and it finally broke with all its force and
destructive power. It had been going on for two years
before a son of Pennsylvania was ordered to the command
of the principal army of the Republic. No man within the
borders of our country had ever assumed responsibility
under such trying circumstances. No man had been en-
trusted with such grave responsibilities as was George G.
Meade previous to the battle of Gettysburg. The army of
the Union had not met with brilliant success before that.
They had met with some success and with many disasters.
Immediately preceding that, as has been told tonight, were
two great battles in which the army of the Union had been
defeated. Immediately preceding that, at the Battle of
Chancellorsville, the Union Army outnumbered the Confed-
erate Army nearly two to one, and yet, through no fault of
its own, it was forced to retreat ingloriously before the tri-
umphant army of the enemy. It had dwindled from nearly
130,000 to only 80,000 between the time of the commence-
ment of the first engagement at Chancellorsville and Gettys-
burg. Its severe losses in battle and the campaign, and
various other causes had reduced its numbers nearly one
half. Its wounded had fallen into the hands of the enemy.
Its dead remained unburied on the field at Chancellorsville.
It was discouraged, disheartened, and what was more seri-
ous to our country, was the fact that a feeling of discourage-
ment, a want of confidence, a feeling of disaflfection had
been produced in the Northern States, so much so, that en-
listments were growing slack. It was almost impossible to
enlist men for the cause. If the Army of the Potomac had
been destroyed or captured on the field of Gettysburg, the
end of the Republic would have been reached. No other
army could have been recruited in the Northern States that
would have stopped the Army of the Confederacy from
taking possession of Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia,
New York and the New England States. No other army

30 General Meade Anniversary Banquet.

could have been raised at that time. In fact, it was almost
impossible for a Union officer to go through these northern
cities back to his home after being wounded at Chancellors-
ville, without being almost insulted. Thousands of men in
regiments had to be sent to New York, and some even to
Philadelphia, to maintain law and order. The crisis had
been reached. Everything depended upon the success of
that army, and under those circumstances George G. Meade
was assigned to command.

He took a discouraged, defeated army, that was being
manoeuvred against the most exalted army that ever stood
on American soil. They were exalted with their own suc-
cess. They believed themselves capable of accomplishing
anything that Lee directed. The feeling may be realized
from the indications that we know existed. Take, for in-
stance, the remark of Longstreet, one of the ablest field
commanders, who had recently joined and re-inforced Lee
with his division. He asserted that the Army of Northern
Virginia could accomplish anything, was capable of any-
thing, meaning it was possible not only to whip the Army
of the Potomac, but to capture the great cities of the East-
ern States, and that feeling extended down to the very hum-
blest soldier in the ranks, to the man who carried a rifle or
a drum. That is illustrated by the remark of a Confeder-
ate soldier who had been worn down by the campaign and
wounded, yet was with his company in the ranks, and was
offered his discharge by his captain, but he said, " Captain,
I think I won't take this discharge now. I think I will
wait and go on with the army until we reach Baltimore."
That was the feeling that existed in that army from highest
to lowest. And within a few days from that time, that
master mind of war, issued positive orders, needed orders,
that enforced absolute discipline. The orders of General
Meade to his corps commanders were to cause the instant
death of any one, officer or soldier, who left the ranks or
failed to do his duty in the face of the enemy ! He inspired
confidence, he inspired fortitude, and it was well placed.
That army realized that they had a head and a master mind

General Meade Anniversary Banquet. 31

directing their affairs, and no army ever gathered itself for
the heroic struggle, for the desperate struggle, with more
fortitude, courage and heroism than the Army of the Po-
tomac, and they were ready for any service and any sacrifice.
Those two armies met. General Meade knew his com-
manders. He knew another son of Pennsylvania, Reynolds,
and he also knew the qualifications of another son of Penn-
sylvania, Winfield Scott Hancock. Pennsylvania had so
much to do with that great battle. All honor to her sons,
all honor to the State, and yet those two armies gathered in
deadly struggle, lasting for three days. The army under
George G. Meade won the Waterloo of the Western Hem-
isphere. They turned the scale. They won the victory.
They sent hack that invading, shouting, conquering army,
defeated, humiliated, broken, shattered, back to the fields of
Virginia, never again to cross the Potomac or invade the
northern territory, never again to fight as it had fought be-
fore. Some one has said that General Meade never received
the recognition of his services, never was rewarded in the
way he ought to have been, and something ought to be
done, some great monument ought to be erected to his mem-
ory, some great demonstration ought to be made by the
people of the country as a recognition of what he accom-
plished, and yet what better monument can he have? Hun-
dreds of millions of Americans will visit Gettysburg.
Strangers from every part of the globe will visit Gettysburg
for hundreds and thousands of years, and they can never
separate the name of General George G. Meade from the
field of Gettysburg. It is there identified with the glory of
American valor and American patriotism. It is more beau-
tified and adorned in marble, granite and imperishable bronze
than all the other battlefields of the world, and it will re-
main a lasting monument for General Meade, for Pennsyl-
vania, for the heroes that fought and fell and died and won
the victory, for Gettysburg, for the great Republic, for free
government, for democratic government, not only for our
country but eventually for the world. All honor to Meade
and the glorious army that he commanded !

32 General Meade Anniversary Banquet.

President Pennypacker. It is very evident that until
General Miles spoke, you were only getting the effervescence.
You are now having the real beer that is always found at
the bottom of the mug. Not all the victories, by any means,
were won on the land. Some of them were gained at sea.
The War of 1812 was won by the Navy, and in the Rebel-
lion the Monitor overwhelmed the Merrimac, Porter opened
up the Mississippi, Farragut found his way into Mobile, the
Kearsage sunk the Alabama, and we were helped in all ways
by the Navy. You have a gentleman with us, who after
fighting through that war at sea, did not hesitate to encounter
the dangers of the Arctic Ocean. I have the pleasure of
presenting to you Rear Admiral George W. Melville.

ADDRESS OF REAR ADMIRAL GEORGE W. MELVILLE, U. 8. N.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Historical Society
of Pennsylvania : My theme for this evening is the Navy !
The Navy of the United States. What a theme for a five
minutes' speech? But before proceeding, permit me to
make an Epigram, that we all may readily remember.

Notwithstanding the hopeful efforts of our peace societies,
the Army and the Navy are a necessity, and must and shall
live in the future as in the past. They are the best possible
guarantee of peace, and the lowest possible monetary insur-
ance against war.

From the beginning of the life of the Republic, the Navy
has been the idol of the people. Away back in the days of
Paul Jones, Decatur, Hull, Barry, the first Truxton and
Porter, down to our modern time of Farragut, Porter and
Rowan, — the great men of our Naval history have hewn out
with their swords their victories, and have made famous
history for our nation.

And, within the last few years, our new Navy has not
been slow in showing to the people of the world, that our
Naval commanders have not forgotten the cunning of their
craft, nor lost the courage to do and to dare, where duty
called them.

General Meade Anniversary Banquet. 33

I need not call to the memory of our friends tonight, the
names of Dewey, Sampson, Schley, Clark, Wainwright, and
the hundred other heroes not mentioned in the daily de-
spatches to the people. It is not necessary to sing the praises
of our Naval heroes to such an audience as we have here
tonight. You know them all !

I need not tell you how our Army and Navy did our duty
in the past, back to back, and shoulder to shoulder, during
the War of the Rebellion; at Vicksburg, Port Hudson,
Pittsburg Landing, Fort Fisher. Aye a hundred times the
Army and Navy fought together, and knew no failure !
There was no jealousy, it was only a question of who should
be first in the thickest of the fray.

So, too, down to the present day, from the landing of a
handful of our ancient and honorable Marine Corps at
Guantanamo Bay (where our flag was first planted with
honor in the face of the enemy, and held the Spanish forces
at bay) up to the time of the destruction of the Spanish
fleet, and the surrender of Santiago, we were never found
wanting! And permit me to say, I do not believe that gal-
lant band received its full meed of praise, where there was
more than "Enough Glory for all."

But to the veterans of '61 to '65 I would especially
address myself tonight. It is not necessary that a patriot
should wear upon his shoulder the star of a General, or bear
upon his sleeve the stripes of an Admiral, to be cither illus-
trious or patriotic. He who carried a musket, or pulled a
lock string ; reefed a topsail in a gale of wind, or stood a
trick at the wheel, — who did his duty and did it well, — is
the real hero!

When we look back to the dark days of '61 to '65, when
the youth and manly beauty of this the fairest and brightest
of God's land on the face of the globe, arose as one man to
defend the principles of good government ; when we were
young and fair, before the down of manhood had shaded
our cheeks, we stood together, shoulder to shoulder, to de-
fend the rights of free born American citizens, and to blot
VOL. xxxv — 8

34 General Meade Anniversary Banquet.

out the one sinister bar on our escutcheon, the blood-red
stripe of slavery, that this greatest and grandest of Repub-
lics may live ! That down through the ages yet to come,
the history of this grand Republic might live! And that
we, the boys of 1861, though not known by name, will yet
live as a part of that glorious Arrny of the Republic, whose
praises will be sung in the pseans of the coming centuries, as
the loyal hearts who preserved us our nation, and prepared
for all future time, that heroic example that will teach all
coming nations of men, how to live and how to die to save
a nation !

Then we were young ; now we are old ; — and our numbers
are becoming smaller as time rolls on. Yet, after all, my
comrades and shipmates, what a blessed thing it is that the
eternal rest comes at last to our weary souls, after our long
and rude tossing, — buffeted by the billows of misfortune, as
many of us have been; sun-burned and frozen by every
clime ; like the battered hulks of the good old ships, in which
we sailed.

We, of the sea-faring class, can all call to mind the burial
of some dear old shipmate, far, far away from home, and
friends. We have laid them to rest in every part of the
globe, aye, and buried them, too, beneath the lap and roll of
every crested sea. From the equator, with festering fever,
to either pole, where the Snow Gods and Ice King hold ever-
lasting sway, I say, we, the poor wanderers of the ocean
wave, have laid to sleep some one of those who stood shoulder
to shoulder with us in the shock of battle. We laid them
to rest in the mariner's grave, where neither wife nor sister,
brother nor friend, can again visit their lonely graves — noth-
ing beyond the weird, happy thought of family and friends
that they lie sleeping amid the spicy groves of some ocean
isle, or are happily stowed away among the rose-tinted corals
of the Indian Seas !

How much happier for us whose roving life has about
ceased, whose battered hulks, with our spars and rigging
stripped, and sent below, with an empty beef cask over our

General Meade Anniversary Banquet. 35

mast heads, are laid up in ordinary, awaiting the last pipe
of the good boatswain's call of all hands to muster.

And when we, too, are called, whether we belong to the
starboard, or port watch, and are relieved from duty, and
our number is made, let us hope that some kind friend — for
we cannot always have a shipmate to do the last rites for us —
will scatter the flowers of love and respect over our last
resting place, and murmur the blessed sentiment — "That
here lie and sleep well, they who fought to save a nation !"

Some few years ago, at a meeting of our Order at Min-
neapolis, I made a public statement that now has become
almost a classic. It was this : — " The Navy of the United
States, both in its personal and material, that man for man,
ship for ship, ton for ton, and gun for gun, has not its su-
perior on the face of the globe." And that holds good to-
day, and we improve as time rolls on.

President Pennypacker. Again we are a fortunate Society
tonight. You have heard General Miles. Here are two
of a kind. We have another General who commanded the
Army of the United States. He is an improvement because
he is a Pennsylvanian. He was born in Pittsburgh, that
simple, innocent, but prosperous city in the western part of
our State. His good fortune equalled his merit. I was in
the service myself for a short time. I went out as a private,
but I came back a private. He went into the service as a
private and came out at the head of the army. It gives
me great pleasure to present Lieutenant-General Samuel
B. M. Young.

ADDRESS OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL S. B. M. YOUNG.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : George "Washington
in his last message to Congress said : " Whatever argu-
ments may be drawn from particular examples superficially,
a thorough examination of the subject will evince that the
Art of War is both comprehensive and complicated; that it
demands much previous study, and that the possession of

36 General Meade Anniversary Banquet.

it, in its most approved and perfect state, is always of great
moment to the security of a nation."

From personal experience I know that, in elementary
tactics, organization of companies and battalions, their
equipment and supply, young officers of ordinary capacity,
education and ambition can make themselves proficient in
a few months ; but this proficiency is merely the A-B-C of
military science. A General, however, must know much
more before he is capable of organizing or commanding an
army, selecting a proper base of operations, mano3uvring
his army to successfully reach a chosen objective point, and
directing the proper and advantageous disposition of his
troops on the battlefield.

The saying that "Every French soldier carried in his
knapsack the baton of a Marshal " is certainly laudable, pro-
vided the soldier carried in his head the qualifications of a
Marshal.

We learn from history that nearly all of Napoleon's great
and trusted generals in command of armies, were either edu-
cated in military schools or had large experience in previous
wars. Marshals like Ney, MacDonald, and Murat, who
were so terrible and effective on the field of battle, when
directed by the master genius, were sorry failures in stra-
tegic combinations when exercising independent commands.

At the commencement of our great Civil War, many of
us believed in Heaven-born and politically nurtured gen-
erals, but it was soon found advantageous to cultivate the
native variety. In this native variety we found our Ney, our
MacDonald, and our Murat, all essential as great leaders of
integral parts of an army under direction of a master mind ;
and we also found our Grant, our Sherman, our Meade,
our Thomas, our Sheridan, who by their superb abilities and
master minds became exponents of the comprehensive and
complicated Art of War, and directed our armies to those
grand victories that won our cause; cemented our national
structure, and enabled us to go forward with the upbuilding
of the greatest government in the era of mankind.

General Meade Anniversary Banquet. 37

We are not assembled here, my friends, for the purpose
of fighting again the great battles of the Civil War. We
are here as proof of our continued respect, reverence and
admiration for the greatest soldier our State has produced,
and one among the greatest produced by our nation in the
greatest war of modern times — George Gordon Meade.

The memory of the dead is honored and revered for what
they were, what they stood for, and the results they accom-
plished in life.

There is something in human nature which causes us to
reward merit. The actual knowledge of a great thing ac-
complished is a thousand times more potent than a library
of arguments as to how it could not have been done with-
out the advice and superior judgment of this, that, or the
other individual, and that this, that or the other is entitled
to the credit for the great act accomplished. We cannot
recall to mind the life and work of a great man in any walk
of life, without gaining something useful besides the pleas-
ure of wandering in his neighborhood ; and it is a particular
pleasure for me to wander in memory in the neighborhood
of that illustrious soldier of Pennsylvania, who was born
December 31, 1815, graduated from the United States Mili-
tary Academy, and commissioned Second Lieutenant in the
Artillery in 1835, and served in the Florida War against the
Seminole Indians, where he contracted an illness that caused
him to resign in 1836. The following year we find him,
with health restored, Assistant Engineer in active service of
his country surveying the Delta of the Mississippi ; then the
Texas boundary, and the northwestern boundary of the
United States to 1842, when he was commissioned in the
Topographical Engineers, and continued in the boundary
and lake surveys until the commencement of the Mexican
War, where we find him under Taylor in the battles of Palo
Alto, Resaca de la Palma, and Monterey ; and under Scott
in the siege of Vera Cruz, after which he had charge of
constructing lighthouses in Delaware Bay, and mapping
surveys of Florida Reefs. Again serving in '49-'50 against

38 General Meade Anniversary Banquet.

hostile Indians in Florida, and thence on the Geodetic Sur-
vey until the breaking out of the Civil War, where we find
him in charge of all the northern lake surveys.

With the foundation of education at the best military
school in the world — a post-graduate course of practical ap-
plication in the Florida and Mexican Wars, and a grand
university course in scientific work extending from Florida
to California, and from Maine to Oregon, I fail to recall an
officer of our army who entered the War of the Rebellion
better equipped in mind, body and training, for performing
the duties of a General Officer, to which grade George Gor-
don Meade was appointed in 1861.

He was no " Heaven-born General." He was of the hardy,
sturdy variety, indigenous to the soil, cultivated in the nurs-
ery of West Point, and improved in twenty-five years of
practical scientific work throughout the length and breadth
of our country. As a brigade, division, and corps com-
mander, he met every obligation of duty devolving upon
him earnestly and conscientiously — not only to the satisfac-
tion and gratification of his superiors, but also to his subor-
dinates to whom he always gave just credit for meritorious
work; while from his superiors he withheld nothing for him-
self which was not truly his own, and fairly won. In this,
as in all other respects, he had the strictest integrity of char-
acter. He was quick, sensitive and impetuous tempered —
even irascible and imperious to those who thwarted his
wishes, but to all treating him with respect and considera-
tion he was gentle, polished and courteous. By nature he
was a genial-hearted gentleman.

Although unfamiliar with supreme command, the high
responsibility was suddenly thrust upon him in the night
when he was asleep in his tent.

When we consider that McDowell, McClellan, Burnside
and Hooker, his predecessors in command of that army,
after careful preparation of plans, and with numerically su-
perior force, had, each in turn, been thwarted and beaten
by the opposing army — the three latter by that great master

General Meade Anniversary Banquet. 39

in the Art of War, Robert E. Lee, who now confronted
him ; and that in less than a week after assuming command
of an army so often defeated by the same opposing army,
directed by that same master genius, he had fought and won
that great battle of Gettysburg — that great victory which
checked the tide of war in the channel of maddening de-
feat, and turned it back into the channel of brilliant success,
we at last found the General who proved himself worthy
to command the Army of the Potomac — the last, the great-
est, and the only successful commander of that Army. He
accomplished a work the magnitude of which can only
be estimated by considering the appalling calamity that
would have fallen on our country had Lee won that
battle.

We find' Meade's life worthy of emulation in all parts
that go to make a good citizen and a great soldier. He had
an excellent and a well-poised mind, disciplined by educa-
tion, cultivated by study, and strengthened by reflection.
Whatever he undertook was well, if not brilliantly done.
Fortunate indeed for our country he chose the military
profession.

Braver than a lion — uncompromising and determined —
yet just, kind and generous ; imperious and impetuous — yet
modest and simple, warm and loyal, without fear and with-
out reproach. A great soul — a grand soldier — a refined
gentleman, and an exalted type of that noblest work of God
— an honest man.

President Pennypacker. As I have said to you before, we
are a fortunate Society tonight. There are three of a kind.
We have another General who commanded the armies of
the United States. Those of you who are as old as I am,
and many of you are much older, can remember that Edward
Bates, of Missouri, almost reached the presidency of the
United States. His son went into the army, and naturally
enough he reached the head of it. He is here tonight. I
introduce to you Lieutenant-General John C. Bates.

40 General Meade Anniversary Banquet.

ADDRESS OF LIEUTENANT-GENERAL JOHN C. BATES.

Mr. President, Members of the Historical Society of Pennsyl-
vania, Ladies and Gentlemen : It has been a great pleasure
to me to be here tonight, as I had the great honor of serv-
ing on the personal staff of General Meade during the whole
time he commanded the Army of the Potomac. His char-
acter has been so well described tonight that as I am no
speaker, I shall not attempt to give any description. I
thoroughly endorse the views expressed by Generals Miles
and Young in regard to him. General Miles spoke espe-
cially of his being a good disciplinarian. He was. He
disciplined himself as well as others. I doubt if we had
another officer who could have filled the position in nominal
command of an army under an immediate superior, as did
General Meade. I can only say, I am delighted to be here
with my old chief on the roll of honor. I feel, as has been
said tonight, that your society is honoring itself in honoring
him.

President Pennypacker. There are several other gentle-
men here, who I am sure you would like to listen to, but
there must be an end to everything, no matter how good it
may be. Permit me to congratulate you on the success of
this dinner, wish you all a happy New Year, and bid you
good night.

Joseph Richardson's Road. 41

JOSEPH RICHARDSON'S EGAD.
A BIT OF COLOR FROM THE FORGOTTEN PAST.

BY HON. SAMUEL W. PENNYPACKER.

THE Indians had a village at Conestoga, in what is now
Lancaster County, not far from the Susquehanna River.
When they wanted for any reason to go to Coaquannock,
at the site of Philadelphia, they followed the Conestoga
Creek to its head-waters and thence crossing to the sources
of the French Creek, went down this stream to its mouth,
where is now the borough of Phoenixville. On the way
they passed through the beautiful valley in which later was
erected the forge for making iron called Coventry, the
second if not the first in the province. The deposit of iron-
ore at this place was discovered and pointed out to Samuel
Nutt, the founder of the industry, by an Indian chief, and
it is pleasing to know that Nutt, not ungrateful, gave to the
daughter of the Indian an iron kettle for which he was
charged 4s. 6d. At the point where the trail reached the
river Schuylkill, and where many years afterward the British
under Cornwallis, in the campaign of 1777, forced a passage
of the stream, there was a ford long called by the settlers
Indian Ford or Indiantown Ford, but to become famous at
the time of the. Revolution ag Gordon's Ford. To the
region of country on the east side of the river extending as
far southward as the Perkiomen, the Indians gave the
euphonious name of Olethgo or Oletheho. In the sorry
modern days, when men of enterprise and wealth in Phila-
delphia seek the relief of country life, they are carried out
to the flat unwatered and unattractive lands along the main
line of the Pennsylvania railroad, but in the early time,
either more discerning or less subject to influence, they
pushed their way northward and founded homes where be-

42 Joseph Riclwrdson's Road.

tween rugged hills, through green and fertile valleys, rapid
and romantic streams empty their waters into the Schuylkill.
Among these vigorous men was Joseph Richardson. On
the second of June, 1710, he bought one thousand acres of
alluvial land lying in the corner enclosed by the Schuylkill
and the Perkiomen, and thereafter is described in the
records, and described himself as Joseph Richardson, of
Olethgo. He was the only son of Samuel Richardson, the
first alderman of Philadelphia, member of the Court of
Common Pleas, Provincial Councillor, and with the excep-
tion of Samuel Carpenter, the richest man in the city,
owning all of the ground on the north side of Market Street
from Second Street to the Delaware River. Joseph Richard-
son collected down to the time of his death, the ground
rents upon this property which had been devised to him by
his father. William Hudson, Mayor of the city, married
his sister Mary. Abraham Bickley, whose warehouse is
shown on Cooper's Prospect of the Port of Philadelphia
and from whom he bought the tract in Olethgo, married
his sister Elizabeth. Edward Lane, who owned seventy-five
hundred acres on the Perkiomen, where he built a mill and
a tavern and founded St. James Episcopal Church, married
his sister Ann, and doubtless he was influenced by the
proximity of Lane, a personal friend of Penn, in making
the purchase. When he married Elizabeth, daughter of
John Bevan, June 29th, 1696, there was an elaborate settle-
ment after the English fashion, on record in Philadelphia,
in which his father gave him five hundred acres of land at
Bristol, and her father gave her £.200 as a marriage portion.
While living on this tract at Bristol, he sent his four sons,
Samuel, Aubrey, Edward and John to school to Francis
Daniel Pastorius, and that learned scholar and famous
colonist wrote in his book of accounts: u 1712, 1 August
Abre & Neddy to school at 4d. per week to the 3d day of
November 104 days 8s 8d." He was a Friend, very rigid in
faith and observance. The minutes of Haverford Monthly
Meeting in 1714 set forth : " friends inhabiting about Per-

Joseph Richardson's Road. 43

quoraing and this side of Schuylkill in ye Valley being
desirous y* a meeting might be allowed ym every other mo.
to be and begin att Lewis Walker's house the first in 2nd
Mo. next and thence every other month at Joseph Richard-
son's house until ye 9th mo. next.'1 When John Fothergill,
the father of Dr. John Fothergill, the most famous physician
of his time in London, travelled through the country in
December of 1721, he said in his journal : " The 15th we
went over to Perquiomen, where we had a good Meeting in
a sense of the Prevalency of the Power of Truth. We
lodged with Joseph Richardson in whose house we had a
serviceable humbling season with his Family and some
others, who came in that evening." Years later he wai
tempted and to some extent fell from grace. The fact is
recorded on the 28th of 3d mo. ,1745, in the following words:
" Providence overseers acquaint this meeting that Joseph
Richardson had given leave to the Priest to marry his
Daughter contrary to the Discipline of Friends and he being
present acknowledged his Transgression and was sorry for
it, which was received." Happily for him the Meeting could
be forgiving, as well as just in the rendition of judgment.
Notwithstanding the strictness of his Quaker creed he had
several controversies, one of which even John Cadwalader
found it difficult to settle, and he wore on his coat silver
buttons, some of them still preserved, on which were
engraved the arms of the family. He owned ten negro
slaves, Angola, Jack, Jack's wife, Cudgo, Edinborough,
Solomon, Phillis, old Phillis, Betty, and Parthenia. These
were not his only servants. We are told in the Pennsylvania
Gazette for May 9th, 1733, published by Benjamin Franklin :
u Run away the 6th. of this instant May from Joseph
Richardson of Perkiomy in the Township of New Provi-
dence in the County of Philadelphia, a servant Man named
William Brown alias William Darrell, aged 21 years, he is
of a middle Stature, hollow eyed, large nose, down look,
and very round shouldered, his Hair lately cut oft'; he had
on when he went away a new Felt Hat, a close bodye Coat

44 Joseph Richardson's Road.

and a great Coat of a lightish colour and brass Buttons, a
Pair of Pumps with Peaked Toes ; he took with him a large
black Gelding branded with W. B. Paces well, shod all
round, and took a man's Saddle and Bridle, likewise a
Small Trunk, having in it some Womens apparel viz. Some
Handkerchiefs, Caps and a Black Padesway Hood and Six
Shillings in Money. Whoever takes up said Servant and
Horse and brings them to Joseph Richardson aforesaid or
to George Emlen in Philadelphia or Secures them so as they
may be had again shall have eight pounds as a Reward and
reasonable Charges paid by me.

JOSEPH RICHARDSON."

Fate has many anomalies and time brings many reverses.
The descendants of the Norman dukes of the days of the
Conquest have disappeared from the earth, and the descen-
dants of the villeins and peasants own the land over which
they held sway. The records of the past tell us with min-
ute detail the features of the servants, but the faces of their
masters have faded into obscurity. However, we know that
Joseph Richardson, of Olethgo, when he went abroad rode
a black branded horse whose gait was a pace and not a trot,
that it was customary to shoe the horses that followed the
woods paths only in front, that he wore boots with round
toes and when he went home at nights he took them off
and put on pumps with peaked toes, and that his wife wore
caps, covered them with a black Padesway hood lest they
be too conspicuous and that she used pocket handkerchiefs.
It may be added that when she came to him she brought
with her not only the £200 in money, but a pedigree that
ran back into many a line of Bourbon and Plantagenet.

The great city, of perhaps ten thousand people, where
his early days had been spent and where his ground rents
matured, was twenty-four miles away. How did he get to
it on his black horse ? The purpose of this story, piecing
together the facts which some old manuscripts have by a
lucky chance preserved, is to tell the manner of his going.

Joseph Richardson's Road. 45

Moses Coates, a Quaker, the first settler where is now
Phoenixville, had made his home on the north bank of the
French Creek near its mouth. Francis Buckwalter, a Swiss
Mennoriite, had taken up the extensive meadows in the
great bend of the Schuylkill at what is called the Black
Rock. Daniel Walker lived where the Valley Creek
empties into the river and there, having learned to make
iron at Coventry, he erected the forge to become so cele-
brated in the War of the Revolution. James Hamer, a
Quaker, occupied the high ground back of the present vil-
lage of Mont Clare. These persons together with Thomas
Rees, Robert Thomas, Jonas Potts and Thomas Coates (ob-
scure), united with Joseph Richardson in a petition Dec. 3,
1722, to the Court of Quarter Sessions in Philadelphia, as
"Inhabitants of Oletheho and the neighboring parts."
They set forth that " there are already many families settled
in the affbresaid place called Oletheho upon Scoolkill side
and probably severall more to settle in and about the same
place," that " there is a Mill put up at the French Creeks
mouth or Indiantown fiord"; that " there is no certaine Road
laid out from thence towards the city of Philadelphia" and
they asked the court to order "a Kings Road or Cart way
through the various Hills and ups and downs of the afore-
mentioned place to wit, from the Indian town ffbord to the
next established Kings Road that will suit best the inhabi-
tants of Oletheho to the said city of Philadelphia." The
court granted the petition and appointed William Harmer,
the ancestor of the Revolutionary general Josiah Harmar,
Joseph Richardson, Abraham Dawes, Meredith David and
Andrew Robeson, who had been a Provincial Councillor,
who had a mill on the Wissahickon, and who is buried at
Manatawny, a jury to lay out the road, and at their head
placed Hendrick Pannebecker, the Dutch Patroon, living
on the Skippack, where he owned large tracts of land and
where eleven years later he bought Bebber's Township.
The court likewise appointed Joseph Richardson and Robert
Thomas "overseers of ye above road." As a surveyor,

46 Joseph Richardson's Road.

Pannebecker ran the lines for many of the manors of the
Penns, and he laid out the road according to the following
courses and distances, covering an extent of eleven and
three-fortieth miles : " we Began at a white Oak standing in
the King's high Road near ye Plantation of Joseph Samuel
on Plymouth Road, then North seventy-five degrees westerly
one hundred and Twenty perches then North forty-five de-
grees westerly seventy perches. Then North sixty-four de-
grees westerly three hundred and eighty-four Perches Then
north seventy-two Degrees westerly two hundred and Thirty-
four perches. Then north Ninety-one Degrees westerly fifty-
two Perches Then North sixty-two Degrees westerly fourty-
two Perches. Then North Eighty-two Degrees westerly
sixty-eight perches then North seventy-five degrees westerly
one hundred and fourty-Perches Then North sixty-five de-
grees westerly fourty Perches Then North fifty-eight degrees
Westerly twenty-eight Perches Then North fourty-four de-
grees westerly fifty-eight perches Then north fourty-four
degrees westerly fifty-eight perches Then north fourty-nine
degrees west Twenty-six perches Then North sixty-seven
Degrees westerly seventy-eight Perches Then North sev-
enty-three degrees westerly one hundred Thirty-eight
perches Then North sixty-five degrees easterly Thirty-eight
perches Then North fifty-seven Degrees westerly Three
hundred fourty-six perches Then North sixty-four Degrees
westerly sixty-six perches Then North seventy-four De-
grees westerly Ninety-two perches Then North seventy-six
degrees westerly eighty-four perches Then north Eighty
Degrees westerly Two hundred and Twenty-perches. Then
North seventy Degrees westerly fourty-eight perches Then
North sixty-five Degrees Westerly two hundred and twenty
perches Then North eighty-five Degrees westerly one
hundred and sixty-four perches Then North Sixty Degrees
westerly sixty-six perches to Perqueoming Creek Then
North seventy Degrees westerly five hundred and Twenty
Perches Then north Ten Degrees East one hundred and
seventy-six perches Then North five degrees East one hun-

Joseph Richardson's Road. 47

dred and Thirty Perches to the Indian ford in Schuilkill."
The report was made to the court and approved in the fol-
lowing March. Then came trouble. It is much easier to
take bearings and carry a chain than it is to cut down oak
and hickory and level hills. What public improvement
was ever proposed, without arousing the opposition of those
who are disturbed by its progress ? Further down the river
Isaac Norria had bought the manor of Williamstadt, con-
taining ten thousand acres of land and it had been divided
into lots. The proposed road would cross this manor and
he did not want his land taken for any such purpose. There
was no occasion for a road anyhow. Many people who in-
terfere with their neighbors by asking for roads are mere
squatters without any real right, and they deserve no con-
sideration. There was another road which ran through his
property by Edward Lane's to Manatawny, and this would
be almost parallel. Why should there be two roads through
the country ? Happily for us, he wrote down at the time
the tale of his woes. Otherwise the events we are narrat-
ing would have been buried in oblivion. On the 8th of
November of 1725, Norris at the request of Richardson,
left his home in the city and journeyed to his manor that
he might go over the road as it was laid out " if they must
have one there abt," and suggest whatever changes in the
route might be necessary. Richardson and Pannebecker
met him in the woods. There were others in the party, but
who they were we are not told. However, we know from
an old draft preserved in the library of the Historical Society
of Pennsylvania, copied from one made in 1704, that on
this occasion Pannebecker took them to a line tree in the
manor of Williamstadt marked " W. P.," from which it
may be inferred that he had early surveyed that manor per-
haps in the company of Penn himself. They started upon
the line following the courses as shown by Pannebecker's
compass and for a time all went smoothly, although Norris
found one of his trees girdled and several others cut.
Presently they came to within about sixty perches of a white

48 Joseph Richardson's Road.

oak, where Norris saw that the ground was of just the kind
suitable for a road and he proposed to them to go that way
and then they might cross the next lot " O as it pleased
ym." Richardson had a different view. The ground about
that white oak did not impress him favorably and " in his
weak unmanerly way * * * he called ye Surveyor off." His
interference stopped the whole business. Thereupon, Norris
took out his own " circumferenter" and determined to run
up to that particular white oak. They all followed, but
nothing more could be accomplished on that day. Some-
where they spent the night all together, perhaps in some
house, but because of what must have been a dearth of ac-
commodations, more probably in the woods. Norris wrote
on the 9th, " after much talk last night we essayed an ac-
comodation," but still he was far from content. When he
found a marked poplar on the bank of the Schuylkill he
said : " Tis a blind line & I suppose run by ffairman to cut
of a part of my land." Up the river they found a corner
tree " cald by John Taylor a dog tree but by some of ye
people now with me calld a sort of gum, by others thought
a kind of elm." While they may have understood survey-
ing, they were certainly unlearned in botany. Norris says
they followed the courses and measured the distances of the
proposed road " to Indn Creek," and " up ye hill," and to
the spring "on ye opposite side," but he concluded with
evident dissatisfaction: "these are ye courses taken from
Pannebecker but they are wrong either in course or dis-
tances or both for they will not come right by protraction."
Nearly two years later, on the 5th of 4th Month, 1727, he
presented a petition to the court. This petition stated that
he "is informed a Road was lately granted and said or pre-
tended to be laid out leading from Plymouth Township to
Perqueoming Creek wch runs aslant more than four miles
through his land commonly called the Manor of Wm Stadt
obliquely cutting the lines of the severall lotts laid out many
years before in the sd Mannor very injuriously"; that he
"had not ye least notice or knowledge either of the petition

Joseph Richardson's Road. 49

grant or laying out the sd Road"; (oh ! friend Isaac Nome).
And he asked that six housekeepers be directed to ascertain
whether there was any occasion for the road at all and if so,
to locate it in places causing the least inconvenience. He
declared that he had met with both "abuse and ill treat-
ment." The court appointed a jury of review but they too
proved obdurate. Among the papers of Norris, is one drawn
up by him giving the courses and distances precisely as they
had been found by Pannebecker in 1722, endorsed " Jos.
Richardson's Road through ye Mannor" and on which he
wrote March 27, 1729,° found the marked trees crooked as
they pleased to choose ye ground."

The next year on the 7th of September, 1730, James
Hamer in behalf of himself and the inhabitants of Olyer-
theho (sic), sent a petition to the Court. In it he says that
in 1722, they had been granted a road from Plymouth,
" through Isaac Norriss Lotts to the upper Indian Town
ford upon Schuylkill," but that " Since Sd Road was laid
out it hath caused some uneasiness in Isaac Norris," so that
they could not have it cut through his land though "they
have cleared it below & above." " In order that amity and
love may abound and this controversy be ended," he asked
that an impartial jury be appointed to view the road "be-
ginning at a white oak at the Side of sd Norriss Mill Race
and thence through his Land to ye cleared Road." This
euggestion, evidently intended as a proposition to make the
road satisfactory to him in BO far as it affected his own land,
was still not sufficiently soothing. On the back of his copy
of this paper he wrote : " James Hamer's Petition — Joseph
Richardson's dictation," which shows that he thought
Richardson continued to be a disturbing influence. It is
his final comment, and here our evidence and the story of
an old dispute both come to an end. The road may be
found on Scull's map of 1759, connecting Providence Meet-
ing with Plymouth Meeting. In modern description it runs
from Phoenixville by the hamlet of the Green Tree to the
Perkiomen at Oaks Station, and thence through Audubon,
VOL. xxxv.-

50 Joseph Richardson's Road.

Jefferson ville, and Norristown, of which it became the main
street, on to Plymouth. The Schuylkill Valley Trolley
Company now runs its cars where Norris found only white
oaks, and trees which may have been either gum, or elm, or
dogwood. Could he have foreseen that the only preserva-
tion of the name of Morris on the map of Pennsylvania is
where the thriving and populous borough of Norristown
grew up along Joseph Richardson's Road, he would doubt-
less have been more content and been on better terms with
his neighbor. How often it happens in the affairs of men
that that to which they most object turns out to be to their
advantage.

SIC ITUR AD ASTRA

%. • f/rr ;>//f>tf st ru/ //if/tr.

«*»

The First Balloon Hoax. 51

THE FIEST BALLOON HOAX.

BY JOSEPH JACKSON.

PARADOXICALLY as it may appear, the " first balloon ascen-
sion in this country " never occurred. This statement
naturally requires explanation. What is intended to be
conveyed by the sentence is that the balloon ascension,
which is regarded as having taken place in Philadelphia on
December 28, 1783, is purely mythical.

The statement originally published in a foreign news-
paper bears every evidence of having been constructed as a
hoax by some resident of Philadelphia, who appeared to
believe that when discoveries were being made in aero-
nautics in France, Philadelphia, with her famed Philosoph-
ical Society, should not be found backward.

That this story was a hoax, was discovered by the writer
only when he attempted to supplement the generally ac-
cepted account of the ascent with fuller particulars. At
the Philosophical Society in Philadelphia, it was found that
although two members of that eminent association were
mentioned as being leading spirits in the famous ascent,
there was absolutely no record of the experiment. As will
be apparent later, there was a dearth of contemporary evi-
dence elsewhere and the conclusion was necessarily arrived
at that the ascension could not have taken place at the
time or in the manner stated in an account that is to be
found to this day in some of the most authoritative works
of reference.

With this evidence before one, it is necessary to conclude
that the first ascent of a balloon in this country did not
occur until July 17, 1784. This, so far as the aeronaut was
concerned, was unsuccessful, for, before the aerostat had
risen many feet above the ground, Peter Games, an amateur
balloonist, of Baltimore, was thrown from the basket, but

52 The First Balloon Hoax.

the hot-air bag arose to a great height. The first real
ascension was performed by Blanchard, a French aeronaut,
in Philadelphia, in January, 1793, and both of these events
are historic facts.

Blanchard, who came to this city in JDecember, 1792,
found a hearty response to his request for patronage, and
foremost among his patrons was President Washington, who
took a lively and evidently very real interest in the experi-
ment. On January 9, 1793, the subscribers to the fund
which made the ascension possible, and which amounted to
over $2000, assembled in the yard of the old Walnut Street
Prison at Sixth and Walnut Streets. Washington, next to
the aeronaut, was the most prominent figure in the crowd.
They watched the great aerostat in which Blanchard already
had made ascensions in Europe, as it was filled with hydro-
gen gas, and when all was ready and Blanchard walked
over to the President to inform him of the fact, Washington
handed him a passport so that persons who never had
seen a balloon would treat the aeronaut with consideration.
Doctor Rush and Doctor Wistar took the greatest interest
in the ascension, and it was at their request that Blanchard
made numerous observations while in the air.

Blanchard reached a height of 5812 feet, and after being
in the air for 46 minutes, descended without accident in
Deptford Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey. He
hastened back to Philadelphia, and immediately presented
himself to the President at the Executive Mansion, then on
Market Street west of Fifth. Blanchard presented a small
flag which had adorned his balloon to President Washington,
who warmly congratulated the daring balloonist.

On the authority of numerous histories of aeronautics it
has been customary to credit David Rittenhouse, the astron-
omer, and Francis Hopkinson, patriot, lawyer, scientist and
satirist, with having contrived the first balloon ascension
on this continent, within a few months after the success of
Charles's first voyage through the air in France. It can
now, after one hundred and twenty-six years, be asserted

The First Balloon Hoax. 53

that the whole narrative was a hoax, which through some
strange fatality, has been impenetrated by later writers on
the subject.

There is every internal evidence that the hoax was per-
petrated by a resident of Philadelphia, for it bears on its face
the authorship of a person who was familiar, not only with
the city, but in a small way at least, with the men of promi-
nence here. It was mainly, if not entirely, intended for
European consumption, and if the hoax ever reached Phila-
delphia in the period in which it was published, it is not a
matter of record that any attention was paid to it. If the
story of this truly remarkable balloon ascension ever was
read there in those times, evidently no person took the
trouble to correct it.

Proving that the ascension never took place does not
take away from Philadelphia the honor of being the first
city in the United States to encourage aeronautics, for there
was a genuine ascent some months later which, as has been
remarked, is of record.

The original story seems to have appeared in a Paris
journal, named the Journal de Paris. In its issue for May
13, 1784, the following detailed account of the phantom
ascent was printed :

PHILADELPHIA, Dec. 29, 1783. — No sooner was the extraordinary
discovery of M. Mortgolfier known here, about a month ago, than a
similar experiment was attempted, not, indeed, on so large a scale, for
want of means, and this circumstance has led us to perhaps the happiest
application of this phenomena. A man raised himself to a height of
ninety-seven English feet, and came down again, but with too much ease.

Messrs Rittenhouse and Hopkins began their experiments with
bladders, and then with somewhat larger machines. They joined
several together, and fastened them around a cage into which they
put several animals. The whole ascended, and was drawn down again
with a rope.

The next day, which was yesterday, a man offered to get into the
cage provided the rope was not let go. He rose about fifteen feet and
would not suffer himself to go higher.

James Wilcox, a carpenter, engaged to go in it for a little money. He
rose twenty feet or upwards before he made a signal to be drawn down.

54 The First Balloon Hoax.

He then took instructions from Messrs. Rittenhouse and Hopkins, and
after several repititions on the ground, consented to have the rope cut
for fifty dollars. Dr. Jaune, the principal medical person in the city,
attended in case of accident.

The crowd was incredible and shouted after they saw Wilcox rise
crowded in the cage surrounded by forty-seven balloons fastened to it
with astonishing coolness, nodding his head to express his satisfaction
and composure. After all, he could not rise above ninety-seven feet,
ascending to the measures taken by the two other gentlemen of the
Philosophical Academy. He was at least five minutes in the air, but
perceiving the wind to blow from the east and drive him towards the
Schuylkill river he was frightened and agreeable to his instructions
made several incisions with a knife in three of the balloons. This was
not sufficient, though we saw him descend a little. He pierced three
more, and seeing the machine not come down, his fear increased. He
cut five more in the greatest haste and unfortunately all on the same
side. He was then seen to tack about, and as he had slid down he fell
on a fence on the edge of a ditch. Dr. Jaune ran up and found the
poor man had sprained his wrist, but received no other injury. He was
taken care of, a new machine put in, and it is hoped it will be more
complete.

There is a reminder of Gilbert's opera " The Mikado," in
the way the unconvincing narrative is bolstered up with
delicate touches intended to make for verity, about " nod-
ding his head," and having " Dr. Jaune, the principal medical
person " on hand in case of accident. There is something
admirable in the imagination of the author, who conceived
the fullest details, including those of little consequence, even
had the yarn been true, which it was not.

The ditch which was protected by a fence, also was a
fine, but unlikely touch, for near the Schuylkill River — and
from the narrative the alleged ascension must have occurred
on the east side of that stream — there were no fences in the
year 1783. It must be understood to have taken place
within the old city limits, for in those days outside the
boundaries always was alluded to as near the city, a phrase
that sometimes confuses the historian or antiquary.

Prom the narrative one is justified in translating Hopkins
as Hopkinson, if we are to believe the feat was engineered
by two members of the Philosophical Society. The name

The First Balloon Hoax. 55

of this society, it will be noticed, is given as the Philosoph-
ical Academy of Philadelphia, which was an institution that
never existed. There wa« no physician in Philadelphia
named Jaune in 1783. It is scarcely conceivable that the
celebrated Dr. Kuhn was intended. And the carpenter,
James Wilcox, also comes near to being a genuine name in
Philadelphia at the time. The Directory for 1785 mentions
three of the family named John, but unfortunately fails to
give the occupation of any of them.

According to the narrative, the event must have attracted
a great concourse of persons. It even mentions the crowd
to which the daring Wilcox nodded his head. Yet the
newspapers of the time are silent on the alleged ascent.
Bittenhouse, who was the second president of the Philo-
sophical Society, never appears to have made any reference
to the experiment, although in the Transactions of the So-
ciety he is found to have contributed several important
papers on his favorite study, astronomy.

In the Life of Rittenhouse by his son-in-law, Dr. Barton,
there is unusual silence on an experiment so important that
it must have been the pioneer in the New World, if it
occurred. Doctor Barton fails to mention his father-in-law's
alleged connection with it. Neither is the event mentioned
in the Diary of Jacob Hiltshimer, who, however, does not
neglect to mention Blanchard's ascent, ten years later.
There were other diarists who were keeping journals in
Philadelphia at the time, and although these, generally
speaking, are gossipy, they all are silent on this wonderful
scientific and popular event.

Even the journals of the Philosophical Society do not
refer to the alleged ascension, although its president is pro-
claimed to be the leader of the experiment. In fact, there
is a desert of silence on the subject on all sides. Surely, some
one, in addition to the alleged correspondent of the Paris
Journal, would have broken faith and have given the world
for all time the true facts of such an historic event as this, if
it had occurred, must have been. Yet there is nothing.

56 The First Balloon Hoax.

The tale appears to have been more familiar in England
and France than it was in this country, and it is only within
the last half century that the story has been current here.
No great attention ever has been paid to it. It has been
taken as a matter of course, where it has excited any interest
at all. In recent times the story seems to have been given
currency by Hatton Tumor's " Astra Castra," a vast com-
pendium of information and lore, on the subject of aero-
nautics from mythological times to the year 1865, when the
book was published.

In " Astra Castra," the story, very much curtailed, is given
as a matter of fact, and even the Ninth Edition of the
" Encyclopaedia Britannica " repeats the story. As both are
substantially the same, that from the " Encyclopaedia " may
be produced here and answer for both. It will be noted
that in this version of the story we are informed that the
balloons were filled with hydrogen. This may have been a
gratuity of Mr. Tumor.

It is proper here to state that researches on the use of gas for inflating
balloons seem to have been carried on in Philadelphia nearly simul-
taneously with the experiments of the Montgolfiers. When the news of
the latter reached America, Messrs. Rittenhouse and Hopkins, members
of the Philosophical Academy of Philadelphia, constructed a machine
consisting of forty-seven hydrogen gas balloons, attached to a car or cage.
After several preliminary experiments in which animals were let up to a
certain height by a rope, a carpenter, one James Wilcox, was induced
to enter the car for a small sum of money ; the ropes were cut and he
remained up in the air about ten minutes, and only effected his descent
by making incisions in a number of the balloons, through fear of falling
into the river, which he was approaching.

It will be noted the writer in the "Encyclopaedia" has
improved on the original story. He asserts the aeronaut
was in the air ten minutes. The original story recites that
he was aloft at least five minutes, when he discovered he
was drifting toward the river, and how much longer he was
in making his descent the reader is left to imagine.

It is not possible to say with any certainty who was the
author of this, the first balloon hoax, which, while not so

The First Balloon Hoax. 57

extensive as the later one by Poe and lacking in some of its
dramatic features, equalled, if it did not excel that story by
the fact that it continued to deceive for the last one hundred
and twenty-six years.

If the author was a Philadelphian, he must have pur-
posely invented the names for his characters. Francis Hop-
kinson himself might be mentioned as one who might have
perpetrated the hoax, and this view would be strengthened
by making his name as Hopkins. The celebrated practical
joker, Colonel Thomas Forrest, also might have been the
inventor if the story really went out from Philadelphia.
On the other hand the story lies under some suspicion of
having been concocted in England by some one who had
been a resident of Philadelphia. In this case Isaac Hunt,
the father of Leigh Hunt, might be regarded as the author.
But all of these are the merest conjectures and have nothing
more to substantiate them than has the hoax itself.

The idea of having forty-seven balloons filled with hy-
drogen gas points to one conclusion : it must have been the
invention of a man who never had seen a balloon, but who
had seen in the London Magazine, an engraving published
about this time, of Lana's design for a balloon. Lana's
balloon was not intended to be inflated, but the spheres
were to be composed of thin, strong, hollow metal, exhausted
of air, leaving a vacuum, which the inventor, not counting
upon the pressure of the atmosphere, believed would raise
a person to a considerable height. It now is known that
such immense hollow metal globes — they were to have been
twenty feet in diameter — from which the air had been
exhausted, would be crushed by the pressure of the atmos-
phere. Lana's project was given to the world in 1670, when
the barometer was not in general use, and may have been
unknown to him.

All evidence points to the author having been a Phila-
delphian who desired to play a joke upon the Europeans.
The author was, as has been related, little acquainted with
the real appearance of a balloon, and was a person who

58 The First Balloon Hoax.

must have had little scientific qualifications, which would
indicate that Hopkinson should be acquitted of the author-
ship. If, as seems probable, the hoax was prepared in
Philadelphia, Hunt also, would be acquitted, for before
April, or even March, 1784, a month or two before the letter
appeared, many persons in England were familiar with the
shape and appearance of balloons and actually had seen
one. Such persons scarcely would have given thought to
an aerial machine having forty-seven balloons as an ascen-
sive force. It also is inconceivable that any scientist would
have advocated such a machine in view of the tremendous
difficulty of filling and managing forty-seven balloons, even
small ones.

Having eliminated two of the persons who were capable
of having perpetrated a hoax, it might be well to examine
the evidence that points to the remaining person who has
been mentioned as possibly guilty. This is Colonel Thomas
Forrest. Readers of " Watson's Annals " need not be told
that he was regarded as a practical joker. He also was the
author of a comic opera called " The Disappointment,"
which so satirized some of the " Characters " in Philadelphia
at the time, as well as having a realistic touch that scarcely
could be presented even to an Eighteenth century audience,
that after it had been announced for production in the old
South wark Theatre in 1767, it was withdrawn. It was
printed, however, and in 1796 another edition with the text
considerably enlarged was issued. Neither of these pro-
ductions bore the name of the real author, but went out
into the world as the work of Andrew Barton. Forrest,
therefore, was a person who was regarded as a playful sort
of man by the persons who knew him ; as a practical joker
and as a satirist. That he may be the author of the Balloon
Hoax seems plausible, although there is no direct evidence
connecting him with the story.

All that can be proved at this time, is that the ascension
did not take place, and that the account of the first balloon
ascension in America was a hoax.

General Muhlenberg's Orderly Boole, 1777. ' 59

ORDERLY BOOK OF GEN. JOHN PETER GABRIEL
MUHLENBERG, MARCH 26-DECEMBER 20, 1777.

(Continued from Vol. xxxiv., page 477.)

G. 0. HEAD QUARTERS, Sepr 27th, 1777

Major Gen1 for tomorrow Green

Brigadr Con way

Field Officers . . Col. Cook & L1 Col. Nevill

Brigade Major Day

Field Officers for Piquet from 3d Maryland Regfc

John White Esqr is appointed Volunteer Aid du Camp
to Gen1 Sullivan and is to be respected as such. L* Col.
Hendricks is appointed to the Rank of Col. to the lsi Vir-
ginia Reg* in the Room of Col. Read Deceas'd. Major
Syms of the 13th Virga Reg' to be L* Col. of the 6th in the
room of Col. Hendricks promoted. Cap4 Cambel to be
Major in the 13th Virg* Reg1 in the Room of Major Syms
promoted. The Brigadiers or Officers Commanding Bri-
gades are to parade their respective Brigades at 8 o'clock
tomorrow morning and under their own Eyes have exact
Returns made of the Officers and men present on the
Grounds, which returns they are immediately afterwards
to transmit to the Adj1 Gen1 such of their officers as are
absent and not on Duty, they are as speedily as possible to
order to join their Corps. And if any such Officers got
taken by the Enemy, they will not be exchang'd. Three
parties of 150 each are to parade tomorrow morning at
Sun rise, at the park of Artillery with One Days prov80"
Cook'd but have their Packs at their Quarters, Major Innis,
Major Sneed <fe Major Howell each to Command one of the
Parties.

60 General Mulileriberg's Orderly Book, 1777.

G. O. HEAD QUARTERS Sepr 30th 1777

Major Gen1 for tomorrow . . Ld Sterling

Brigadr Foreman

Field Offiers Col. Syms . Major Bloomfield

Brigade Major Johnson

Field Officer for Piquet . . L* Col. Irvine

A Flag will go to the Enemy's Lines tomorrow morning
all persons who have anything to send in, are to have them
ready at Head Quarters by 7 o'clock in the morning.

One Surgeon's Mate from each Division who can be best
spared is to go to Bethlehem forthwith to bring down to
the Army the Medicine Chests of their respective Divisions.

One Hundred and fifty men from Gen1 Sullivans, Greens,
Stephen's, and Ld Sterling's Divisions and Gen1 Nash's
Brigade are to be selected this Day and a like proportion
from the other Brigades those men are always to Carry
their axes with them to march with the Piquets when the
Army moves to prepare Timber for and repair the Roads,
when arrived at the new Encampment are to Cut firewood
for their respective Brigades. The Brig6 Qr Masters are
constantly to go with those men and direct them in the
Business above mentioned. For these Services the Axe
Men are to be excus'd from all Guards and other ordinary
Duty, but when an action is expected they are to deliver
their Axes to the Brig6 Masters who are to be accountable
for the Axes of their Brigades, and join in their several
Corps when on Duty as axe men, they are always to Carry
their Arms with them. A list of their names is without
delay is to be given to the Brigade Qr Master by their res-
pective Brigade Majors.

Advertisement.

Gen1 Green lost at New Hanover Camp a Brass Pistol
both stock & Barrel with 2 Capital Letters, on the Stock
H. K any person who has found it and will return it to the
Gen1 will receive 20 Dollars reward.

General Muhlenberg's Orderly Boole, 1777. 61

An Orderly Horse from each Reg* of Horse to attend
daily at Head Quarters.

G. 0. HEAD QUARTERS, SKIPPACK, Oct' 1st 1777

Major Gen1 for tomorrow . . . Stephens

Brigadier Nash

Field Officers . Col. Dayton Major Smith

Brigade Major Williams

For Piquet Major Hupper

The Commr in Chief approves the following Sentences of
a Gen1 Court Martial held Sepr 28th whereof Col. Wood was
President. Viz1 L' Rob' Cragg of Col. Hazen's Reg1 charg'd
with repeated disobedience of Orders acquitted. Adjut*
Kincade acting Brigade Major to Gen1 Scott charg'd with
not bringing his Piquets on the ground in Proper Time,
acquitted.

Detail as Ordered Yesterday.

Whenever a field Officer is named for an Duty and he is
Sick or absent, the Brigade major of the Brigade to which
such Officer belongs is to warn another in his Stead and
report his name to the Adj* Gen1. When Aid du Camps
go from Camp with their Major Gen? A Brigade Major of
the Division is to be notified thereof and directed to attend
at Head Quarters for Orders at Orderly Time.

The Brigade Quarter Masters are to apply to the Q. M. G.
for their Quota of Axes for the purpose mentioned in yester-
days Orders, no more Fences to be burned in future, on any
pretence whatever if unavoidable necessity does not compel
us to it, license must first be obtained from the Commr in
Chief.

The Pay Master of Regt8 and Corps are to bring in their
pay Rolls for the Month of August properly examin'd &
certified, that Warrants may be given for payment.

After Orders.

The whole Army are to strike Tents tomorrow morning
at 8 o'clock and get ready to march, at Nine the March is to

G2 General Mulileribergs Orderly Book, 1777.

begin, Gen1 Sullivan's Division leading followed by Lincoln's,
McDougalls, Greens, these form the first Line, then the
Park of Artillery, then the 2d Line in this Order. Sterling's
Division, hash's, Stephen's, Gen1 Sullivans to beat a march
as a signal for marching, the beat to be Continued by the
others successively, the whole are to encamp on the new
ground in the same order. Gen1 Armstrong is to move at
the same time by the shortest route to the right of the First
Line, and Gen1 Smallwood and Gen1 Foreman to the left of
the first Line, on the Ground the Q. M. G. will point out,
the waggons to go in the Rear of the Army in the order of
the Brigade to which they belong all the Tent Waggons first.

The Brigd Quarter Masters are to see that Vaults be dug
immediately upon the Army's arrival on its own Ground,
and any Soldiers caught easing himself elsewhere is instantly
to be made prisoner and punishd by Order of a Reg1 Court
Martial. The Brigade Qr Masters are without fail to see all
Offal buried every morning and are to apply to their Bri-
gades for men for that purpose. Reg1 or Brigade Qr Masters
failing in the duties here required of them are forthwith to
be arrested, some person from each distinct Body or Bri-
gade of Militia is to attend daily at Head Quarters for orders
at noon.

Each Brigade Qr Master is to make an immediate return
of the number of Baggage Waggons in his Brigade to the
Q. M. G. An officer from each Brigade is to remain till
the Troops have marched off then for to make search and
bring on all Stragglers.

G. O. HEAD QUARTERS Oct.r 2d 1777

Major Gen1 for to-morrow . Sullivan
Brigadier . . . . . . McDougall

Field Officers Col. Chambers L* Col. Craig

Brigade Major Mcholls

Field Officer for Piquet Major Benezet

Lost yesterday a Brass Barrel pistol, brass mounted, the
words Jones, Cor nhill, London on the Barrel and on the Lock.

General Muhlenberg's Orderly Boole, 1777. 63

B. O. Oct'. 3d 1777

Parole Hampton. C. Sign, Harlem, Hanover

The Commg Officers of Regts are to see that their men
have three Days Provisions Cook'd (this day included) their
men are likewise to be furnish'd with 40 Rounds of Cart-
ridges pr Man their gun, Flints &c. in the best order.

G. O. HEAD QUARTERS. Octr. 3d 1777

Twenty men from each Brigade who are not fit to endure
the Fatigues of a March either for want of Shoes or other-
wise with a Sub. from each Brigade, to parade at the Park
of Artillery at 5 o'clock this afternoon. Two field Officers
will be there to take the Command of them who will re-
ceive their instructions from the Major Gen1 of the Day.
Three empty waggons from each .Brigade with good horses
to parade in the Road in rear of the 2d Line and move on
in the rear when the Army marches.

The whole Army to be under arms this evening at 6
o'clock they are to leave their packs, Blankets and every-
thing except arms, accoutrements ammunition and provi-
sion they are to take their provision in their Habersacks,
such as have not Habersacks are to take their provision in
their Pockets, or in such other manner as may be most
Convenient. All the Pioneers of each Reg' & Division who
are fit to march are to move in front of their respective Di-
visions with all the Axes they can muster.

TIMY PICKERING ADJT GENL

G. 0. HEAD QUARTERS Octr 5th 1777

Major Gen1 for this Day L* Sterling

Brigadier Scott

Field Officers 1 of Col. McDougals Brigade and Major
For Piquet Major Crawford

Four Hundred men for Piquet to parade precisely at 6
o'clock at the Park of Artillery.

64 General Muhlenberg's Orderly Book, 1777.

After Orders.

The Officers commanding Regt8 are to make returns of
the Cartridges wanting to compleat their men to 40 Rounds
pf Man and draw the materials for making them at the Park
of Artillery early tomorrow morning. One attentive officer
from each Reg4 is to be present and superintend the making
of the cartridges for the Reg1 and see that they are well
made up and the materials not wasted. The Arms to be
clean'd and put in good order immediately, such as are
charg'd and cannot be drawn are to be discharged at noon
tomorrow under the direction of their Officers. Each Reg'
is to draw 12 cartridges a Man ready made at the Park of
Artillery besides the above materials.

Small parties of Horse are tomorrow morning to be sent
up the different Roads above the Present encampment of
the Army as much as 10 Miles in order to stop all Soldiers
and turn them back to the Army.

All the Detachments of Horse are to be Collected as soon
as possible to one place as near as may be to the Army,
except the two parties under Capf Lee and Craig.

Returns as exact as possible are to be made of the killed
wounded and missing in the action of yesterday, and deliv-
er'd to the Commrin Chief at 4 o'clock tomorrow afternoon,
the Brig' Major will be punctual in this matter and where
there is no Brigade Major, the Brigadr or Officers command-
ing Brigades are without delay to appoint Persons to do
their Duty one Set of Columns are to shew the kill'd of the
different Ranks, 2d the wounded and a third set of columns
the missing.

The Commr in Chief returns his thanks to the gen18 and
other Officers and Men Concern'd yesterday in the attack
on the enemy's left wing for the Spirit and bravery shewn
in driving the Enemy from Field to Field and altho' an
unfortunate Fog joined with the Smoke prevent'd the dif-
ferent Brigades seeing and supporting each other, or some-
times even distinguishing their Fire from the Enemy's and
from some other Causes, which as yet cannot be well ac-

General Muhleriberg's Orderly Boole, 1777. 65

counted for, they finally retreated, they nevertheless see
that the Enemy are not proof against a vigorous attack and
may be put to flight when boldly push'd. This they will
remember and assure themselves that on the next Occasion
by a proper exertion of the Powers which God has given
them and inspired by the Cause of Freedom in which they
are engaged they will be victorious.

The Commr in Chief not seeing the Engagement wth the
Enemy's right wing, desires the Gen1 Officers who Com-
manded there, to thank those Officers and Men who be-
hav'd with becoming bravery, and those of either Wing who
behav'd otherwise to be reported.

Detail for Piquet the same as last settled, they are to
Parade at 11 o'clock in the Forenoon and afterwards at 8
o'clock as usual.

Major Gen1 tomorrow .... Stephens

Brigadier Muhlenburg

Field Officers . Col. Clark and Col. Connor

Brigade Major Peers

For Piquet Major Miller

HEAD QUARTERS Octr 6th 1777
Parole Fredricksburgh C. Sign Halifax, Frankfort

Major Gen1 for tomorrow . . • Sullivan

Brigadier Conway

Field Officers Col. Richardson L' Col. Park

Brigade Major Day

For Piquet Major Ball

The Commanding Officers of Regts are without delay to
send to the provost for such of their men as have been tried
and their Sentence publish'd. The Battalion of Militia from
Virginia Commandd by Col. Rumney are to be attached to
and to do Duty with Gen1 Scotts' Brigade. Brigr Gen1
Puliske will make return of the Horse as soon as possible.
A pair of brass mounted Pistols with white metal locks,
VOL. xxxv. — 5

66 General Mulilenberg's Orderly Book, 1777.

were taken from Gen1 Muhlenburgs Horse at Head Quars 20
Dollars reward will be given to any person who will bring
them to him and no Questions ask'd. A Pistol with 2
Brass barrels was lost by Cap1 Henry Lee of the light
Horse, his Cypher, (H. L.) was on the Thumb piece 20
Dollars will be given to the Person who will bring it to him.

John Lawrence Esqr who was appointed on the 6th of
Sepr Extra Aid du Camp to the Commr in Chief, is now
appointed Aid du Camp to him, and is to be obey'd and
respected as Such.

Thomas Mullins Esqr appointed the 3d ins4 to act as Bri-
gade Major to Gen1 Conway, is now for his Gallant Be-
haviour on the 4th ins* appointed Brigade Major to Gen1
Conway and is to be obey'd & respected as such.

The Commanding Officers of Corps are every morning
to report the Strength of them to the Brig" or Officers
Commanding Brigades that it may be known daily what
Stragglers have join'd. Buckshot are to be put into all the
cartridges which are hereafter to be made.

D. 0. CAMP at PERKIOMING Octr 7th 1777

The Gen1 returns his sincere thanks to the Officers &
Soldiers in general of his Division for their behaviour on
the Action at German Town, nevertheless he has the morti-
fication to hear some few behave'd ill, who are arrested and
reported to his Excell7. The Gen1 has the highest confi-
dence in the Troops of his Division and in the Spirit and
good Conduct of the Officers. He from the best infor-
mation has the mortification to assure the Troops they fled
from Victory, and he wishes most ardently, that the Troops
may be convinced of the necessity of retreating and rallying
briskly, and that a partial Retreat, to change a position is
often necessary and therefore a Particular Retreat is not to
be Considered general, without the order is such. Not-
withstanding the Fog depriv'd us of the Opportunity of
seeing how to Conduct our near approache, at the Enemy's
confusion and giving them a Complete route, which beyond

General Muliletiberg's Orderly Book, 1777. (57

a Doubt we should have done, if the Weather had been
Clear, nevertheless he has the satisfaction to assure the
Troops, the Enemy suffer'd very severely.

The Arms and Ammunition are to be put in good order
as soon as possible and everything got in readiness for

Attack and defence.

K GREEN M. Gen1.

G. O. HEAD QUARTERS Octr 7th 1777

Major Gen1 for tomorrow . . . Green

Brigadier Smallwood

Field Officers L* Col Butler Major Vaughan

Brigade Major Platts

For Piquet Major Nichols

The State Reg1 from Virginia to supply the place of the
9th Reg* of Virgin* in Muhlenburgh's Brigade, and do Duty
there till further orders. John Farndon of Col. Hartley's
Reg1 found guilty of the crime of Desertion and Sentenc'd
by the Gen1 Court Martial held the 25th of Sepr last to suffer
Death, is to be executed tomorrow at 12 o'clock. The situ-
ation of the Army frequently not admitting of the regular
performance of Divine Service on Sundays the Chaplains
of the Army are forthwith to meet together and agree upon
some method of performing it at other Times which method
they will make known to the Commr in Chief. Divers
Swords as well as other things have lately been stolen from
Officers by Soldiers. Officers are requested to take notice
of such things seen in the possession of their men and have
them taken care of & advertis'd.

Taken from Head quarters on the 4th ins* about Sunset a
pair of neat silver mounted pistols with Dog heads & on
the thumb piece the Letters C. G. in a Cypher whoever will
bring them to Head Quarters shall receive 20 Dollars and
no Questions Ask'd.

The Pay Master Gen1 is at Gen1 Conways Quarters at
Thetwyler's Mills where he will attend the Business of his
Department.

68 General Muhleriberg's Orderly Book, 1777.

G. 0. HEAD QUARTERS 8th October 1777

The Troops to March at 8 o'clock this morning by the
left in this Order. 1st Gen1 Smallwoods Militia 2d Gen1
Green's 3d Stephens, 4th McDougal 5th Nash, 6th Park of
Artillery, 7th Wayne 8th Sullivan 9th Ld Sterling, 10th Arm-
strongs Militia 11th Tent "Waggons in the order of the
Troops to which they belong then the Commissaries Wag-
gons in the same Order, then the spare Ammunition Wag-
gons, then the Q. M. G.

A Sub and 12 Men of each Brigade to stay on the Ground
till the Troops have march'd off to collect and bring on all
Stragglers.

The Brigade Majors are to make returns tomorrow of the
number of Arms and Accoutrements wanting in the sev-
eral Regt8 of their Brigades in order to their being Corn-
pleated without delay, they are also at the same time to make
returns of the number of Tin Cannisters now in the Brigades.

The Battalion of Militia from Yirga Commanded by
Major Pickett are to be attached and do Duty with Gen1
Woodford's brigade.

The Men's pouches are to be well greas'd at least once a
week, especially that part of the Flap which immediately
covers the Cartridges, the better to preserve them from in-
injury in Case of Rain. The Commanding Officers of
Corps will pay attention to this matter.

The Commanding Officers of Corps are immediately to
select the most suitable of their Men and set them to mak-
ing Moccusins for their Corps. The Commissaries are to
order the Skins of the heads and Legs of Bullocks taken
off and applied tto that use, so far as they will go. The
Commissaries are also to issue the Raw Hides for the pur-
pose upon the Returns of the Officers Commanding Corps.

John Farndon of Hartley's Reg* sentenc'd to suffer death
for the Crime of Desertion to the Enemy and was to have
been executed this day is to be executed tomorrow at 12
o'clock. A detachment of 60 men from each Brigade is to

General Muhlenberg's Orderly Boole, 1777. 69

parade at the Park of Artillery at that time to attend the
Execution.

Advertisement.

Lost accidentally at the Commencem1 of the Action of
the 4th Inst. a Silver Mounted Screw Barrel Pistol, on the
Top of the Breach on a Ferril of Silver is a Cypher of I. C.
double, and just under the Pan on the Barrel Rupert Rigg,
whoever will bring the said Pistol to Major Reed of Majr
Gen1 Sullivan's Division shall receive 20 Dollars reward.

G. O. HEAD QUARTERS Octr 9th 1777.

Major Gen1 for tomorrow . . . Stephens

Brigadr Wayne

Field Officers . . Col. Swift Lt. Col. Ross

Brigade Major Williams

for Picquet Major Foree

By G. O. of 13th Sepr a distribution of Tents was thus
directed, one Soldiers Tent for the Field Officers of each
Reg1 one d° for 4 Commie1 Officers one d° for every 8 non
Commission'd and 1 d° for 8 privates.

The Commanding Officers of Regts are instantly to exam-
ine into the number of Tents and Cause all beyond the
foregoing allowance to be Collected and deliver'd to the
Brige Qr Masters.

In the first place to supply those Corps in the Brigade
who are short in that allowance, and the Residue to be
deliver'd over to the Qr M. G. to supply the Militia, and
such other Corps as are destitute. The Commander in
Chief expects the Gen1 Officers, and those Commanding
Brigades will see this order carried into effectual and im-
mediate execution. Brigr Gen1 Nash will be interr'd at 10
o'clock this forenoon, with Military Honours, at the place
where the Road the Troops march'd in Yesterday comes
into the great Road. All Officers whose Circumstances will
admit of it, will attend and pay this respect to a brave Man
who died in defence of his Country.

70 General Mulilenberg's Orderly Book, 1777.

The Execution of John Farndon is postponed till to-
morrow at noon.

The General Court Martial whereof Col. Broadhead is
President is to sit tomorrow morning at 8 o'clock at the
Horsemans Tent by the Artillery Park.

After Orders.

The Gen1 Officers are without delay to have the Roll of
Officers call'd and Settled without delay and such as are
absent and not sick, wounded or on Command are to be
order'd peremptorily to join their respective Corps, and
those who are absent without leave, are to be immediately
reported to the Commr in Chief, they are also to report the
number of Blankets, Stockings and Shoes and other neces-
saries to Compleat each Man one Suit. Three Field returns
of the Troops are to be made under the immediate inspec-
tion of the Gen1 Officers, for this purpose the Corps are to
be muster'd when the Rolls is called, and if the weather
permits, those returns are to be made tomorrow afternoon
sign'd by the Major Gen1 or Commanding Officers, com-
manding Divisions. The Brigadrs or Officers Commanding
Brigades are immediately to report the number of Men of
those return'd, missing after the Action of the 4th Ins* who
have join'd their Brigades since the return of the Kill'd &c.,
and these reports they will Continue to make daily to the
Commander in Chief. If Col. Crawford is in Camp he is
desired to Call at Head Quarters as soon as may be.

B. 0. Octr 10th 1777

The Commanding Officers of the Regts are immediately
to examine in person, and regulate the number of Tents in
their respective Regts agreeable to G. O. of the 13th of Sepr
and all supernumerary Tents to be deliver'd this morning
to the Brigade Qr Master. The Guard at the Commissary's
Waggons to be reliev'd this morning from the Brigade as
also the Guard at Gen1 Green's.

General Miihlenb erg's Orderly Book, 1777. 71

G. O. HEAD QUARTERS Octr 10th 1777.

Parole. C. Sign.

Major Gen1 for tomorrow . . . Sullivan

Brigr Scott

Field Officers . Col. Marshal, Major Hay

Brige Major Cox

for Piquet .... Major Francis Murray.

The Chaplains of the Army are to meet tomorrow at 12
o'clock in the Rear of the Artillery Park for the purposes
mentioned in the G. O. of the 7th Ins1.

The Paymaster Gen1 will attend the Business of his De-
partment at Gen1 Weedons Quarters in Gen1 Greens Division
at Mr. Finniss' House.

A Court of enquiry consisting of 4 Members and Major
G1 Ld Sterling presidents, to sit at 12 o'clock to-day at the
Presidents Quarters and examine into the Conduct of
Major Gen1 Sullivan and the Expedition Commanded by him
to Staten Island in the month of August last, Major Taylor
and others who can give information of this matter are to
attend, but if the Court see Cause to postpone the Exami-
nation for want of evidence (after hearing what Major
Taylor has to urge on that head) they are to do it accord-
ingly— Gen1 McDougal, Gen1 Knox, Col. Spencer and Col.
Clark members.

The Gen1 being inform'd that much provision is wasted
by the irregular manner in which it is drawn and Cook'd,
does in earnest Terms exhort the Officers Commg Corps, to
look into and prevent abuses of this kind, and in very ex-
press Terms also, desire that they will see their Men have
provision by them ready for any emergency, and moreover
that orders both as to Time and Manner, ardently wishing
that the necessity of a rigid Compliance with them may be
deeply impresa'd upon the minds of every Officer who
ought to Consider how impracticable it is to carry on any
Military operation without it. It is not for every Officer to
know the Principles upon which every Order issues, and to

72 General Muhlenberg's Orderly Book, 1777.

judge how far they may or may not be dispenced with or
suspended, but their duty to Carry them into Execution
with the utmost punctuality and Exactness. They are to
Consider that military movements are like the working of a
clock, and will go equally regular and easy if every Officer
does His Duty, but without it, be as easily disorder'd, be-
cause neglect in any one part, like the stopping of a wheel,
disorders the whole. The Gen1 expects therefore that every
Officer will duly consider the importance of this observation.
Their own reputation and the duty they owe their Country,
claims it of them, and he earnestly calls upon them to do it.

The Gen1 directs that the Arms shall be put in the best
order without loss of Time, Ammunition Compleated and
everything in readiness against a sudden Call, if such should
be made upon us. Those who want Arms are to be sup-
pli'd immediately by Order from the Adj1 Gen1 but at the
foot of each return an account is to be rendered how the
the deficiency arises.

Promotions in Consequence ot the late Death and Resig-
nations will now take place, as a reward to the merit of
deserving Officers. The Succession in which they are to be
made agreeable to G. O. is to be reported by the Gen1 Offi-
cers of each Division or Brigade after Consulting the Field
Officers of the Regt8 they belong to. Officers who are
under the imputation of Cowardice, or those whose Charac-
ters are in other respects impeachable are to be noted, as
the Gen1 is determin'd to discriminate between the good &
bad. This order is to be confined to Promotion.

No near appointments will take place at this Time in the
weak state of the Reg18.

G. O. HEAD QUARTERS Octr 11th 1777

Major Gen1 for tomorrow . . . Green

Brigadier Muhlenburg

Field Officers Col. Chandler, Lt. Col. Nelson

Brigade Major

Field Officers for Piquet . Major Sumner

General Muhleriberg's Orderly Boole, 1777. 73

The Court of enquiry of which Ld Sterling is President
now sitting at the Presidents Quarters, is to enquire into the
charge against Brigr G1 Wayne, Viz4, that he had timely
notice of the Enemys intention to attack the Troops under
his Command on the night of the 20th Ult° and notwith-
standing that intelligence, he neglected making a disposition
untill it was too late, either to annoy the enemy or make
a Retreat, without the utmost Danger and Confusion. The
President will give Notice of the time, when the Court can
enter on the Enquiry, then the parties and evidences are to
attend.

A Flag will go to the Enemy 's Lines on Monday next
at nine in the Morning, all persons who have Letters or
other things to send in, must have them at Head Quarters
by that time.

Twice a week, Viz* Wednesdays and Saturdays, the Offi-
cers of each Company are carefully to inspect the Arms,
Ammunition & Accoutrement of their Men, to see that they
are in perfect order, and that nothing is wanting, at the
first inspection they are to take an exact account of every
Article belonging to each Man, and if afterwards any be
missing, they are immediately to report the same to the
officer Commanding their Reg1 that the matter may be en-
quired into, if he judges it proper by a Reg1 Court Martial,
& the Delinquent punish'd if deserving it, and charg'd with
the Articles lost to be deducted from his Wages.

The Militia from the Counties of Prince William, Cul-
peper, Soudon & Berkely in the state of Virginia are to be
form'd into a Brigade and be under the Command of Col.
William Crawford, the Q. M. G1 and the Commissary Gen1
are to appoint persons therein to do the Duties of their re-
spective Departments.

All the Troops that came from Picks Kill under the
Command of Gen1 McDougal, Varnum and Huntingdon
(Malcoms Reg1 excepted) are to be thrown into 2 Brigades
in such Manner as those Genls shall think best. A report of
which is to be made to the ComnT in Chief for his further

74 General Mulilenberg's Orderly Book, 1777.

Orders. Gol. Malcom's Reg* is to join Gen1 Conways
Brigade.

Twelve light Horse with an Officer are to Mount Guard
every Day with the Pickets and be dispos'd off at the dif-
ferent Piquets for the purpose of Conveying early intelli-
gence in such a way as the Major Gen1 of the Day shall
direct.

The Commanding officers of all those Companies which
was raised as part of the 16th Additional Battalions, and at
different Times annexed to other Regt3 are to make im-
mediate returns to y" Adjutant Gen1 of their strength and
in what Reg* they are now doing Duty.

The Commir in Chief has the pleasure to inform the
Army that Congress has in an unanimous Resolve express'd
their thanks to the officers and men concern'd in the attack
on the Enemy near German Town on the 4th Inst. for their
exertion on that Occasion, and hopes the Approbation of
that Honble Body will Stimulate them to still nobler Efforts
on every future occasion.

Cap1 Paul Parker of Col. Hartley's Reg* is appoin* to
do the Duty of Brigade Major in Gen1 Waynes Brigade
till further Orders and is to be respected and obey'd as
such.

All firing of Guns is absolutely forbidden without License
first obtain'd by the Major Gen1 of the Day, and the instant
a gun is fired, a serj* and file of Men shall be sent to catch
the Villain who is thus wasting ammunition and alarming
the Camp, All Officers are strictly required to see this Order
put in execution.

The Brigade Major of the Day is always to bring in 4
Drums and 4 Fifers to the Parade, to be distributed to the
Guards if necessary, or otherwise disposed of as the Brigr
of the Day shall order.

Was found in the possession of a Soldier of the 1st Penn-
sylv* Reg1 a Silver Watch, any person giving a Description
of the same, may hear of her by applying to Adf McCormick
of y' 1st Pennsylv* Reg1

General Muhlenberg's Orderly Book, 1777. 75

G. O. HEAD QUARTERS Octr 12th 1777

Major Gen1 for tomorrow . Stephens

Brigadier Small wood

Brigadier Major Peers

for Piquet Lt. Col. Davis

Major Lockart of the 3d Reg' of North Carolina is pro-
moted to the Rank of Lieu1 Col. in the 8th Reg1 from the
same State in the Room of Col. Ingram resign 'd. Cap1
Henry Dickson of the 1st Carolina Reg* promoted to the
Rank of Major in the 3d Reg1 of the same State. The
Commr in Chief approves the following sentences of a Court
Martial held the 3d iris1 whereof Col. Josiah Parker was
president Viz" Ensign Cassen of the 4th Reg1 charg'd with
accusing Ensign Ford of Cowardice and getting Drunk in
the morning and behaving in an ungentleman like manner,
found guilty of the charges against him and Sentenc'd to
be discharg'd from the Service. Ensign Thomas Shank of
10th Pennsy* Reg1 charg'd with stealing 2 pair Shoes from
Lieut Adam's Reg8 Qr Master Serg' to the 10th Pennsyl* found
guilty of the charge exhibited against him & sentenc'd to be
discharg'd from the Service. Major Forrest of Col. Proc-
tor's Reg* of Artillery charg'd with neglect of Duty and
with disobedience of Orders to the prejudice of the Service,
good order & military Discipline and with breaking his
arrest, found guilty of the two first charges only, Sentenc'd
to be reprimanded in Gen1 Orders, it appears from the Evi-
dence that Major Forrest's Conduct was highly reprehensi-
ble because of such a nature as tends to the foundation of
Order in any Army. When an officer is ordered to do
anything in the line of his Duty he ought upon the propiety
of the measure, but execute it in the best manner he can,
remembering that implicit obedience which Constitutes true
Discipline is essential to the success and even existence of
an Army, it is the ardent wish of the Commr in Chief that
the duty of the Camp may be perform'd with the greatest
exactness and regularity and he desires that the Major Gen1

76 General Mulilenberg's Orderly Boole., 1777.

Brigadr Gen1 and Field Officers of the Day attend the Pa-
rade constantly at the Guard Mounting and that the guards
are duly marched off, and everything conducted with pro-
priety. Henceforward the guards are to mount at 9 o'clock
in the morning. The officers have now an opportunity of
attending to the Discipline of the Army every Day when
the weather permits. The Corps are to be turned out and
Exercis'd in the most essential Exercises, particularly
in the Priming & Loading, forming, advancing & retreating,
breaking & rallying, and no pains are to be spared to im-
prove the Troops in these points. All parties and witnesses
relative to the charges against Gen1 "Wayne are to attend at
the Court of enquiry at Lord Sterling's Quarters tomorrow
morning at 9 o'clock. The Q. M. G. is to provide proper
paper immediately that the several Corps may be furnish'd
without delay.

After Orders.

For the better security of the Ammunition, each Brigade
Qr Mr is early tomorrow morning to go with ten Axe Men,
and five other Men of his Brigade, and collect with the
utmost care and dispatch all the Horses he can find, at this
and the late encampment of the Army, and immediately
upon his return, report the number he shall have collected.
He will take a Waggon with him.

HEAD QUARTERS Octr 13th 1777.
Parole. C. Sign

Major Gen1 for tomorrow . . . Sullivan

Brigadier Varnum

Field Officers . Col. Bradley L< Col. Green
Brigade Major .... Day Field Officer
For Piquet Major Sterrit

The sending a Flag to the Enemy's Lines will be defer'd
till tomorrow morning, nine o'clock.

Those Battalions and Corps that have join'd the Army
since the 3d instant are to attend to the Orders of that day,
with regard to making out their muster Rolls, an immediate

General Mulileriberg's Orderly Book, 1777. 77

attention to this Duty of every Officer who has not already
performed it.

It is with real grief and amazement that the Gen1 ob-
serves by the late Returns how deficient of Arms and
accoutrements the Continental Troops are, he directs that
they may be speedily supplied with Musquets, and if there
is not a sufficient number of Cartouch Boxes, that the
Tin Boxes be taken from those who have Cartouch Boxes
to supply the defect of those who have none. After this the
Gen1 positively Orders that the Arms, Ammunition and
accoutrements be examin'd once a day by an Offr of each
Company. That this may certainly be done, he expects the
Commanding Officer of each Regiment will give particular
attention to the Duty here enjoin'd, he also recommends it
to the Gen1 Officers as a matter well worthy of their Care.
Any Soldier after this who shall lose, sell or otherwise dis-
pose of his accoutremts, Arms or Cloathing, shall be pun-
ish'd in the most exemplary manner without the smallest
mitigation. As there are not spare Cartouch Boxes at this
time to supply the Militia, Col. Crawford is desired to use
his utmost skill and industry to procure Horns and pouches
to carry their Ammunition in, or to adopt any other method,
he may upon Consulting his Officers find men expeditious
he is to appoint some Active person acquainted with the
Duty as Brige Major Protem, who will be allow'd pay dur-
ing the time he acts. As great and many Valuable advan-
tages would result from having the Arms of a Division or
even of a Brigade of the same Corps, the Commander in
Chief directs that each officer Commanding a Brigade
would have a return instantly made to him of the differ-
ent Calibers and number of each kind in his Brigade, and
that as soon as this is done Major Gen1 Sullivan would call
all the General Officers, and Officers Commanding Brigades
together, and see if such a disposition of Arms can be
effected as many happy consequences may flow from it.

Detail as yesterday, except that Hazen's, Waynes, Ham-
tons, Maxwells, Conways and the North Carolina Brigade

78 General Muhlenberg's Orderly Boole, 1777.

give Captains for Piquet in addition to their other Detail,
and the other six Brigades to give no Captains tomorrow.

Advertisements.

Found a pair of Screw Barrel Pistols, the owner proving
his property may hear of them at Gen1 Greens Quarters.

Found this day a Silver Watch, the owner proving his
property may receive it a Gen1 Greens Quarters.

Found by a Soldier in the Corp of Artillery a few days
after the Battle of Brandy wine, a Hanger, the Owner may
have it by applying to Col. Crane.

A. 0. Octr 13th 1777.

Altho' orders have been given to Compleat the Army to
40 rounds pr Man, the Gen1 did not intend that they should
be distributed to the Men till further Orders, except so far
as should be necessary to fill the Cartridge Boxes & Tin
Cannisters, all above that number are to be collected im-
mediately and deposited in a good cover'd "Waggon of the
Brigade or Division, no delay is to be made in this matter,
lest the Cartridges be spoiled or lost.

The Companies rais'd by Capts Steel, Trevior, Kearsly &
Calderwood are to join Col. Malcom's Reg1 and compose
part of it. What Blankets, Breeches and Shoes are in the
Clothier's Store, are to be distributed tomorrow upon appli-
cation to him, without further Orders.

G. O. HEAD QUARTERS Octr 14th 1777.

Parole C. Sign

Major Gen1 for tomorrow . . , . Green

Brigadier Huntingdon

Field Officers . Col. Stephens L' Col. Lynly

Brigade Major Plath

For Piquet Major Bruster

The Officers on Guard are to make report of them to the
Officers of the Day, who will report the same to the Adj'
Gen1.

General Mulileriberg's Orderly Book, 1777. 79

Doctor Craig Director of the Hospital at Reading, has
sent a List of the wounded there, whose Blankets and other
necessaries remain in Camp. The Commanding Officers of
Regts are immediately to make most diligent search for all
such necessaries belonging to the wounded of their respec-
tive Regiments, Collect them together, and lodge them with
all possible dispatch at the Qr Master Gen1 Qrs. The wounded
are now suffering for want of them, and not a moment is to
be lost in relieving those Brave Men who have suffer 'd in
their Country's Cause. The Brigade Majors are to send
Lists of their names to the officers Commg Regts without
delay.

Hitchcock Esqr is appointed to do the Duty of Brigade
Major in the 2d Maryland Brigade (late Deborers) and is to
be respected accordingly. John Lawson Esqr Adj' to the
Prince William Militia is appointed to do the Duty of
Brigade Major in the Brigade of Militia under the Com-
mand of Col. Crawford and is to be respected as such.
Richard Emory is appointed to do -the Duty of Brigade
Major in the 1st Maryland Brigade and is to be respected
accordingly.

G. O. HEAD QUARTERS Oetr 15th '77

Major Gen1 for tomorrow . . . Stephens

Brigadier Weedon

Field Officers . Col. Lewis Lt, Col. Nagle

Brigade Major Parker

Field Officer for Piquet . Major Richardson

The Gen1 has the repeated pleasure of informing the
Army of the success of the Troops under the Command of
Gen1 Gaites over Gen1 Burgoynes on the 7th Ins* the Action
Commenc'd about 3 o'clock afternoon between the Piquets
of the Two Armies which was reinforc'd on both sides.
The Contest was warm and continued with obstinacy till
evening, when our Troops gain'd the advanc'd Lines of the
Enemy and encamp'd on that ground all night. The
Enemy fled and left behind them 330 Tents, with Kettles

80 General Muhleriberg's Orderly Book, 1777.

boiling with corn. Eight Brass field pieces (Two 12 and six
6 Pounders) upwards of 200 of their Dead, and the Baggage
of their flying Army. Gen1 Frazier is among the Dead.
Our Troops took 550 non Commissd Officers and Privates
prisoners besides Sir Francis Carr Clark aid du Camp to
Gen1 Burgoyne a Qr Master Gen1 (said to be Carleton) the
Commg Officers of Artillery of a Foreign Brigade and of the
British Grenadiers and a number of inferior Rank. Two of
our Generals Lincoln and Arnold were wounded in the Leg,
besides these our Troops suffer'd but very little they be-
haved with great bravery and intrepidity and have thus
triumphed over the Valour of Vetran Troops.

When the last account came away Gen1 Burgoynes Arrny
was retreating and our's pursuing.

The Gen1 congratulates the Troops upon this signal Vic-
tory, the 3d Capital Advantage which under Divine Provi-
dence we have gain'd in that Quarter and hopes it will
prove a powerful Stimulas to the Army under his immediate
Command, at least to equal their northern Brethren in
brave and intrepid exertions when calPd thereto. The Gen-
eral wishes them to Consider this is the Grand American
Army, and that of course great things are expected of it.
It is the Army of whose Superior prowess some have
boasted. What shame then and Dishonour will attend us
if we suffer ourselves in every instance to be outdone. We
have a Force sufficient (by the favour of Heaven) to Crush
our Foe, and nothing is wanting but a Spirited persevering
exertion of it to which besides the motives before men-
tioned. Duty and the love of our Country irresistibaly
impel us the Effect of such powerful Motives (no Man who
possesses the Spirit of a Soldier can withstand) Spurr'd on
by them the Gen1 assures himself that on the next occasion,
his Troops will be Compleatly successful. In Honour of
the Northern Army, and to celebrate their Victory, thir-
teen pieces of cannon are to be discharged, at the Artillery
Park at 5 o'clock this afternoon previous to which the
Brigades and Corps are to be drawn out on their respective

General Muhlenberg's Orderly Boole, 1777. 81

Parades, and those Orders distinctly read to them by their
Officers. Those Men in Col. Crawfords Brigade of Militia,
whose pieces cannot be drawn are to be discharg'd at 5
o'clock this afternoon. The Troops are to march tomorrow
from the Right at 7 o'clock in the morning. The Major
Gen1 of the Day will point out the Order of March. Brigade
Returns are to be made immediately, of all the seamen in
the respective Corps of the Army. The Brigadiers and
Officers Commg Brigades, are without the smallest delay to
make strict inquiry about the Tin Cannisters which have
been issued to them and report the number now with them,
and inform what is become of the rest. In consequence
of a representation of the field Officers of Col. Stewarts
Regimt8, Cap* Patrick Anderson and Lieut. Jacob Meltz of
that Reg* are hereby suspended for their non-attendance
and their unworthy Conduct as Officers, their pay is to be
stopp'd. A Court of enquiry consisting of five Members
one of which Gen1 Green is to be President, is to sit at the
President's Quarters at 3 o'clock this afternoon to enquire
into the charges against Brigr Gen1 Maxwell. All witnesses
are to attend at the same time. Brigr General Muhlenburg
and Varnum, Col. Stewart and Richardson are appointed
members of this Court. A Gen1 Court Martial of Horse
Officers is to sit at Col. Moylands Quarters tomorrow at
nine o'clock in the morning for the Tryal of all Prisoners
of the Horse, which shall be brought before them. Col.
Moyland is appointed President of this Court. Detail the
same as Yesterday, only the six Brigades which furnish'd
Captains yesterday are not to do it tomorrow, the other six
furnish them, and the North Carolina Brigade is to give but
16 privates for Piquet.

A. 0.

As the Army is to march tomorrow at 7 o'clock, the new
Piquets are to be on the Grand Parade an hour before
agreeable to Gen1 Orders of the 15th 8eptr. The Brigade
Majors will Remember that this was a Standing Order.
VOL. xxxv. — 6

82 General Mulilenbery's Orderly Boole, 1777.

G. 0. HEAD QUARTERS WORCESTER TOWNSHIP 16th Octr '77
Parole C. Sign

Major Gen1 for tomorrow Sullivan

Brigr McDougal

Field Officers Col. Martin of Jersey L* Col. Han.

Brigade Major Williams

Piquet Major Bayard

The Cornm. in Chief positively orders that the Horse
Encamp compactly in the Rear of the Army, and as near
Head Quarters as possible. The Regiments are to continue
to draw materials and go on making Cartridges every day
with Care and Dispatch and when made they are to be re-
turn'd to the Commissary of Military Stores. The Court
of enquiry of which Major Gen1 Lord Sterling was Presi-
dent held the 12th Ins1 to examine into the Conduct of
Major Gen1 Sullivan in the Expedition Commanded by him
to Staten Island in the month of August last, report their
opinion as follows. Viz6 The Court after hearing the Evi-
dences against the Conduct of Major Gen1 Sullivan and
those produced by him in his defence, and duly Considering
the same, are unanimously of opinion that the Expedition
against the Enemy on Staten Island was eligible and pro-
mised great advantage to the cause of America, that the
Expedition was well Concerted, and the orders for the exe-
cution proper, and would have succeeded with reputation
to the Gen1 & Troops under his Command, had it not in
some measure been rendered abortive, by accidents which
were out of the power of the Gen1 to foresee or prevent,
that Gen1 Sullivan was particularly active in embarking the
Troops to the Island, and took every precaution to bring
them off, that he made early provision to refresh the Troops
of his Division at Elizabeth Town, when they return'd to
the Jerseys, and that upon the maturest Consideration of
the Evidence in possession of this Court, that he deserves
the approbation of his Country and not its Censure. The
Court therefore are of opinion, unanimously that he ought

General Muhleriberg's Orderly Book, 1777. 83

to stand honorably acquitted of every Unsoldierlike Con-
duct in the Expedition against Staten Island.

Advertisement.

The Camp Equipage of the late Gen 1 Nash is to be sold
tomorrow Afternoon at 3 o'clock at the Brigade he lately
Commanded.

A. O.

The Regt8 Commanded by Col* Greene, Angel, Durgee
and Chandler, are to form one Brigade under the Command
of Brig6 Gen1 Varnum. The Regt8 Commanded by Col8 Pren-
tice, Bradley and Swift are to form one Brigade under the
Commd of Brigr Gen1 Huntingdon, those two Brigades form
a Division to be Commanded by Brigr Gen1 McDougall.

IX 0. 9 o'clock P. M. Octr 16 1777.

The 2d and 5th Virginia Regt8 with the Pennsy* State
Reg* are to have one Days Provision cook'd & be in readi-
ness to march at Eleven tomorrow. The Recruits belonging
to those Regt* are to be left behind. Gen1 Weedon will take
the Commd of this detachment he will receive orders at
Head Quarters.

HEAD QUARTERS PETER WENTZ'S Octr 17th '77.

Major Gen1 for tomorrow . . . Stephen

Brigr Gen1 Wayne

Field Officers . Col. Johnston Lt. Col. Nevill

Brigade Major Hitchcock

Field Officer for Piquet . . . Majr Morris

The Troops are to be under Arms at Eleven O'clock this
forenoon, except those Men who are employ'd in making
Cartridges, and the Gen1 expects that the Commanding
Officers of each Regiment daily keep a number of the best
Hands diligently working at that business till further
Orders. The Troops are to parade with one Days pro-
visions ready Cook'd.

84 General Muhlenberg's Orderly Boole, 1777.

Advertisement.

Lost on the March from New Hanover to Rawlin's Ford
the 28th Sepr last, a small brass mounted Pistol, screw barrel
rifled, a common Lock, Walsingham engrav'd on the plate,
whoever has found the same and will bring it to Ll Col.
Adams of 7th Maryland Reg4, Gen1 Sullivans Division, shall
receive 16 Dollars reward.

D. 0. 11 o'clock P.M.

The 1st Virginia Reg* in Gen1 Muhlenburg's Brigade, and
the 6th in Gen1 Weedons Brigade, are to be in Readiness to
March tomorrow morning by Sun rise, L* Col. Green who
commds this Detachment will receive Orders at head
Quarters.

G. 0. HEAD QUARTERS PETER WENTZ Octr 18th 77

Major Gen1 for tomorrow . . Ld Sterling

Brigadier Gen1 . Scott

Field Officers . L< Col. RusselL* Col. Gurney

Brigade Major Emory

Field Officer for Piquet . . Major Lockart

Detail same as Yesterday, saving that Hazen's, Waynes,
Hamptons, Maxwell's, Conways, and hash's Brigades find
Captains in addition to their other details, and the other
Brigades do not find Captains.

The Gen1 has his happiness Compleated relative to our
Success to the northern Army, on the 14th Ins* Gen1 Bur-
goyne and his whole Army Surrender'd themselves prison-
oners of War, let every face brighten, and every heart ex-
pand with grateful Joy and Praise to the Supreme Dis-
poser of all human Events, who has granted us this signal
Success. The Chaplains of the Army are to prepare short
discourses, suited to the Joyful Occasion to deliver to their
several Corps and Brigades at 5 o'clock this afternoon, im-
mediately after this 13 pieces of Cannon are to be dis-

General Muhleriberg's Orderly Book, 1777. 85

charg'd at the Park of Artillery, to be followed by a Feu de
Joy with blank Cartridges or Powder by every Brigade and
Corps of the Army beginning on the right of the Front
Line and running on to the left of it, and then instantly
beginning on the left of the Second Line and running to
the right of it, where it is to end.

The Major Gen1 of the Day will superintend and regulate
the Feu de Joy. The Officers Commanding Brigades and
Corps are to draw out their Men (excepting those on Duty)
every day when the Weather permits, to practice the most
necessary manouvres, particularly to advance in Line, from
hence to form Columns to go through passes & openings in
fences, and reduce them again to retire in a Line and Col-
umn, and and form again in a word, to perform all those
movements which in Action, a woody and inclos'd Country
shall make necessary.

Advertisement.

A Horse with a Saddle and Bridle came to Gen1 Knox's
Quar8 at the last encampment, the owner proving his prop-
erty may have it again.

D. O. 7 o'clock P. M.

The German Battalion, with what Provisions they have
on hand, are to parade in front of the Division Commanded
by Gen1 McDougall at Sun rise tomorrow morning.

A. 0.

HEAD QUARTERS 7 o'clock.

Two Hundred Men with two field Officers, 4 Captains,
8 Sub8 from each Division Viz6 Sullivan, Greene, Wayne,
McDougall, Ld Sterling and Stephens are to parade tomor-
row morning at Sun rise, in the Field before the front Line,
with Arms, Ammunition & at least one Days Provisions
Cook'd, but without either Packs or Blankets. Gen1 Sulli-
van will take Command of the whole.

The Men employ'd in making Cartridges are by no means
to be taken from that business, but kept diligently about it.

86 General Mulilenberg's Orderly Book, 1777.

HEAD QUARTERS Octr 19th 77

Major Gen1 for tomorrow . . . Sullivan

Brigadr Gen1 Huntingdon

Field Officers . Col. Price Lt. Col. Brearly

Brigade Major McGowen

Field Officer for Pickett . Major Cropper

The Brigadiers and officers Commanding Brigades, are
to appoint Gen1 Courts Martial in their respective Brigades,
for the trial of all non Commiss'd Officers and Privates,
now in the provost belonging to their respective Brigades,
these Courts are to sit tomorrow morng at 9 o'clock and
daily afterwards till all the Prisoners are tried, each Court
will appoint their Judge advocate.

The Commander in Chief approves the following Sen-
tences of a Gen1 Court Martial, held the 7th and 10th insts
whereof Colonel Broadhead was president, Viz. Cap* Crump
of the l§t Virga Reg* charged with Cowardice, is found
guilty and Sentenc'd to be Cashier'd and his name, place of
abode, and his punishm* publish'd in the News Papers in
and about Camp, and in the News1 Papers of the particular
State he came from, or in which he usually resides. After
which it shall be deem'd Scandalous for any Officer to asso-
ciate with him. Cap* John Stoner of the 10th Pennsylvania
charg'd with leaving the Reg* in a cowardly manner, in the
Action at Chad's ford on Brandy wine on the 11th of Sepr
last, found guilty of leaving his Reg* improperly the 11th of
8epr last, when an Action was expected but not in a Cow-
ardly manner, and sentenc'd to be reprimanded by the Brigr
of the Brigade the 10th Pennsylv is in, in presence of the
Officers of the Brigade. The Command' in Chief also ap-
proves the following sentences of the same Court Martial,
held the 11th and 12th ins* Viz— L* Willm Courts of the 2d
Maryland Reg* charg'd with Cowardice at the Battle of
Brandywine the 11th of Sepr last also with giving Major
Adams of the 7th Maryland Reg* impertinent and abusive
language when he apply'd to him to know the reason of his

General Muhlenberg' s Orderly Boole, 1777. 87

Conduct that Day, acquitted of the charges against him.
L* Simon Morgan of the 13th Virga Reg* charg'd with Cow-
ardice on the 4th ins1 acquitted with honor by the Unani-
mous Opinion of the Court.

Cap1 Henry Shede of the 10th Pennsy* Reg1 charg'd with
absenting himself from the Reg* without leave for near 2
months, found guilty and Sentenc'd to be cashier'd. L*
Rains of the 15th Virg* charged with sending a soldier
(William. Bluford) to bring Water in a Tin Cartouch Box,
found by the unanimous Opinion of (the Court not guilty of
the charge. The Commr in Chief approves the following
Sentences of a Gen1 Court Martial of the Brigade of Horse
held the 17th ins* of which Col. Moyland was Presid* Viz.
Lt. Col. Byrd, charg'd with Countermanding the Orders,
Col. Bland gave to two Soldiers to fall into their Ranks re-
peatedly on Parade, and for disobeying the Orders of Col.
Bland when directed to order the said Men into their Ranks
on the night the Cavalry passed the Schulkill. Col. Byrd
admitted the justness of the charge, whereupon the Court
Consider'd whether Col. Bland had or had not a right to
Command L* Col. Byrd while a Superior Officer was pres-
ent, and determin'd that he had not. David Organ a private
in Col. Bland's Reg* confin'd for insolence and Drunken-
ness, was brought before the Court, but no evidence ap-
pearing against him, was Dismiss'd.

Charles Field of Col. Moyland's Reg* charged with steal-
ing a port manteau, sundry Clothing and a pair of Silver
Buckles from Benona Fraze of Col. Sheldon's Reg* was
judged guilty of the Theft, and sentenc'd to receive 50
lashes and to be dismissed from the Service of the Ameri-
can Army.

G1 A. O.

The Reg1 Surgeons are to make returns of the Sick in
Camp who are proper Subjects for the Hospital, to Doctr
Cochran at the Qr Mr Gen18 Quarters tomorrow morning pre-
cisely at 8 o'clock.

88 General Muhlenlerg's Orderly Book, 1777.

The whole Army is to be ready to march tomorrow
morning at 4 o'clock, with what Tents, necessary Baggage,
&c are at the present Encampment. If any of the Troops
have not already drawn provision for tomorrow, it is now
to be Drawn and Cook'd without delay. The Commissaries
of Divisions are instantly to send down Provisions for their
respective detachments which marched this morning with
orders to reach the Detachment before they stop.

G. 0. Hd QUARTERS 21st Octr 77.

Parole C. Sign

Major Gen1 for tomorrow . : . Sullivan

Brigadier Conway

Field Officers . Col. Hall Major Stubblefield

For Piquet Major Howard

Brigade Major Johnston

A Gen1 Court Martial is to sit tomorrow morning at
9 o'clock at the Qr Mas' Genls Quarters for the trial of all
Prisoners which may be brought before them, Col. Grayson
is appointed Presid1 of this Court, Ll Col. Heath & Major
Smith and one Cap1 from each of the following Brigades,
Viz. Muhlenburgs, Woodford's, Waynes, D Hains, 1st
Maryland, 2d Maryland, Two from Gen1 Weedons and 2
from Scott's are to Compose the Members of this Court.
A Gen1 Court Martial of the Brigade of Horse of which
Col. Bland is to be President, is to sit tomorrow morning
at 9 o'clock at the Presidents Qr8 for the trial of Prisoners.
The Court to consist of three field officers, besides the
President and of Nine Capts of Horse.

Advertisement.

Stray'd or Stolen from a Team in the Service of the 5th
Maryland Reg1 in Gen1 Sullivan's Division on the night of
the 16th Ins1. A white Horse about 14 hands high, Stout
and well made with a switch Tail, has been Cut on his left
Buttock with an Ax which has occasioned a hollow Scar,

General Muhleriberg's Orderly Book, 1777. 89

also a Grey Mare about 14 hands high, remarkably well
made, and is a natural Trotter- She is mark'd a little above
the left Flank by the bite of a Horse. Whoever takes up
and will deliver the sd horse & Mare to the Qr Master of the
5th Maryland Keg* shall receive Twenty Dollars reward, or
Fourteen for the Mare and six for the Horse.

G. O. HEAD QUARTERS UPPER DUBLIN Octr 22d 77.

Major Gen1 for tomorrow Green

Brigadier Smallwood

Field Officers . Col. Chambers L* Col. Thackston

Brigade Major Peers

Field Officer for Piquet .... Lt, Col. Ford

Such of the Troops as have not already drawn provision
for to-day and tomorrow, are to do it immediately & cook
the whole, and all be ready to march at the shortest notice.

D. O.

The 2d and 10th Virginia, with the Pennsy* State Regi-
ments in Gen1 Weedon's Brigade to hold themselves in
readiness to march at 6 o'clock this Evening. The 5th
Virginia and the German Keg8 of Gen1 Muhlenburgs Bri-
gade also be in readiness to march at the same time, with-
out Blankets or any kind of incumberance to be compleat
with 40 Pounds of Ammunition.

D. A. O.

The whole Division is to be in readiness to move this
Evening at 6 o'clock every Man is to be provided with 40
Rounds of Ammunition, A Gill of Rum and a Blanket.

(To be continued.)

90 Letters of a French Officer, 1777-'78.

LETTERS OF A FRENCH OFFICER, WRITTEN AT
EASTON, PENNA., IN 1777-1778.

[The following interesting letters never reached their
destination. They were forwarded via Boston, and the
vessel carrying the mail for France was captured by a British
cruiser. They were recently found, partially mutilated,
among the prize papers in the records of the High Court
of Admiralty, London. The Pennsylvania Magazine is in-
debted for copies to J. Franklin Jameson, Director of the
Carnegie Institution of Washington, D. C., and for trans-
lations to Albert J. Edmunds, of the Historical Society of
Pennsylvania.]

I am resting in my room this evening with real pleasure.
I had so arranged my day, after my walk, I had to come
home to write to you, and entertain myself with yon. I
have imagined that I had a visit to make you. I have fixed
the hour, and in my ordinary course, I have found myself
at home about three quarters of an hour earlier. If I could
only be settled for once ! But I am one place today and
another tomorrow. Nevertheless I have been here fifteen
days, and have not lost any time. I have found a man,
quite old, who has traveled in all the countries of Europe,
having served with the Empress of Russia, and acquired a
good deal in his travels. He has the kindness to talk with
me in a language which gives me infinite pleasure to study,
though all who speak it around me displease me supremely
— all of them : men, women, girls and children have an air
of untidiness in spite of their apparel, so much so, that a
Frenchman would have to be very perverted, and to have
lost the good taste which characterizes our nation, to be-
come strongly attached to one. Forgive me this digression.

I return to my gentleman. He has loaned me The Spirit
of Laws, in English, and in spite of their jealousy of every-
thing that is French and good, they have translated it into

Letters of a French Officer, 1777-'78, 91

their language. I am making extracts from it ; all my
mornings are employed on that. I am learning to speak,
read and write English, in which I feel that I am making
some progress by the ease wherewith I begin to enunciate
and by the pleasure which I have in \vorking at it. 0 my
dear Mentor, I want to teach you this language ; you would
like it, it is really a beautiful language and agreeable to
learn.

In the afternoon I take my walk until five or six o'clock,
or sometimes I go and take tea with my landlord's son-in-
law, who makes very good leather breeches, and in his
leisure moments is a Colonel in the service. He is very agree-
able; but, whatever evil I may have spoken about women,
he has one at his house who is a little more so than he is,
and very pretty too. I speak English with her a good deal ;
she is seventeen, the wife of an artillery captain,1 the most
capricious little woman you could see. But, as I am not at
all in love ; even friendship counts for nothing ; as there is
on my side, nothing but social politeness, and on hers a
little curiosity. When she is in good humor she is gay,
teaches me to speak, and we dispute upon the greater part
of the usages which are nothing less than polite. That
gives me a moment of distraction, after which I go back to
my room and chat with you, or I speak, translate and write
English.

EASTON, Oct. 23, 1777.

Search a little on the map, my dear friend, not of the
Holy Land (tho' I am only ten miles from Bethlehem and
six from Nazareth), for a place where the great river Dela-
ware unites its two branches, at about 70 or 80 miles from
Philadelphia, and you will know positively where your
brother is, and tho' in the midst of mountains, and in a
peninsula formed by these two rivers and another stream,

1 He has juit been killed at Fort Ked Bank when the British took it.
[The story that the British had taken it was of course a false Tory
rumor.]

92 Letters of a French Officer, 1777-'78.

he does not forget that he has a brother by whom he is
loved, and to whom he returns this sentiment with interest.
You surely know about the death of poor Du Coudray.
Whatever wrongs he may have done me in this country, I
cannot help mourning for him.1 His death has left us be-
wildered, though ever united, since we have united our
powers in a single person who is charged with our affairs at
the Congress, intending, however, to return to us as soon as
possible after having been trifled with up to the point that we
were during the life of our poor General. N"ot one of our
Serjeants even, to whom Captain's commissions are offered,
wish to remain, they prefer to return as soldiers to France.
The Congress, it seems to me, is anxious to drag out this
business long enough so as not to allow us to return so soon
to France, a body of officers and Serjeants numerous enough
for the unanimity of their manner of speaking and for Du
Coudray's papers, which they possess, to be able to bring
to light the unworthy fashion in which they [the Congress]
have behaved to the face of officers whom their ambassador
has drawn from their body upon the faith of treaties and
the agreement of their sovereign.2 The people here who are
not led by the petty intrigues of the Congress and who see
in us only a body united enough in appearance, discontented,
testifying this discontent quite loudly, ready to go back to
France and give a bad idea of the good faith of these folk
who do not keep their treaties — these [good] people, [I say] ,
are in despair, are loudly blaming the actions of the Con-
gress, and are seeking to persuade us to stay. But no one
wants to stay except M. Deloyant, to whom we testified that
we should be quite glad when our interests were no longer
his. He has had the offer of a Colonelcy, not in the army,
but civilly, in one of the Colonies. I think he will accept

1 "Sept. 16. About eleven o'clock, Gen. Coudray, with nine French
officers, set out for camp over Schuylkill. The General being mounted
in the boat, his horse became restive and jumped overboard with him,
and the General was drowned." Hiltzhcimer's Diary.

2 The ambiguity here is in the original.

Letters of a French Officer, 1777-'78. 93

it. As to myself, I don't know yet what I shall do. I
only hope that nobody will blame me when I have taken
my step, because I shall not take it except upon mature
reflection.

There is some great news in this country. On the 17th
of this month, Burgoyne sent to General Gates to ask a six
days' armistice, upon seeing himself surrounded by an army
which he believed to be much more numerous than his own.
Gates sent word to him that he would only grant him six
minutes, and that if he did not surrender he would get no
quarter. Gates' aide-de-camp carried the conditions under
orders not to allow Burgoyne more than fifteen minutes.
Burgoyne, not being able to decide, asked for two hours,
which were granted to him. At the end of this time, the
aide-de-camp wishing to withdraw,Burgoyne signed the capi-
tulations, by which he is to march out with all the honors of
war ; at a place designated the troops are to lay down their
arms, the artillery and all the munitions are to be delivered
to the American general ; all these troops are to be sent back
to England as soon as possible ; Lieut. Gen. Burgoyne, Major
General Phillips and three brigadiers may have the liberty to
return, and he [Burgoyne] must promise, in the name of all
these troops, never to bear arms against the Americans
without being exchanged. Such are the conditions upon
which Burgoyne has surrendered : 5500 men have therefore
marched past foaming with rage and cursing their General,
to whom they have said that they would sooner be reduced
to two ounces of biscuit a day than surrender; and they
have turned over 6000 excellent firearms, forty pieces of
cannon, and the best munitions which have yet been seen
on this Continent.

Never will the Englishmen wipe out this shame; 5500
men of the best of troops surrendered at discretion to lees
than 10,000 militia; but the firmness of Gates, who perhaps
did not expect this, has done it all. Burgoyne, General
Phillips and the brigadiers, the nephew of the Duke of
Grafton and other members of Parliament, are at Albany.

94 Letters of a French Officer, 1777-'78.

The soldiers are sent into New England, but it is said that
they do not want to return to England, and that they are
asking for lands or else deserting into the interior of the
country. So this is the news from the North !

From the South, Philadelphia is taken, that is to say, has
been abandoned ; the English are entrenched there ; but I
fancy they are very ill at ease because they cannot capture
the fort which is defended by the chevaux-de-frise.1 They
cannot get a single one of their vessels up, and days ago
the Americans burnt two of their best war vessels, the
Augusta and the East Indies, of 64 guns each. We
heard the explosion of them here.2 It broke the glass in
all the windows for six miles around. The second lost all
its crew. This, my dear friend, is the news. If General
Howe does not take care, he may find himself made very
uneasy, even in his camp at Germantown, by the Americans;
and if one of their divisions which had gone astray in the
woods, in spite of their good capacity, had not been two
hours late, the English would have been repulsed as far as
Philadelphia and perhaps farther. There was a very thick
mist, and still these folks are so little warlike ! But they
are beginning to get used to fire. Without all these ob-
stacles Howe would have been cut to pieces. He has
beaten these folk in two spirited battles since he landed in
Chesapeake Bay. Let him look out for a third battle ! He
buys them by dint of men, and it is not so easy for him to
recruit his army as it is for these folk who have plenty of
militia and resources. You see, then, that there is good
news for these people : An army of prisoners and two war
ships burnt.

1 The forts are taken. The English have burned Germantown and are
determined to pass the Winter in Philadelphia. General Washington
is passing it under huts in a forest. It is said that his camp is original
and yet quite well laid out.

2 Oct. £4. ' ' Heavy and uninterrupted cannonading was heard from
early in the morning until noon, when after a thundering report and
concussion it ceased." Bethlehem Diary.

Letters of a French Officer, 1111 -'18. 95

You are going to ask me what I am doing at Easton.
I will tell you. The Congress is at York, behind the great
and famous river Susquehanna, which forms the head of
Chesapeake Bay. We have there a good many of our men
and the one who is commissioned to ask for our compensa-
tion, etc. When we get some news, some one will come
and bring it here to me. I shall go and carry it to another
man further off, and so on to Boston, which is our rallying
place, except for those who have business in San Domingo,
they will embark from the South. It is already twelve
days since I returned from York, and I am confined here,
the only Frenchman, with the three most decided characters
of the place. There are in town four English officers,
prisoners on parole. I have become acquainted with my
hostess's son-in-law, am going to buy some leather breeches
from him; the Colonel is a very agreeable young man
and a great Whig.

He has with him a very pretty little wife from Boston,
aged 18 years, with a very pretty figure, white as milk, her
back quite round and moreover a charming throat, which
is a rarity in this country. The first four days that I saw
her, I was received by her wonderfully ; my vanity was so
much flattered by it, that at the end of those four days we
were very familiar indeed. The women in this country
attach very little importance to a thousand petty things
which in France our women make us pass as the greatest
favors, which we regard as so much more decisive from the
fact that they rarely fail of being crowned with success.
Here a woman will kiss you all day ; will do a thousand
foolish things with you — crush your foot, make your arm
black and blue by dint of pinching you while walking with
you, and will give you a couple of slaps; in short, she will
give you in a single day the same provocations which one
of our women could not do, without being thought too free,
after a month's acquaintance. You are often no further
advanced with them for all that. It all vanishes like a
dream, and they are laughing at you ; at least that is what

96 Letters of a French Officer, 1777-'78.

has happened to me. I only perceived afterwards that it
was nothing but curiosity and that she wanted to see how
the French go about it when making love. As you know
very well, I did not go down on my knees at the first
interview. I rested for two days without saying anything,
and she came back as before. I take my part. I am
neither amorous nor jealous. I take what presents itself
on my way. She lets herself out when she is in a good
humor, and when she isn't, I withdraw. I talk English
like a demon, and that is what I want. Perhaps the Devil
will serve me, but not love. It is a chimerical being in a
country still somewhat wild.

I come from the ball, my dear friend. The great news
made me forget the leather breeches at my friend the
Colonel's. Yesterday he played for us on the violin and
gave us some Madeira wine. Just as we were going to
dance the savage dances, — for it is nothing else, — a great
man arrived, like a great postmaster among ourselves, whom
our young lady admires infinitely, because he sings like our
grenadiers, makes wretched verses and gives them to her.
The great joy has redoubled : the ball was composed of the
young woman, the Colonel, his wife and me and the great
devil of a lover. If I had been amorous and jealous, what
a fine field! But happily I have made a vow never to
love a woman of this country, and certainly it won't be
hard to keep.

We danced a till : two men and the young woman. The
word till in English means jusque. I believe that this
country dance, which is a sad piece of stupidity, is so called
because they dance until the dancers or the violin says that
they can't stand any more of it. The polite usage of the
country is to take the lady's handkerchief to wipe oneself
and return it to her. I should have thought this was a
favor, but I have been treated so well that I am disabused :
the usage is convenient, tho' rather dirty. After that we
danced a jig, which reminds one a good deal of our Peri-
gord dances. As I was the only Frenchman, they always

Letters of a French Officer, 1777-'78. 9T

prevented me from entering. At the third time I sat down
and asked the lady if it was polite to turn the back when a
man presented himself. They told me it was the custom
and for a joke. I laughed then too, and presented myself
once more, when I was received, but displaced at once.
After that they wanted to dance a minuet, but the negro
musician who was playing did not know it. So they had to
let it pass. We returned to our dance of three, in which
they never ceased to make the eights ; we were obliged to
keep to that and the jig. I forgot to mention that the great
lover wore boots. Tired of dancing thus, he took them off
and danced in his barefeet. As he had breeches of grey
leather, the heat of which he complained a great deal, I was
scared to death lest they might share the fate of the boots !
Happily, however, we were spared that.

It must not in the least be imagined, my dear friend, that
this country is at all sensible to English politeness, with the
exception of some families that have been reared in Europe.
All the rest feel rather like their neighbors the savages, and
they have nothing in common with the English, except
their language. Good-bye, dear friend. I have just had a
glass with you. I had need of it. Though I am still fat-
tening in this country, that does not prevent me from ex-
periencing the crudest moments of ennui and of a kind of
despair. Happily the memory of you and of several friends
and the study of English, on which I receive compliments
every day, give me a little distraction. Good-bye for
to-day.

There is, my friend, in this country, a kind of folk, pretty
well educated, who are their doctors in medicine and the-
ology, and their judges. I have become acquainted here
with one of these last. He had been for a long time in the
service of Russia. There is no country in Europe which he
has not been through. He has seen much and quite well.
His conversation is not disagreeable, and I profit [by it] for
my English. I have been charmed to find in his library
Montesquieu's Spirit of Laws translated into the best English.
VOL. xxxv. — 7

98 Letters of a French Officer, 1777-'78.

I am very glad to see that this nation, jealous of all that
bears the name of French, has done justice enough to a
work which we so highly esteem. He told me that in
England every body who was intellectual had this book, and
that they made a great fuss over it. He lends it to me
sometimes. It is in two volumes of a superb edition ; but
they have not the rest of this great man's works.

I am on the very best terms with the little wife, who has
become for me a very good English teacher, and to whom
I drew the other day so agreeable a picture of the pleasures
of our women in France, and so different from all those
which they have in this country, that the little wife, stirred
by the truth and the pathos of my descriptive, and by cer-
tain little compliments wherewith I seasoned this picture,
was about to forget that she was of New England, perhaps
to imagine that she had become a Frenchwoman, when
some wretched bore came along to make her head Ameri-
can, and remind her that she was so. At any rate, I am
determined to pass the time with her as it comes. That
gives me a good idea. I begin too to believe that one
might succeed in giving some taste to these women, for they
are flattered when you tell them that they have anything
in common with ours ; and then the seventeen years where-
with the little wife is afflicted make her believe that she
would do very well to go and pass seventeen others in
France, and so divide her time between America and France.
She burns in her little shoes to be there. Oh ! there is
something good and excellent about her. Something can
surely be made of her. She is polished, or will become so,
although one of her great words of friendship, which she
has in common with nearly all the women of this country
is: "Impudent dog!" which, in the best French possible,
can only be rendered by Impudent chien. You see that the
sweetness of the words is capable of giving a great idea of
that of the individuals who pronounce them. But I must
conform to the usages of the country.

Everything here is abominably dear. You are going to

Letters of a French Officer, 1777-'78. 99

believe me assuredly a very great lord, when I tell you that
for myself and a little horse, it costs me the equivalent of
sixteen livrea (francs), ten sous a day for breakfast, dinner
and supper by course, with a cup of tea drowned in milk.
See, my dear friend, whether the 3000 salary which had
been promised us, and which is given us pretty much as
they give us supper in the evening, can suffice us to live in
this country. People are hoping, however, that this good
news is going to raise the price of silver and bring groceries
down ; but certainly, so long as the inhabitants of the towns
make the countryman pay two louis for shoes and as much
for the ugliest of hats (six livres in France), four louis for
boots, eight louis an ell for cloth (the ell of this country
being only three-quarters of ours), the countryman will make
you pay ten livres for his butter, seven a pair for his fowls,
and sixty sous a pound for meat. Every time that you sit
at table in an inn, it costs six livres. There is no bargaining.
If that does not stop, this country is ruined by itself before
the English can take it. What causes this excessive in-
crease is the number of Tories which this nation allows to
live in it, and who undermine it by fomenting a spirit of
revolt; aifecting to give bad news, hiding their goods and
refusing to sell ; the innkeepers refuse to lodge you, per-
suading the people that the current money, and nothing,
are the same thing. If they don't take some pretty effica.
cious measures to restore credit and consistency to the paper,
this country is lost. But that's enough of politics. Our
affairs are by no means wound up. I have yet no news at
all : our folk must be quite uneasy at Boston.

EASTON, November 1, 1777.

The work done by a tired man is worth very little.
When [illegible] if he will know how to employ the time
that will follow the end of that work, he can only give it a
distracted attention, capable of making very little impres-
sion either on the memory or in the head. Now such is the

100 Letters of a French Officer, 1777-'78.

case in which I am; wandering around, unable to settle
down to a work of too long duration ; the uneasiness which
the delays of this Congress cause me: ....

It seems to me that I should be happy if, in the midst of
the Blue Mountains near which I am, I could have a habi-
tation where, ignored by the universe, living alone, seeking
to ignore myself, I could live afar from every human being
and every care ; but I am not even on the point of buying
myself this habitation, and we consider ourselves very happy
if we get back to France with a coat and a shirt on our
backs. Such, nevertheless, is the situation of the French-
men whose lot, at the moment of their departure, makes all
their comrades envious. Define for me events, chance,

fortune Good-bye, I should not count upon any

letter from France in this country, even when they escape
the vigilance of the English cruisers. The Congress has
decided to keep all the correspondence of all the officers,
after what happened to poor Du Coudray, at least we pre-
sume so, for all the other Frenchmen have received theirs :
we are the only ones who do not receive any ; however, we
do not lack any friends, acquaintances and relatives.

EASTON, November 13.

You would not have any doubt of the nature of my
occupation for some days past. I am obliged to console
my big German hostess for the loss of a son whom she loved,
and who was really very useful to her. The genuine grief
of this woman has infinitely touched me. I have felt my-
self obliged to employ all my rhetoric to console this poor
woman. My arguments are short, for we hardly understand
each other, but in default of words I make my actions speak :
I stay with her, I try to distract her, and finally, yesterday
evening I helped her to unwind a skein of thread : oh ! what
a skein! It took us up to midnight, and she made me
understand that when this same thread was cut in three, she
counted on making two pairs of breeches therewith. I

Letters of a Frencli Officer, 1777-'7S. 101

could have believed it to be eternal, and I saw the end of it
with the same pleasure as Theseus saw the end of the one
he had tied to the gate of the labyrinth. Nothing comes
to an end.

I see every day of the winter pass by so quickly, in spite
of the ennui which prostrates me, even as the West wind
which I see constantly by an unfortunate weather-vane that
shows me the way to France, that I cannot help traveling
by my wishes. We have had frost here for about ten days,
and I can even tell you that the ice of this country is as
slippery as that of France, for I bruised myself [illegible
word here] the other day by falling on it. You see that
the winter is beginning early.

I leave to-day for York, in spite of the cold that prevails ;
but I do not want to wait longer to get to Boston, where
all my comrades are, expecting that those who are at the
Congress at York, are bearing them a reply from that
Congress that does nothing. Yesterday I settled my ac-
count with my big German woman, merely for board and
lodging for a month, all but a day, that I have been here,
78 dollars, which in our money comes to 109 livres, 10 sous,
which in my opinion is exorbitant for a man who has noth-
ing in this country — even when we received our 3000 livres
salary, considering that for us the expense of living for
merely a year amounts to nearly 3000 livres. Add to that
the expense of a horse, which we are obliged to have on
account of the frequent journeys that they make us take,
and I am persuaded that calculating our expenses at the
end of the year, we shall find that we have spent 14,000 or
15,000 livres which the Congress of course will have paid !
That makes a great many pieces of paper and very little
silver. I can easily give you a proof: if I stayed here and
the Congress offered me 12,000 livres in paper, I neither
would nor could accept, but if it offered me 1200 in silver,
I should live here like a lord. Good-bye, to the yellow
room ! If I had to mend the fire every time it went down !
You will understand !

102 Letters of a French Officer, 1777-' 78.

January 2, 1778.

This time, my dear friend, you must content yourself
with my rough notes. I will tell you in a few words that
I have left Easton, been to York, found our affairs wound
up, and I refer you for the sequel to the great packet which
our men are taking to France. As to me, dear friend, I
am not quite happy that 2067 livres damages were suf-
ficient to pay my debts. You are perhaps going to be
astonished, but I am trying to make the best of this money
in commerce, and to begin my fortune I have put aside the
prejudices of my uniform : I speculate, and speculate well.
If M. Clouet and M. de Devatre, from whom I ask a trifle,
wish to send it to me, were both [trifles] only 100 louis or
2000 livres, I could, without much exertion, have nearly
80,000 livres at the end of the year. You see, my friend,
that that is worth the trouble. During this time I am mak-
ing the best of my friends here, and I shall wait patiently.

Journal of Ebenezer Elmer, 1777.

103

EXTRACTS FEOM THE JOURNAL OF SURGEON EB-
ENEZER ELMER OF THE NEW JERSEY CONTI-
NENTAL LINE, SEPTEMBER 11-19, 1777.

CONTRIBUTED BY JOHN NIXON BROOKS.

DR. EBENEZER ELMER, born in Cedarville, Cumberland
County, New Jersey, was a grandson of Rev. Daniel Elmer,
who came from Connecticut in 1727. After finishing
his academical education, he was prepared for the practice
of medicine by his eldest brother, Dr. Jonathan Elmer.
When about to establish himself in his native town, the war
for independence broke out, and he determined to enter the
military service. On February 18, 1776, he was commis-
sioned an Ensign in the Third New Jersey Infantry, Col.
Elias Dayton, and in April following promoted a Lieuten-
ant, participated in the Expedition to Canada, and served
until the expiration of the term for which the troops were
enlisted. In April of 1777, he was appointed Surgeon's
Mate, and on July 1, 1778, Surgeon of the Second New
Jersey Infantry and served to the close of the war, when he
returned to his home and practiced his profession. Dr.
Elmer participated in the battles on the Brandywine and
Monmouth, served in Sullivan's expedition against the In-
dians, and was present at the capture of Yorktown. Ex-
tracts from his military journals, — the Canada Expedition
and Sullivan's Expedition, — have been published by the
New Jersey Historical Society.

From 1789-1795, Dr. Elmer served as a member of the
Assembly and in 1791 and 1795 as its Speaker. About
this time he gave up his practice as a physician and moved
upon a farm in the vicinity of Bridgeton. In 1801, he was
elected a member of Congress and served six years, as a
supporter of Jefferson's administration. In 1808 he was
appointed Collector of Customs at Bridgeton (to which
town he removed), and held it with the exception of five

104 Journal of Elenezer Elmer, 1777.

years until 1832, when he resigned. He was vice-president
of the State Council 1807-1815; vice-president of Burling-
ton College, 1808-1817, and again 1822-1832. His mili-
tary life and fondness for military pursuits led to his ap-
pointment of Adjutant General of the State Militia, and for
many years he commanded the Cumberland County Brigade
— during the last war with England commanding the troops
stationed at Billingsport. He closed a long life of activity
and usefulness October 21, 1843, aged 91 years, and is buried
in the cemetery of the Presbyterian church at Bridgeton.
At the time of his death, he was President of the New Jer-
sey Society of the Cincinnati, and the last surviving officer
of the New Jersey Line of the Revolutionary army.

Thursday Sepf. llth 1777. Having Previously Posted
ourselves on the Banks of the Brandywine River on each
side Chads ford about 7 ° Clock this morning Intelligence
Came that the Enemy were advancing on towards us soon
after which the alarms Guns were fired. About 8 the ad-
vanced Guards Consisting Chiefly of Hessians Hove in sight
on the Eminences on the Other side when Gen1. Maxwell
with his light troops advanced on towards them & began a
pretty brisk fire in which tis said he killed 250. These
being repulsed a Column came on to their assistance & be-
gan a sharp Canonading & our troops retreated back & soon

after Came over at this time 3 batteries ours opened

on the enemy & a very severe Canonading at Random was
kept up on both side for some time & then abated a little
the most of the Enemy disappearing. The Gen1, supposing
he might attempt to Cross at a ford 1 J miles above dispatched
Gen1. Sullivens Division thither. It now from one to 3 re-
mained pretty quiet except now & then a few random balls.
At length the Gen1, got information that a body were gone
up to Cross Jone's ford 6 miles above Chad's's but the
reports were so Contradictory that it was difficult to make
a proper disposition ; however Sterling & Stevens Divisions
were sent to join Sullivan on the right we marched on some

Journal of Ebenezer Elmer, 1777. 105

distance till we Came in Sight of the Enemy who had
Crossed the river & were coming down upon us ; we formed
ab*. 4 °Clock on an Eminence, the right being in ye woods,
presently a large Column Came on in front playing ye
Granediers March & Now the Battle began wh proved Ex-
cessive severe the Enemy Came on with fury our men stood
firing upon them most amazingly, killing almost all before
them for near an hour till they got within 6 rod of each
other, when a Column of the Enemy came upon our right
flank wh Caused yra to give way wh soon extended all along
ye line; we retreated & formed on ye first ground and gave
ym another fire & so continued on all ye way, but unfortu-
nately for want of a proper Retreat 3 or 4 of our pieces
were left on ye first ground. Whilst we were engaged on
the right another body of the Enemy Came over Chad's
ford & attacked Gen1 Waynes Division & Gen1 Maxwells
troops, Proctors Battery Were playing upon them, here our
people likewise gave ;way but contended obstinately, at
length they got possession of 3 or 4 pieces of our Cannon
& then our Troops retired bringing off y" rest. Gen1.
Greens Divisions being a reserve were sent & part of Nash's
Brigade were sent to their assistance on ye right but it was
almost night before they came up, they gave the Enemy
some smart fire & it Coming on night they retired also.
We all made for Chester & were ordered to assemble there.
Cap*. Stout Serg*. Armstrong & 2 Privates of our Regt,
were killed on ye Ground, Col°. Shreve & 7 wounded ; only
1 mortal ; — Morgan, LaFayette & Gen1. Woodford — . I be-
ing excessive tired stopped at ab*. 12 "Clock just

without ye town having sent on a waggon load of wounded.
Die Veneris 12th. Our men tho' fatigued were ordered on
over Schuylkill. I went in pursuit of y' waggon of wounded
in wb I had thrown my Napsack & Coat, found they had
left the wounded & drove on, so I was obliged to follow ye
Reg*, without my Coat. We travelled on over Schuylkill &
they went up to ye falls, I into town & Staid all night —
Cloudy & Cool —

106 Journal of Ebenezer Elmer, 1777.

Die Saturni 13mo 8eptr. 77. Went to See Col°. Shreve at
the old Ferry & after dinner to y* Regiment. Cloudy — Cool
Day.

In orders the Gen1, thanked those officers and Soldiers
who had gallantly fought in their Countrys Cause, & if Any
of their Conduct bespoke a different treatment & their names
were not pointed out to him he left them to* seriously con-
sider how much they had Injured their Country & tho' that
day was something unfortunate yet from every Information
it appeared the enemies loss was vastly superior to ours &
He doubted not with the blessing of heaven wh it was every
officers & Soldiers duty humbly to supplicate we should
shortly be able to totally defeat them. The Congress had
ordered 30 Hogsheads of Rum to the Army to be distri-
buted at ye will of ye Commander in Chief. He ordered the
Commissary Gen1, of Issues to deliver every officer & sol-
dier a gill pr Day till the whole is Issued.

No soldier to be out of hearing of the Drums of their re-
spective Parades under pain of death ; nor officer as they
value y* service or dread Cashiering.

By what I can learn our loss does not exceed 600 killed
& missing perhaps 20 wounded & that the Enemies loss is
2000 killed & wounded—

Die Solis 14 Septr. 1777. By Request of Col°. Shreve I
went to Philad*. to attend him, we went on board a shallops
& set sail for Bordentown ; It being very Calm we got ab*.
15 miles & were obliged to drop Anchor & wait the Tide.
In Evening we weyed anchor & rowed up near Bordentown
& staid.

Die Lunee 15th Septr, 1777. Weighed Anchor & stood up
to White Hill a mile below Bordentown, Came up to the
wharf & got ye Col°. up to the widow Fieldings living on ye
banks. She recd. it kindly. We dined & drank wine with
her till near night when she had her carriage tackled & a
Negro sent to drive us. At parting she requested I would
Come & See her again before I went to Camp, wh I prom-
ised if possible, we drove on to Thomas Curtisses Brother-

Journal of Ebenezer Elmer, 1777. 107

in-Law to yc Col°. & staid all night, 6 miles from Borden-
town.

Die Martis 16th Sept" 1777. Staid here all Day wh was
Cloudy & Some rain. Mr. Bowman Came here from Camp
this evening. The Army had moved over Schuylkill some
Distance up ye Lancaster Road & were going on when he
left them.

Die Mercurii 17th SepF 1777. Cloudy K E. weather-
staid in House all day — wrote a letter to Jonan Bowen &
Dr. Howel & Davd. Dare, & sent them by Mr. Bowman.

Die Jovis 18th. Sept". 1777. Went to Trentown to get
some dressings for ye Col°. thigh I returned.

Die Venevis 19th Sept". 1777. Clear pleasant Day.

108 Three Interesting Letters.

THKEE INTERESTING LETTERS.

THE following interesting letters of General George
"Washington to General "Light Horse" Harry Lee; from
Tobias Lear, private secretary, and from John Greenwood,
dentist to Washington, have recently been presented by
William Alexander Smith, Esq., New York, to the Manu-
script Department of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

BALTIMORE April 17th 1789.
MY DEAR SIR,

I called at Mr. Moncreiff's with the enclosed bill, and was
informed that he went over to the Eastern Shore sometime
last week, and was not expected home for several days. I
could find no person who transacted his business in his
absence from whom I might have gained some information
respecting the payment of the bill. I have therefore left it
that you may do with it as you think best. Perhaps it
might be well to leave it in the hands of some Gentleman
here who will receive payment of it when Mr. Moncreiff
returns, and remit the money to New York.
Mr. Curson informed me that he had shipped the seeds on
board a vessel bound to Alexandria, which had sailed yester-
day morning, and that he had charged the Captain to land
them at Mount Vernon on his way up the River.
With my best wishes for a pleasant journey, and in expecta-
tion of the happiness of seeing you shortly,

I am, my dear Sir,
Very respectfully & Sincerely

Your affectionate & Obed. Serv*

TOBIAS LEAR.
His EXCELLENCY

GENERAL WASHINGTON.

DEAR SIR MOUNT VERNON 2d Apr1 1797.

If this letter should happen to find you in Philadelphia,
the intention of it is to bring you acquainted with the situ-

Three Interesting Letters. 109

ation of Mess. Reed & Ford's engagement to transfer (after
the 28th of March) seventy shares in the Bank of Columbia
on your account for my benefit.

On my way home, I placed their obligation in the hands of
a Gentleman within the District of Columbia, for the pur-
pose of having this transfer made.

The following extract of his letter to me was received on
friday last, but not in time to forward it by the Post of next
morning, although I instantly wrote & took the chance of a
letter getting to Mess. Reed and Ford by the Mail of that
day ; & now enclose a duplicate, open for your perusal before
it is delivered.

" Enclosed is Reed & Ford's obligation wch you left with me,
but on application to one of the Officers in the Bank to
transfer to you the shares in question, he informed me it
could not be done without a power of attorney from them
to some person in this town to make the transfer. It is
suspected by some persons here, they have failed, and today
I was told by a Director they had no Shares in the Bank
of Columbia. Perhaps you may think it advisable to write
on immediately that you may secure yourself in this
business."

This business, my good Sir, you will recollect well, was not
of my seeking ; that it was not agreeable to me to be paid
in that way (because it was the money I wanted) and that it
was to accomodate you, under strong assurances that the
obligation of Reed & Ford was as good as the Bank, &c,
that I yielded to the measure. How far the assertion was
well founded, may while you are on the spot be worthy of
enquery ; as my confidence in, and disposition to oblige you
has envolved this result.

I would fain hope that that part of the extract which relates
to the failure, is without foundation ; and for the honor of
honest men, & fair dealing, I also hope it will not be found
that they have been selling property to which they had no
right & and of wch they were not possessed. At any rate I
shall lose what I ought not, & what I should not, if the

110 Three Interesting Letters.

money had been properly paid for from my unacquainted
in these matters and from the motives mentioned before, I
have collected forty dollars a share when at the time, and
now, the money (if I had been disposed to apply it so)
would have procured these shares at thirty three dollars
each by which means in twenty eight hundred dollars I
sustain a loss of 490 besides loosing the interest on the for-
mer sum from the 24th of February until the transfer is
made.

I am Dear Sir

Your Very Hble Serv*

G° WASHINGTON.
GENL LEE.

s NEW YORK Decem 6r 28 1798

I send you inclosed two setts of teeth, one fixed on the
Old Barrs in part and the sett you sent me from philadel-
phia which when I Received was very black Ocationed
either by your soaking them in port wine, or by your drink-
ing it. Port wine being sower, takes of all the polish, and
All Acids, has a tendency to soften every kind of teeth and
bone. Acid is Used in Contriving every kind of [torn]
therefore it is very pernicious to the teeth. Advice you to
Either take them out, After Dinner and put them in cleain
water and put in another sett, or Cleain them with a brush
and som Chalk scraped fine, it will Absorbe the Acid which
Collects from the mouth and preserve them longer. I have
found another and better way of useing the Sealing wax,
when holes is eaten in the teeth by acid &c —
first Observe and dry the teeth, then take a peice of Wax
and Cut into as small peices as you think will fill up the
hole, then take a large nail or any other peice of Iron and
heat it hot into the fier, then put your peice of wax into the
hole, and melt it by meanes of introducing the point of the
Nail to it. I have tried it and found it to Consolodate and
do better than the other way and if done proper it will
resist the Saliva, it will be handyer for you to take hold of
the Nail with small plyers than with a tongs thus [drawing]

Three Interesting Letters. Ill

—the wax must be very small not bigger than this D if
your teeth Grows black, take some chalk and a Pine or
Cedar Stick, it will rub it of. If you whant your teeth
more yellower soake them in Broath or Pot liquer, but not
in tea or Acid. Porter is a Good thing to Coulor them
and will not hurt but preserve them but it must not be in
the least pricked.

You will find I have Altered the upper teeth you sent me
from Philadelphia — leaving the enamel on the teeth don't
preserve them any longer than if it was of, it only holds
the Color better, but to preserve them they must be very
often Changed and Cleained for whatever atacks them must
be repelled as often or it will gain Ground and destroy the
works — the two setts I repaired is done on a different plan
then when they are done when made intirely new, for the
teeth are Screwed on the barrs, insted of haveing the barrs
Cast red hot on them, which is the reason I believe the
destroy or desolve so soone near the barrs.
Sr

After hopeing you will not be Obliged to be troubled very
sune in the same Way

I Subscribe myselvth
Your very humble
Servant

JOHN GREENWOOD.
Sr — the aditional Charge is
fiveteen dollars.

p. s. I expect next Spring to move my family into
Connecticut State: If I do, I will rite and let you know,
and wether I give up my present business or not, I will as
long as I live, do any thing in this way for you If you
require it.

LIEUT GENERAL
GEORGE WASHINGTON

Mount Vernon

near Alexandria
Virginia.

112 Notes and Queries.

NOTES AND QUEKIES.
Botes.

A DESCRIPTION OF BOSTON, 1776. — Original in Manuscript Divi-
sion Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

BOSTON 10th May 1776.
DR SIR,

Your obliging favor of the 27th ultimo came duly to hand, and thank
you for your kind Congratulations on my safe return to my old Quarters,
but how long I shall be permitted to tarry here I know not, for accord-
ing to our latest Advices there are a large Fleet and Army coming out
to join that which went from hence, and may probably be destined this
way ; — we are now making Preparations to receive them, and the Citizens
of Boston have signed a voluntary Subscription to work either in Person
or by Proxy, under the Direction of the Committee of the Gen1 Assembly
of this Colony, in fortifying our Harbour,

We have been for Ten Days past on Noddle's Island, erecting a Fort
which is now almost finished, which will command the Harbour of
Boston. There is a Fort almost finished, on a Height in this City,
known by the name of Fort Hill, which will be strong and beautiful,
and will mount 20 Guns, and is almost compleated. On Dorchester
Point is another Fortress which will soon be finished. There are also
a number of hands employed in repairing the old, and erecting New
Works at Castle-William. When all our Fortifications are compleated,
well manned and mounted, I think we shall make a good Defence
against any Force Great Britain may send. I am Clerk to the voluntary
Subscribers, so that I have as much Business as I can do, in keeping the
Books, providing Boats for transporting the Men to and from the Islands,
&c. and feel more happy, in doing something for the Public, than ever
I did in receiving a large Consignment of Goods for Sale. I have the
same Opinion of those abandoned and diabolical Sons of Violence,
which late took flight from hence that you have, and join with you
most devotly in praying they may never find rest for the Soles of their
Feet either in this City or in any other on this Continent. I am much
obliged for your kind Intimations to my very worthy Friends The
Honorable John Hancock, Samuel and John Adams, Esquires, and in
my Name I must beg you to return each and every of them my sincere
and hearty Thanks for their kind Intentions to serve me, and I am en-
couraged to hope by their kind Recommendations to get some share
of the Public Business in the way of ray Profession.

I was offer' d by Mr Mifflin the Quarter Master General, the Sales of
all the Kings Stores found in the City after it was evacuated, but being
taken Sick in the Country was prevented from receiving any Advantage
thereby. Col. Hancock's being on the Marine Committee, has it en-
tirely in his Power to serve me, and if thro' the multiplicity of Business
he does not forget it, I am confident he will, for two Reasons, one is,
from his own benevolent disposition to serve mankind in general, and

Notes and Queries.

113

the other from the Experience I have had of his past Friendship. The
minister1 Troops before they left this Town made dreadful Havock by
taking down a large number of Houses in almost every part of it — a
very many others might as well have been, for they are so much damaged,
as to be hardly worth repairing — and the amazing number of Dwelling-
Houses, Stores and Shops which have been plundered, despoiled, and
wantonly abused surpasses Description. The ancient meeting called
Old North is level with the ground, while the Old South, which you
know was an elegant Building, is a mere Shell, having been taken up
as a Receptacle for Brutes, by those who were more brutal — one Meet-
ing-House at the South, and another at the West part of the Town were
taken up for Barracks, and were both left in such a scandalous manner,
that you would have thought they had been occupied by a Eegiment of
Barbarians. Dr Cooper's fine New Meeting House was also taken up
by these Sons of Violence for the like purpose, and altho' left in much
better order than the other two, yet was not half so clean as a Hog- Pen
— Faneuil-Hall was taken up for a Play-House, In a word, wherever
you turn your Eye from one end of the City to the other, the traces of
their Cruelty and inhuman Barbarity are to be seen — But- — Vengeance!
— Vengeance! — Vengeance! — cry aloud, and spare not! — ! — ! here I
must pauze a little, for fear I should go over the Line of common
Humanity — a Day of Beckoning may be near at hand — By the latest
Advices from Halifax if our Information is good, both the Troops and
Tories who fled from this Place, are now by the Permission of Heaven
in the Furnace of Affliction, and are so distressed for want of Provisions
and the common necessarys of Life that the Soldiery are reduced to one
half their usual Allowance. What a grand Place this, Friend Collins
for a Retreat, ! — 1 — ! Well, they are coming again, with an addition of —
Hessians — Hanoverians — Brunswickers — Devils — and I have no more
doubt in my own mind, than I have of my own Existence, that we shall
beat them, if they come three times as strong as their number are said
to be — let me see,' 3 times 17 is 51 — yes, if 51,000 instead of 17,000,
ay, and British Troops too, coming in so unrighteous a cause, against a
numerous, virtuous and brave People, who are determined to be free,
as the Americans are, they cannot even hope for Success — it is now
7 o'Clock in ye morning, I am going off with my Son to carry a Wheel-
barrow on Noddle's Island with my worthy fellow-citizens, and feel as
happy as a Prince in doing it. Yours for the present

J. K.

May 11. 1776. — 5 o'clock, as pleasant a morning as I ever see. Yes-
terday there were 700 men on Noddle's Island at work 225 from this
Town, among whom were some of the most respectable Inhabitants, but
please to remember I do not include myself in the number, for I was
not there, being prevented by providing a sufficiency of Boats for trans-
porting so great a number of men from Roxbury, Newton, Waltham,
Watertown, &c. as came to go on the Works, among the Gentlemen
from the Country were five clergymen, This Day Platforms are to be
laid, and hope by Tomorrow we shall have a number of Cannon mounted
on these New Works. The men of War which are building in this
neighbourhood will soon be finished, one at Providence is to be launched
this week, and the other next week — one I hear at Portsmouth will be
launched in a few days; and those at Newbury are in great forwardness,

VOL. XXXV. — 8

114 Notes and Queries.

when all the Ships which were ordered to be built, are fitted for Sea,
with the Privateers already fitted out, joined with the Men of War, Cut-
ters, Tenders, &c. which we shall take the ensuing Summer from the
Enemy, our Navy will make a very respectable figure. I am anxious
to hear the fate of the King's Ship which went on Shore in ye River, aa
I hear your Row Galleys are gone to her Assistance, — the loss of one
Ship to them makes two difference to us. Our Assembly has, not long
since, passed an Act which impowers the Sheriffs to make Sale of all
such Prizes as shall be taken from the Enemy, excepting such as shall
be taken by the Continental Privateers, and this Business is transacted
by Agents appointed by the Honorable the Continental Congress, to one
of whom I applied for the Sale of a Cargo, who chose rather to employ
some person in his own Town — so that, as the Sheriffs of the several
Counties have on the one hand, and the Agents for the Continental on
the other divided this Business between them, I can have no share, un-
less some Plan could be devised for an Alteration, and I really think it
looks rather out of Character for a Sheriff whose Post is so honorable
and Profitable, should be an auctioneer also. Your Son Glover is gone
to Salem, from thence he will set out to Philadelphia in a few days. I
shall attend to your orders respecting the Linnens, and any others which
you may hereafter give. I am Dr Sir

Yr most obliged hum Serv*

Jos. RUSSELL.

NOTES OF COURT MARTIAL, SUB-LEGION OF UNITED STATES.

HEAD QUARTERS GREENEVILLE 16 Nov. '95.
Parole Edgarton C Sign Truro

AT the General Court martial whereof Major Shaylor is President,
begun on the 6th & continued by adjournment, until the 12th Instant
Inclusive. Ensign Meriwether Lewis of the 4th Sub Legion was tried on
the following Charges exhibited against him by Lieutenant Elliot Viz*.

1st Charge, a direct, open, and contemptuous Violation of the 1st and
2d Articles of the 7th section of the Rules and Articles of War.
Specification 1st In presuming on or about the 24th of September last, to
use provoking speeches and gestures, to Lieutenant Elliot, in his own
house.

Specification 2d In presuming on the same day to send Lieutenant Elliot
a challenge to fight a duel.

2d Charge, Conduct unbecoming an Officer and a Gentleman, to
Lieutenant Elliot, on the 24th of September.

Specification. In abruptly and in an ungentlernanlike manner, when
intoxicated, entering his (Lieut. Elliot's) Houy*5 on the 24th of September
last, and without provocation insulting him, and disturbing the peace
and harmony of Company of Officers whom he had invited there.

Which being stated to him he pleads that he is not guilty thereof.

The Court in consideration on the Testimony adduced are of opinion
that Ensign Lewis is not guilty of the charges, exhibited against him,
and sentence that he be Accquitted ivith Honor. The Commander in Chief
confirms the foregoing sentence of the General Court martial, and fondly
hopes as this is the first that it may also be the last instance in the
Legion, of convening a Court for a trial of this nature. Ensign Meri-

Notes and Queries.

115

wether Lewis, is liberated from his arrest. Lieut. Gragiers is also liber-
ated and to return to his duty.

The General Court martial whereof Major Shaylor is president, are to
convene tomorrow morning at 10 o' Clock, for the trial of Ensign Harris
of the Ist Sub Legion he having announced his preparation to meet the
charges exhibited against him.

JOHN DICKINSON, who while building his house in Wilmington, Del-
aware, about 1798, made the following notes for his contractors. [From
the Logan Papers.']

Memorandums for their Direction when they go to Philadelphia —

To examine carefully the Doors, Windows, Chimnies, Mantles, Stair-
cases &c. &c. in these Houses — William Bingham's — Henry Hill's —
George Clyraer's — Thomas Fitzimon's — Budden's in Chestnut Street
between 8th & 9th Streets House in Front Street on the westside, on
Taylor's Lot, a little below Chestnut Street —

To examine carefully Dr. Franklin's Bath, in Market Street, and the
public Baths in Sassafras or Arch Street.

To get two Doric and two Ionic pillars made by a famous Turner, who
lives on the Northside of Union Street, between 2d & 3d Streets — Each
pillar including its Base and Captial, to be 9 feet high — the Diameter
at the Bottom of the shaft to be 12 Inches — the Diminution to begin from
the Bottom of the shaft — the shaft must be bored, to prevent splitting —

The Bases and Capitals in the best Manner of Mahogony, to guard
effectually against the Heat of the Sun — the Plinths must be mitred.

To get a plan of a dumb-waiter — probably one may be seen that was
made for Thomas Jefferson in one of Liepers new Houses in Market
Street between 8th & 9th Streets— and at Henry Hills— to examine the
kitchen.

LETTER OF GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON TO GENERAL EDWARD
HAND, 1783. —

PHILAD* Octr 2, 1783.
DEAR GENERAL.

Permit me to express my heart felt satisfaction at the detail of your
truly happy situation in Lancaster in the full enjoyment of a blissful
retirement. A retreat from active life is only adapted for the few, they
must possess sufficient knowledge of the World to see its follies and
resolution to resist its vanities. He who acts thus will bear within him
a tranquil mind. Ambition can not enjoy the calm repose of a Country
Life. You who have converted the sword into a plough share will
learn by experience that happiness dwells in domestic scenes, with a
friendly intercourse of the living and the dead— by the dead I mean
more benefit is to be deri^d from a few well selected books than from a
large public library.

Useful Knowledge can have no Enemy but the ignorant — it pleases
the young, it delights the aged, is an ornament in prosperity and a
comfort in adversity. It is not probable that a Man will be asked at
the day of Judgment his proficiency in Logic or Metaphysics. He who
knows what is necsssary to his salvation, knows sufficient.

I have trespassed upon your time and conclude.

affect1* yours.

G. WASHINGTON.

116 Notes and Queries.

SPELLING A LA ROOSEVELT. On Dec. 7, 1758, Isaac Norris writes
to Henry Dennis to ask if he has ' ' any Fine Plank fit for a Barn
Floor," and receives the following reply : —

Fr'd Norris my poyn is Sappy except what i am going to yoose But
can furnish thee with oak Eighther 2 inch at 22/6 pr #C or 1| inch at
16/6 pr #C Both ceasoned

HENRY DENNIS
7 of 12 : 1758,

(Endorsed) HENRY DENNIS

Pine Plank for Sepviva Barn floor.

A STAMP ACT INCIDENT. — Among the Logan Papers of the Histor-
ical Society of Pennsylvania, in a list of Writs and Fees, belonging to
John Dickinson, is found the following note in Dickinson's own hand : —

" April 29th 1766 ; Lawyers agreed to begin Business which had stopt
since the 1st of November last on account of the Stamp Act."

J. C. W.

STATE OF TRADE IN ENGLAND IN SPRING OF 1778. —

The following extracts of letters from Messrs. Cougan and Mallard,
(the former a member of Parliament for Bristol, England ; a ministerial
gentleman) to Mr. John Perry, merchant in New York, " were found on
board the ship Love and Unity, from Bristol, and sometime since brought
into Tom's Elver," and copied from the New Jersey Gazette of September
2, 1778, are contributed by Francis B. Lee, Esq., Trenton, N. J.

BRISTOL, March 2d, 1778.

" WE are already so involved by the unfortunate American war, that
in every future plan of business, we must see our way quite clear ; as
prudent and honest men, we are called upon to be cautious and vigilant.

"Many people now in England fear for the city of New York, that
the Americans will re-possess it (if not already) in the course of next
campaign. — Such an event must have the most ruinous consequences.
In short, we have tried to do a little business, and we have sent one or
two cargoes to America, principally as speculations on our own accounts.
We did not then see things in that serious light they now appear to us ;
and we are therefore sorry we have engaged at all, and resolved to lie
quiet, till the storm blows over — or we know the worst of it."

BRISTOL, March 2d, 1778.

"Insurance to America has not been lowered since we did the
Albion's, but is rather higher. — Several unarmed vessels gone and going
to different parts of America pay from fifteen to eighteen guineas per
cent, and have notwithstanding a freight given them of four pounds
sterling per ton."

BRISTOL, March 31st, 1778.

"Times are very bad here at present, and confidences quite gone,
owing to some failures. — Sir James Laroche and Mr. Thomas Frank
both for considerable sums, and their affairs like to turn out bad as to
dividends. The public situation of national concerns have also an

Notes and Queries. 117

effect on general credit. — Every merchant is talk'd of. — You will use
every effort to hasten your remittances for obvious reasons.

"The declaration of war has not yet taken place. Deep politicians
say, England wants to force France to declare first. An embargo is laid
on both sides, and men pressed for the navy from all protections. War
seems unavoidable, and yet no period can be fixed for its regular com-
mencement.— Spain will join France when we begin — there is no doubt.

" This information will hasten you to close the sales of all our effects
in your hands, with all convenient and necessary speed, for fear of any
turn in affairs at New York or Philadelphia, that may render those cities
insecure, by giving them new masters once more.

" Remit all you can, and as soon as you can, is our advice."

BRISTOL, April 21st, 1778.

' ' We embrace this opportunity of telling you that war is not yet de-
clared ; the preparations, however, go on with vigor, and the militia are
called out for the defence of this kingdom. This delay of a public
declaration of war causes men to be of two opinions concerning the
event itself. We cannot, however, help thinking a war will take place
at last, altho1 it may be delayed some months, in order that certain
places may be put in a good state of defence."

BRISTOL, May 5th, 1778.

"We shall have very large sums to pay in September, October,
November and December for the Albion and Neptune's goods ; and un-
less you so manage matters as to remit us to answer those demands, we
must be at a stand. Credit and confidence are quite gone, and the Bank
of England is so situated as to afford little or no aid to merchants, even
of the first consequence in London ; so that private bankers are driven
to extremities almost, and merchants know not which way to turn for
money. ' '

LETTER OF KEY. H. M. MUHLENBERG, 1774. (Translated.)
BELOVED COUSIN ISRAEL,

Although it is a long time since I have not been so happy to receive
a few lines from you, and although I do not know, whether my letter
will be agreeable to you or not, I will not let escape the good oppor-
tunity with Captain Bunner and ask you, how you get along? Concern-
ing our circumstances, I as well as my wife, we are getting gradually
weaker and more infirm. We have hired a house in Race street between
Second and Front street, in order to live more retired and to dispense
with many visits. My son in law, Rev. Mr. Kuntze lives now in the
parsonage, and my son Henry, who has been elected third minister, lives
near him, in the house where Rev. Mr Kuntze used formerly to live.
My son Frederic is minister of the German church and congregation in
New- York, and my son Peter is still country-preacher in Virginia. His
wife, Hannah, came to see us in Philadelphia during the last month of
May, and he thinks also of visiting us on the end of this month of July,
if life be spared. The Indians are here also rebellious and begin war
with the inhabitants of Virginia and on the frontiers of Pennsylvania.
Your grand-mother Mrs. W is still alive in Reading and sends her

118 Notes and Queries.

love to you. Your step-father and mother are still in the old path 01
ruin. You will know already that Squire Benjamin has married the
daughter of the brother of your step-father, and the step-sister young
Brosius ; Mr Anthony is very angry about it. My wife spent lately a
month at Rev. Mr Schultz's in Tolpehocken, believing it would benefit
her, but it did not. She says your legacy of your late grand-father was
still safe. Mr Zachar: Enders inquired often after you and sends his
respects. Give my esteem and respect to Esqr Freutlin and his
esteemed family and if you wish to write us, dear cousin, do it circum-
stantially and tell us how you get along with respect to soul and body.
But it is necessary to write in advance and at leasure hours and one must
not wait until the Captain or the opportunity is at hand and requires the
letter before it had been written, otherwise the product is nothing but a
French compliment, having for conclusion: "written in hurry." We
all send our love to you and I am your wellwishing friend.

H MUHLENBERG

PHILADELPHIA, Sunday evening
the third of July 1774.

ADVERTISEMENTS APPEARING IN THE LOCAL COLUMN OF THE
" PENNSYLVANIA GAZETTE" OF FEBRUARY, 1760: —

AL L perfons indebted to the Eftate of of Michael Diehl, late of the
Northern Liberties of the City of Philadelphia Cooper, deceafed,
are defired to make fpeedy payment ; and thofe who have any Demands
againft the faid Eftate are likewife defired to bring in their refpective
Accounts, that they may be adjufted, by MAGDALEN DIEHL,
CASPAR VETTER, Adminiftrators.

Philadelphia, February 7, 1760.

TO be fold by public vendue, under the Court Houfe, on /Saturday,
the i6th inftant, at two o'clock in the afternoon, a parcel of
Fall fhort hair, and Summer deer fkins ; alfo beaver, and other
furrs, belonging to the province.

By order of the commijj loners for Indian affairs,

J. F. DAVENPORT, Clerk.

This is to give NOTICE,

THAT JOHN SEALS, net maker, from London, make
all forts of nets, and feins, cafting-nets, flews, tramels, ftopor fetting
nets, nets to keep the flies from the houfes in the fummer, nets for offi-
cers to lie upon in their tents, billiard table pockets, partridge nets, pig-
eon nets, hoop nets, fowling bags, and all other forts of nets, too tedious
to mention, at the fign of the nets, in Fourth ftreet. between Market and
Cheftnut-ftreets, Philadelphia.

To be fold by

THOMAS SAT,

Living in Second ftreet, a little above Arch ftreet.

THE la ft Edition of Lewis Evans's GENERAL MAP of the
MIDDLE BRITISH COLONIES in AMERICA,

and of the Country of the Confederate Indians ; a Defcription of the
Face of the Country, the Boundaries of the Confederates ; and the
Maritime and In-land Navigations of the feveral Rivers and Lakes
contained therein.

Notes and Queries.

119

CAME to the plantation of the fubfcriber, about the middle of May
laft, a black heifer, about three years old, with white in her Face,
no ear-mark. The owner coming and proving his property and paying
charges, may have her again, by applying to John Boggs, living in Wil-
liftown, Chefter county.

on the Road between this and Merion Meeting-houfe, or
between Merion and Chefter, by the Way of Springfield Meeting-

DR 0 P T
between Merion and Chefter, by the Way of

houfe, A Red Leather Pocket Book, containing fame Papers, of no Ufe to
any but the Owner. Whoever will return it, and the Contents, to Me,
Aubrey Bevan, Tavern keeper, at Chefter, or to the New-Printing Office,
in Philadelphia, f hall receive a Private reward.

To be S O L D,

A Plantation in Lower Merion, in Philadelphia County, about 12
Miles from Philadelphia, near John Roberts'1* and John Morris's
Mills, containing 93 Acres of Land, about 60 Acres cleared ; an
old Houfe and Barn, and an old Orchard, and about fix Acres of Mea-
dow, Part made : For Terms of Sale, enquire of ALEXANDER
CRUIKSHANK.

N. B. Came to the Plantation of faid Alexander Cruikfhank, near
Harford Road, in Merion, a fmall white Horfe, branded on the off" Buttock
with R. The owner coming and paying the Charge, may have him again.

WHEREAS Margaret Brown, the Wife of Stephen Brown, ofEaft Cain,
Chefter County, eloped fame Time ago from her faid Hufband,
this is therefore to forewarn the Publick not to truft her on my Account, for
I will not pay any Debts of her contracting from the Day of the Date
hereof.

ift Month 30, 1 760. STEPHEN BROWN.

To be L E T T ,

A Good Dwelling houfe, and Plantation, containing about 116 Acres, 30
whereof are Meadow, fituate in the Northern Liberties, two Miles
and an Half from Philadelphia, near the Road to Frankfort, all within
good Cedar Fence with all proper Outhoufes thereon erected. For Terms
of Demife, enquire o/"JoHN MOLAND,O« the Premifes.

Philadelphia, February 7, 1760.

NOTICE is hereby given to the poor Inhabitants of this City and
Liberties, if they will come to the Wood-land, which lies on the Eaft
S ide of Gloucefter Road, next adjoining Hay-Creek, about two Miles from
this City, they fhall there be fupplied with large Quantities of the Under
wood, ready cut down, gratis, which will make very good Firing.

N. B. There are good Bridges already made from the abovefaid Road,
acrofs three Creeks jit for Carts to go over to where they may be loaded with
the faid Under-wood.

THREE POUNDS Reward.

RU N away from John Eualt, living in Amity Townfhip Berks
County, a Dutch Servant Lad, named George Koffman, about
fixteen Years old, has grey Eyes, and apt to talk of his Relations, and
boaft of his driving a Team in the Army. Had on when he went away,
a half worn Felt Hat, red and blue Worfted Cap, homefpun grey Cloth
Jacket, one Ditto without Sleeves a Tow Shirt, and Tow Petticoat
Trowfers, and old Leather Breeches under them, grey Yarn Stockings,
old Shoes, newly half foaled. Whoever takes up the faid Lad and
fecures him or brings him to his faid Mafter, fhall receive the above Re-
ward, and reafonable Charges, paid by JOHN EUALT.

120 Notes and Queries.

Juft imported from England and to be fold by

JOHN & JOSEPH SWIFT,

At their Store on the North Side of Market-ftreet, oppofite the lower end
of the Jersey Market,, viz.

SCarlet, blue, green, red and drab coloured broadcloths, Indian blank-
ets, blue, green and red halfthicks, red, green and cloth coloured
6-qr. naps, ftriped, red and fcarlet flannels, ftriped cotton linfeys, fine
8-qr. f potted fwan-fkins, an affortment of ftriped and plain camblets,
blue, green, black and cloth coloured worfted damafks, both fingle and
double, an affortment of fine durants, tammies, calimancoes and fhaloons,
mens, womens, boys and girls worfted and yarn hofe, blue, green, black
and buff coloured knit breeches patterns, cambricks and lawns in pieces
and patches, long lawns of various prices, clouting diaper, Ruffia diaper
and curdled Ruffia linen, fine brown Ruflia fheeting, Ruffia drillings,
ravens duck, y-Sths and yard wide Irifh linen, Irifh doulas and fheeting
linen, brown and white yard wide buckram, 3 qr. y-8ths and yard wide
linen and cotton check, 9 qr. and 10 qr. Flanders bed ticks, check linen
handkerchiefs, red f potted, blue f potted and king of PrufDa handkerchiefs,
cotton romale, bordered bandanoes, filk culgee handkerchiefs, lungee and
new filk romale, flowered and ftriped bordered kenting handkerchiefs, an
affortment of calicoes and cottons, large blue figures for beds, copper-
plate ditto, 6 qr. muflins and humhums, black taffeties, ftriped ell wide
perfians, pink coloured mantua filk, mourning and hatband crape, womens
black filk velvet, black mode, black peeling, fine black fattin, beft balla-
dine, fewing filk in half pounds, 4d. and 6d. filk ferrit, padusfoy, taffety
and Perfian ribbons, fattin and figured ribbons of all forts, bar lead,
pidgeon, duck, goofe, fwan and muftard feed mat, London fteel, A C
No. 3, nails, frying pans, writing paper, ink powder, garden fheers, sheep
fheers, taylors ditto of fundry forts, Hool's beft piftol capt knives, buck
cuttoes, fine Barlow penknives, green ivory handled ditto, buck, feal
ditto, childrens fpotted bone knives, knives and forks fciffars of all forts,
white metal coat and veft buttons, horn ditto, carpenters hammers, files,
rafps, a variety of fleeve buttons, fythes, fickles, pins and needles, glov-
ers and large darning ditto, wool cards, felt and caftor hats, blue and
green faddle fringe and orris, brafs ink pots, fountain pens, watch chains,
feals and keys, an affortment of broad and narrow worfted binding, fig-
ured, lettered, fcarlet and ftriped gartering, table cloths, white filk ftay
cord, ftay ftrapping, braid, three yard filk laces, dandriff, horn and box
combs, broad and narrow holland tapes, bobbin, Scots thread, full num-
ber thread, taylors thread, red leather paper cafes, ftriped cotton hollands,
womens and girls black filk and worfted mitts, fcarlet and green mohair,
buttons and twift. mens and womens brafs and fteel thimbles, box,
butchers and fhoemakers knives, blue and white, and red and white nuns
pretties &c. &c.

(Queries.

REED-SCHRACK-HARDIN. — Wanted, the parents of the following
brothers and sisters : —

(1) John Reed, "twelve years old when the revolution broke out."
Tradition says he served in the Revolutionary War even though so
young. He never married. Died in 1815 in Frederick, Md. Willed
his property to his brother Jacob.

(2) Jacob Reed, born 4th January, 1772. Died 12 March, 1829. Li-
censed to wed 15 May, 1820, Susannah Jacobs, at Frederick, Md., where
they lived and died. (She married 2nd time— Poffenberger.) This

Notes and Queries. 121

couple had four children. Elraioa (my ancestor) was born 26 Sept.,
1822. Susannah Jacobs had a brother Ignatius Jacobs. Some records
of this family are in the Evangelical Reformed Church, Frederick,
Maryland.

(3) Abraham Reed, born 7 May, 1774. Married a Miss Brubacher of
Rockingham Co. , Va. Have no further information of this couple.

(4) Isaac Reed, born 5 November, 1775. Died 26 Dec., 1847. Mar-
ried Rebecca Prall, whose mother was Mary Stout. Descendants live
in Kentucky.

(5) Henry Reed, born 25 Nov., 1780. Died 30 March, 1815. Married
Elizabeth . Lived in Tennessee, Kentucky or Ohio.

(6) Benjamin Reed, born 13 March, 1782. Married Polly Prall, a
sister of Rebecca (see above). Descendants live in Illinois.

Three sisters as follows : —

(7) Sarah (?) m. John Walling.

(8) Maria or Rachel (name not known definitely) m. Keefer (Kiefer).
Settled in Pa. on the "Reading wagon road."

(9) Catherine, m. Abraham Schrack. They settled in Philadelphia
about 1790 and kept an Inn, on High St., for years. Their son was
Christian Schrack, who founded the Schrack Paint & Varnish business
still in existence. He also left some fund to the City of Phila. for phil-
anthropic purposes.

The 1790 Maryland Census gives a John Reed head of a family in
Frederick Co., Md. There were nine (9) members. This would be
possible as Catherine Schrack had married and removed to Philadelphia,
and if the sister named Keefer had gone away.

Tradition says that the father of these nine children was a Quarter-
master in the Revolutionary War; and circumstantial evidence points
to John Reed, Quartermaster in Rawlings Regiment in Maryland (see
Maryland Archives, vol. 18: page 159). From where did this John
Reed enlist?

There is also circumstantial evidence that something might be found
in Winchester, Frederick Co., Virginia; for Germans went from Phila-
delphia to Winchester and founded the Lutheran Church there, some-
where around 1740. Nicholas Schrack was one of the charter members.

The writer would be grateful for any records that will point to the
birthplace of these nine children and to parentage of same.

Also, wanted — any information of Savial Hardin. He is set down in
the 1790 Census of Penna. as head of a family in Washington Co.,
Pennsylvania.

Address— MRS. FRANCES HARDIN HESS,

496 West 133rd St., New York City.

SCHOLL. — Wanted the maiden name of Anna Maria, wife of George
Scholl, buried in Indian Creek Reformed Church, who died in 1797.
What branch of the family of Gov. Shunk's is she connected with?

MRS. C. D. FRETZ,

Sellersville, Pa.

MICHAEL McNALLY, born in Ireland, came to Pennsylvania with
his parents, who settled in Philadelphia. During the Revolution he
served in the Pennsylvania regiment of artillery to January 1, 1781.

122 Notes and Queries.

In 1785 he settled at Clinton, Maine, and in the Census of 1820, his
age is given at 88 years. His grandchildren, by his son William,
recall many incidents he related about his services in the army. In
the muster rolls his name is variously spelled NcNally, McNully and
McEnnally. The family records were destroyed by fire many years ago.
Information is requested concerning Michael McNally, his family, and
date of arrival at Philadelphia.

C. A. BEAN,

Portland, Maine.

HAWS OR HAWES. — Wanted, the ancestry of Isaac Haws or Hawes,
born about 1782, supposedly in Lancaster County, Penna. He moved
when a young man (16 to 20) to the western part of Pennsylvania, where
he died in 1850. Who were his parents, brothers or sisters?

HERBERT MORRIS,

6400 Overbrook Ave., Philada.

3Boofc mottoes.

THE DESCENDANTS OF JACOB SCHOFF WHO CAME TO BOSTON IN
1752 AND SETTLED IN ASHBURNHAM IN 1757, WITH AN ACCOUNT OF
THE GERMAN IMMIGRATION INTO NEW ENGLAND. By Wilfred H.
Schoff. Philadelphia, 1910, 8°, pp. 163.

The most striking thing about this book is its account of a considerable
German settlement in the States of New England, each one of which is
represented. The movement was a rival one to Pennsylvania's, and
was conducted by an agent named Crellius, whose morals were those al-
ready known to us through Mittelberger's Journey to Pennsylvania in
1750. The horrors of a cargo of negroes in the famous Middle Passage
are equalled in the sufferings of these poor Redemptioners.

The book introduces us to a Massachusetts Germantown whose name
survives in that of a neck of land near Boston harbor, within the pres-
ent town of Quincy. The immigrants of 1752 were Franconians,
Wiirtembergers, Swabians, Hessians and French Huguenots from Ger-
many. An inferior vessel, the Priscilla, was used, in violation of prom-
ise; the passengers' meals were stopped when the ship was well out at
sea, and the poor creatures were compelled to sell themselves into slav-
ery to pay the captain for provisions.

It would be an interesting task for the admirers of Benjamin Franklin
to vindicate him from conscious participation in the crimes of this in-
famous " Germantown Company."

Apart from its interest to the Schoff family, which is scattered all
over the continent from Canada to Louisiana, the book is important for
these side lights on American history. Of historical and human inter-
est also is the Military Record of the clan, whose members have fought
in the Revolution, the War of 1812, and on both sides in the Civil
War.

There is a bibliography of three pages at the end, but the present work
contains the first connected account of the German immigration into
New England.

ALBERT J. EDMUNDS.

Notes and 'Queries. 123

GREAT BRITAIN AND THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY, 1763-1774. By
Clarence E. Carter, A.M., Ph.D. American Historical Association,
Washington, D. C., 1910. Pp. 223. Justin Winsor Prize, 1908.

This essay, based largely upon unpublished and but little-used
sources, is an illuminating contribution to the history of an obscure
period in American history. The author's researches have been mainly
towards the discovery of the legal, political, and economic relations be-
tween Great Britain and the Illinois colony, and the political events in
Illinois which illustrate those relations. Commencing with a review of
the general situation in Illinois after the cession of 1763, Professor Car-
ter discusses the status of the colony in the British Empire, traces the
course of events in Illinois from 1763 to 1774, enabling us at last to
know what really went on in the country during the decade, discusses
the question of the economic importance of the West to the Empire, and
describes the various attempts at English colonization, pointing out the
attitude of Great Britain toward such enterprises. In the appendix are
several documents now published for the first time.

THE SEA KINGS OF CRETE. By the Eev. James Baikie, F. R. A. S.
Illustrated; cloth, 8vo.; 274 pp.; $2.00 net. The Macmillan Co.,
New York.

The author of this volume presents to the reader, in an untechnical
and readable form, the results of the explorations which have recently
done so much to enlarge our knowledge of the great pre-historic civili-
zation which preceded that of classic Greece and on whose ruins Greek
culture, as we know it, arose.

The book has been kept as free as possible from technicalities and
the discussion of controverted points, and throughout the author has
endeavored to write for those who love the noble and romantic story of
ancient Greece but have been denied the opportunity of a more thorough
study of it than comes within the limits of an ordinary education.

DEMOCRACY AND THE PARTY SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES. —
A study in Extra-Constitutional Government. By M. Ostrogarski.
Cloth, 8vo. ; 469 pp. ; $1.75 net. The Macmillan Co., New York.

The evolution of the party system and its actual working has been
carefully studied by the author in this volume, which is based upon the
second volume of his larger work, " Democracy and the Organization of
Political Parties.'1 The present book M. Os.trogarski has condensed and
thoroughly revised, bringing it up to date, enriching it with a great deal
of new matter. The student and the general reader will find in this
book all the data, with a full discussion of this subject, which the author
has introduced into political literature. This volume will also undoubt-
edly prove particularly useful as a text in college courses.

NAZARETH HALL, AN HISTORICAL SKETCH AND ROSTER OF
PRINCIPALS, TEACHERS AND PUPILS. By Prof. H. H. Hacker.
Bethlehem, Pa., 1910. Pp. 191. Illustrated.

With the coming of the Moravians to the Province of Pennsylvania,
the organization of schools for their own children and those of the

124 Notes and Queries.

settlers, at once claimed their attention. Their first boarding school for
girls was opened in German town in 1742, but later transferred to Beth-
lehem and became the nucleus of the school now known as the Moravian
Seminary and College for Women. The history of their boarding school
for boys dates from 1743, which after being located at various places in
Philadelphia and Bucks Counties, was finally seated in the "Manor
House," at Nazareth, in 1759, and has remained there ever since.
Prof. Hacker has had access to the original records of this venerable
institution of learning, whose history is so interesting in its details,
noble in its aims and has been successful in its accomplishments. In
the roster of pupils will be found the names of men who have attained
foremost positions and fame in the political, professional, literary, mili-
tary and naval annals of our country. The work is attractively printed
and liberally illustrated.

THE WILDERNESS TRAIL OR, THE VENTURES AND ADVENTURES
OF THE PENNSYLVANIA TRADERS ON THE ALLEGHENY PATH: WITH
SOME NEW ANNALS or THE OLD WEST, AND THE RECORDS OF
SOME STRONG MEN AND SOME BAD ONES. By Charles A. Hanna.
Two volumes, 8vo. With over one hundred illustrations and maps.
Price $10.00 net. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.

The work is really a history of the Indians and the Indian traders,
and their trade routes and villages between the Delaware and the
Wabash, from the time of John Smith down nearly to the beginning of
the Revolutionary War ; although attention is paid especially to the
period between 1692 and 1752, which the author calls the growing age
of the American colonies, and which began with the journey of six New
York traders over one of the Allegheny paths. These men, according
to Mr. Hanna, were the first white men to explore the Ohio Valley. A
critical examination is made of the claim that La Salle descended the
Ohio in 1669, and the author concludes that this claim has not yet been
satisfactorily established.

A large amount of newly discovered historical evidence is presented
to show that the Shawnee Indians, who were thought to have come into
Pennsylvania from South Carolina about 1698, really emigrated from
La Salle's fort on the Illinois Eiver some years before. Extended his-
tories are given of the noted Indian trading villages of the Ohio country,
from the time of their establishment, including Kittanning, Sewickley,
Logstown, Kuskuskies, Conchake, Pickawillany, the Blue Lick Town,
and the Lower Shawnee Town ; together with much newly discovered
history relating to the early Indian occupation of the Cuyahoga Valley.
There is included in the work that portion of the hitherto unpublished
Journal of De Lery, who fortified Fort Duquesne, relating to his travels
in Ohio in 1755. Biographies are presented of George Croghan, Andrew
Montour and his family, and John Finley, the precursor of Boone in
Kentucky, with extended accounts of the Chartiers, the Le Torts, the
Lowreys, and nearly all the other early Pennsylvania Indian traders
who were the real first explorers of the Central West.

Lengthy consideration is given to the history of the Ohio Valley
immediately before the white man came, and of the Indian tribes that
then occupied it, some of them hitherto unknown, even by name, to the
ordinary student of history.

Notes and Queries. 125

A large number of rare or unpublished seventeenth- and eighteenth-
century maps of the Old West are reproduced, illustrations are given
showing the sites of most of the important Indian villages in Pennsyl-
vania, Ohio and Kentucky, from 1670 to 1760 ; together with a number
of the unpublished journals and itineraries of Thomas Hutchins, Captain
Harry Gordon, and other eighteenth-century travellers, including Draper's
unpublished account of John Finley.

PROCEEDINGS AND COLLECTIONS OF THE WYOMING HISTORICAL
AND GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Vol. XI. Wilkes-Barre, Pa., 1910. 8vo.
Pp. 262, illustrated. Edited by Eev. Horace Edwin Hayden, M.A.

In addition to the archaeological papers, which are always an acceptable
feature of the publications of this society, there are a number of histori-
cal contributions of more than usual interest. The "Influence of the
Iroquois on the History and Archaeology of the Wyoming Valley," by
Arthur C. Parker, of the New York State Museum, has been prepared
with much care and research. The "Reminiscences of Rev. Jacob
Johnson, M.A., first pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Wilkes-
Barre, 1772-1790," edited by his great-grandson, Dr. F. C. Johnson,
throw much light on the early history of the Wyoming Valley, the
founding of the church at Wilkes-Barre, and the efforts made to establish
a school among the Indians of the Six Nations. Granville Henry, Esq.,
also contributes an interesting paper on "The Pennsylvania Germans,
their personal and social Characteristics." The "Marriage Records of
Rev. William K. Mott," pastor of the Baptist congregation of Pittston,
1833-1871 ; the "Ross Family Record," and the "Revolutionary Pen-
sion Rolls of Pike, Susquehanna and Wayne Counties, Pa., 1835, " will
be found helpful to genealogists. The reports of the officers of the
society show the public spirit which animates its members, and the
appreciation of the public. The invested funds now amount to $52,000,
and the Coxe Publication Fund, of $10,000, insures the publication of
an annual volume in the future.

THE EARLY COURTS OF PENNSYLVANIA. By William H. Lloyd.
Boston Book Co., Boston, 1910. Pp. 287. University of Pennsyl-
vania Law School Series.

For more than two hundred years the courts of province and State
have administered justice to the inhabitants of Pennsylvania. Created
under the peculiar conditions surrounding the foundation of the colony,
subjected to numerous legislative experiments, their organization and
practice present many peculiarities that can only be understood by a
reference to their history. This history has been neglected, though it
alone supplies the key. In the work under notice the author describes
the establishment and development of the courts of the colonial period.
The treatment is not exhaustive ; that would be impossible in a volume
of its size, but the information contained will be found accurate, as it
is based on a careful examination of the public records. The chapter
headings are: "The Courts in the Seventeenth Century;" "The
Courts in the Eighteenth Century prior to the Revolution;" "The
Courts from the Revolution to the revision of the Civil Code ;" " Equity
in Pennsylvania;" " The Register's Court and the Orphans' Court;"
" The Laying Out and Opening of Roads by Viewers."

126 Notes and Queries.

THE MAKING OF SMITH. A COLLECTION OF THE RECORDS, ETC.,
OF THE SMITH FAMILY OF CAPE COD AND HINGHAM, MASS.,
BURLINGTON, N. J., PHILADELPHIA, PA., AND BUFFALO, N. Y.,

AND OF THE FORTY-SIX FAMILIES THAT HAVE BECOME ALLIED
THEREWITH IN AMERICA SINCE 1630, AND IN EUROPE PRIOR

THERETO. In four volumes. Prepared for and under the sug-
gestion of T. Guilford Smith, LL. D., by C. A. Hoppin, Anti-
quary, 1910.

Among the recent acquisitions to the collections of the Historical
Society of Pennsylvania, is this monumental genealogical work in
Manuscript, imperial quarto, of 1182 pages aud 700 illustrations. The
data and exhibits have been gathered from all the essential and avail-
able records in the New England and Middle States, in England,
Wales, Holland and Germany, and it became so large as to make its
publication impracticable. A synopsis of the contents will indicate the
value and extent of the compilation. Vol. I. The Smith families of
Plymouth, Hingham and Eastham, Mass., New Jersey, Philadelphia,
Buffalo, N. Y., and Burlington, N. J.; Sylvester family of the Manor
of Shelter Island, N. Y. ; Lloyd family of Bristol, England and Boston,
Mass. ; Brinley family of England. Vol. II. Eastwick family of Eng-
land, Boston and Philadelphia ; Bullock family of Philadelphia, Row-
land of England and Duxbury, Mass.; Newland, Swift and Allen
families of Sandwich, Mass. , and Allentown, N. J. ; Newberry family of
Newport, R. I. ; Ogden families of Delaware and Philadelphia Counties;
the Houlson, Lownes and Lowe families of Delaware Co., Pa. Vol.
III. Tunes, Meng, Klincken and Colladay families of Germantown;
Williams, Zell and Jones families of Merion, and Baumin family of
Germany. Vol. IV. Biographical supplement of data and exhibits
personal to T. Guilford Smith, LL. D., incomplete. The first three
volumes are practically complete.

THE HISTORY OF PARLIAMENTARY TAXATION IN ENGLAND. By
Shepard Ashman Morgan, M.A., Moffat, Yard & Co., New York, 1911.
8vo., pp. 317.

This work covers the period in English history up to 1689, the year
of the enactment of the Bill of Rights. The tax and the authority by
which it was laid, was in the King and by the Bill of Rights it lay in
Parliament, with the right of initiation in the House of Commons. The
writer traces the growth of the power to lay taxes, as developed in the
Saxon Witenagemot, the English National Council, the two houses of
Parliament, and finally in the house of Commons, the representative of
the people. The work is based on original authorities, with helpful
annotations. It is the second volume in the series of ' ' David A. Well*
Prize Essays," Williams College.

NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS OF ILLINOIS, 1814-1879. By
Franklin William Scott, Springfield, Illinois, 1910. 8vo., pp. 610*.
Illustrated. Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library,
Vol. VI.

The conditions under which the first Illinois newspaper was estab-
lished, the Illinois Herald, in 1814, include many disadvantages. The

Notes and Queries. 127

population was small and widely distributed, the means of communica-
tion were primitive, and both money and labor scarce. With the growth
of population, of post-offices and post roads, the number of newspapers
increased. It was no mean task, to collect the titles of upwards of three
hundred and fifty newspapers published within the limits of the State
for the past sixty-five years, and the success of the compilers is worthy
of all commendation. The names of the publishers, changes of forms
and dates of publication are appended. Copious indexes have been
prepared.

VALLEY FORGE, A CHRONICLE OF AMERICAN HEROISM. By
Frank H. Taylor. Philadelphia, 1911. 8vo., pp. 100. Illustrated.
Price, in paper cover, 30 cents ; in cloth, Colonial colors, 50 cents,
postpaid.

The second and revised edition of this valuable and handy book, with
its one hundred artistic illustrations, including the arch, about to be
erected by the National government, has just been published. Among
the chapters that will claim attention are Valley Forge in 1777 ; the
British Army in Philadelphia ; occupation of Valley Forge and Wash-
ington's military family ; the Commander-iu-Chief 's Life Guard and the
formation of the second Continental army ; routine of the camp ; the
cry of distress ; the Conway Cabal ; the coming of Baron Steuben ; the
French Alliance and Lafayette ; the departure of the army from Valley
Forge, and a roster of the troops. Much new and unpublished histori-
cal data has been added, and as an authentic work on this historic spot,
it should be widely distributed; as a guide to the camp sites, it will
also be found helpful. Address, Frank H. Taylor, 718 Arch Street,
Philadelphia.

REPORT OF THE VALLEY FORGE PARK COMMISSION, 1910. Illus-
trated.

The report of the Valley Forge Park Commission to the Governor of
the Commonwealth, for the year 1910, is both interesting and attractive.
It is illustrated with seventeen full page sketches of the redoubts ; the
outer and inner lines of intrenchments ; monuments and markers ; the
well kept roads ; soldiers' huts and hospital building ; reproduction of
a French engineer's map of the encampment, the original of which is
in the library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania ; DuPortril's
map, the original of which is in the library of Cornell University ; and
the three maps prepared by the Commission's engineer, giving the loca-
tions of the troops, headquarters of the general officers and other data
that will be found helpful to the thousands who yearly, visit this historic
site. The late Congress appropriated $100,000 for the erection of a
granite memorial arch to be located where the outer line roadway crosses
the Gulph road, along which Washington's tattered army marched into
its Winter quarters. The Massachusetts memorial, which is being
erected nearby, will be dedicated on June 19th. Movements are on
foot to have other States erect memorials on the sites of the camps of
their troops. The people of this country are indebted to the liberality
of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for purchasing and restoring the
site of this famous camp.

128 Notes and Queries.

GOVERNORS' LETTER-BOOKS, 1840-1853. Edited with Introduction
and Notes by Evarts Boutell Greene and Charles Manfred Thompson,
Springfield, 111., 1911. 8vo., pp. 469. Illustrated.

The work under notice is the second volume of the Executive Series,
of the publications of the Illinois State Historical Society. The pre-
ceding volume was made up of letters taken from Volumes II and III
of the manuscript series of "Governors' Letter Books," in the office ot
the Secretary of State, closing with the correspondence of Gov. John
Eeynolds in 1834. The present volume is similarly made up of the
letters of Gov. Thomas Carlin, 1840-1841 ; Gov. Thomas Ford, 1842-
1845; Gov. Augustus C. French, 1846-1852, and a letter of Gov. Joel
A. Matteson, 1853 ; and a series of letters chiefly addressed to Gov.
French by Julius Wadsworth, one of the financial agents of the State.
The text of the letters is supplemented by explanatory notes on persons
and events ; and a study of the administration of Gov. Thomas Ford, by
one of the editors, Charles M. Thompson, adds special emphasis to his
administration and the critical character of the period. The general
introduction was prepared by editor Evarts B. Greene. A bibliography
of the works used in the preparation of the volume, and a comprehen-
sive index, are deserving of more than a passing notice.

THE

PENNSYLVANIA MAGAZINE

OF

HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.

VOL. XXXV. 1911. No. 2

PRESENTATION OP PORTRAIT OF THE LATE

HENRY CHABLES LEA,

VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

THE Stated Meeting of the Historical Society of Penn-
sylvania of March 13th, 1911, was largely attended and the
transactions were of more than usual interest. A life-size
portrait of the late Henry Charles Lea, Vice-President of
the Society, painted by Hugh H. Breckenridge, from the
original by Robert Vonnoh, was placed at the right of the
President's chair. After an address by Edward Raymond
Turner, Ph.D., Associate in History at Bryn Mawr College,
on " Slavery in Colonial Pennsylvania/' the President of
the Society, Hon. Samuel "W. Pennypacker, LL.D., read the
following letter :

2004 Walnut St., PHILADELPHIA,

March 3d, 1911.
HON. SAMUEL W. PENNYPACKER,

PRESIDENT OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENN-
SYLVANIA.

MY DEAR SIR :

On behalf ot the family of the late Henry Charles Lea,

Vice-President of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania
VOL. xxxv.— 9 (129)

130 Portrait of Late Henry Charles Lea.

from 1890 till 1909, I have the honor to present a copy by
Hugh H. Breckenridge of the portrait of Mr. Lea painted
by Robert Yonnoh in 1896. It gives us great pleasure
thus to comply with the suggestion of Colonel William
Brooke Rawle, a Vice-President of your Society.

Sincerely yours,

ARTHUR H. LEA.

REMARKS OF WILLIAM BROOKE RAWLE, ESQUIRE.

Mr. President : I rise to offer a Resolution of Thanks.

During the eighty-six years and more of our existence as
a Society we have had many distinguished men to till its
offices of President and Vice-President. Some of them
have occupied the most exalted executive, judicial and legal
positions in this Commonwealth ; some have been leaders
of our Bar; some have held the highest diplomatic posi-
tions in foreign countries ; some were physicians of great
repute; some among them have been men of affairs, men ot
letters, men of great influence and standing in the commu-
nity. Among them have been historians and biographers
of great and world-wide reputation. The work ot these last
mentioned writers, however, for the most part has, naturally,
been restricted to the confines of the endeavors of our
Society. Their fields of investigation have been chiefly com-
prised within those geographical limits for work in which
our Society was specially formed, that is to say, Pennsyl-
vania, the Middle Colonies and the War of the American
Revolution. Though splendid work was done by them in
their respective fields, none achieved higher honor or dis-
tinction than our late lamented Vice-President, whose like-
ness is portrayed upon the canvas before you.

Mr. Henry Charles Lea was a many-sided man, and he
was eminently successful in everything which he undertook.
We, within these walls, however, know him best as the
ardent student and delver in the philosophy of history, a
worker in the broad fields and deep mines of antiquarian
material of an older civilization.

Portrait of Late Henry Charles Lea.

131

Mr. Lea's chief field of work, that for which he is known
and will be known for all time in Christian lands, was in
the history of the religious affairs of the Middle Ages. The
crowning literary work of his life was his " History of the
Inquisition of the Middle Ages," in three volumes, which
was translated into German, French and Italian, and later
his " History of the Inquisition of Spain " and " The History
of the Inquisition in the Spanish Dependencies," making
five volumes. These, also, are being translated into foreign
languages. Others of his works have gone into second and
third editions. The fairness of his opinions and conclusions,
the total absence of one-sidedness or of personal and sec-
tarian feeling, and the thoroughness of his work are charac-
teristics which have drawn forth the enconiums of the free
minded of different religious convictions almost without
exception.

Mr. Lea became a member of this Society on February
22, 1869. He was elected a Vice-President on May 5, 1890.
Upon reaching the age of eighty years, when he was en-
deavoring to rid himself of many of his responsibilities, he
requested to be relieved of the office, whereupon he was
elected on November 12, 1906, to the position of Honorary
Vice-President, and continued to be annually re-elected as
such during the remainder of his life.

A few weeks ago, on January 20, 1911, a remarkable
meeting was held in the Hall of the College of Physicians
in this City, to do honor to the memory of Mr. Lea. It
took place under the auspices of five of our greatest learned
institutions — The American Philosophical Society, The Li-
brary Company of Philadelphia, The University of Pennsyl-
vania, The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
and this, The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. It was
a notable gathering of men and women of high social,
professional and scientific standing; of prominence and
distinguished rank in learning and literary endeavor.
Such men as the President of The American Philosophical
Society, Dr. William W. Keen, the Right Honorable James

132 Portrait of Late Henry diaries Lea.

Bryce, British Ambassador, Dr. Horace Howard Furness,
Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, Dr. Joseph Gr. Rosengarten and
Professor Edward P. Cheyney, joined in appreciations of
Mr. Lea's character and his great work in its various lines.
As has been said of the meeting : " The keynote in all the
addresses was one of profound admiration for the unusual
combination of intellectual and ethical traits which stamped
Mr. Lea as one of the truly great men of his generation."

It is not my intention to give an extended account of
Mr. Lea's historical work. This has been done by far abler
speakers at the Memorial Meeting which I have mentioned,
and will be also by the eloquent gentleman who will
follow me.

As I have remarked, Mr. Lea was a many-sided man.
In his early youth he was interested in scientific investiga-
tions, and worked and wrote in that line. Later he became
the head of a large publishing business, which had been
handed down for several generations, from the earliest days
of our national existence. In the prime of his middle life
the Northern side in our War of the Rebellion engaged his
supreme interest and exertions. He was among the fore-
most of the patriotic citizens of Philadelphia in the work
which resulted in the formation of The Union League, and
he wrote many of the publications issued by it to encourage
the patriotic spirit in this City and State which then was
the chief object of its existence. He labored earnestly and
successfully in the raising and equipment of regiments of
troops to be sent to the Front; in keeping the ranks full by
means of recruiting; in seeing that justice was done in re-
gard to the filling of the quotas of men called for service,
and in the payment of the heavy bounties which became
necessary therefor. He organized and managed this work
so successfully that when, at one time, conscription had to
be resorted to, and Philadelphia was called upon to furnish
her quota, a surprisingly small number of men — only forty-
six it has been stated — had to be secured by such an unpopu-
lar method.

Portrait of Late Henry Charles Lea. 133

During the anxieties of that terrible War the concentra-
tion of patriotic minds on its problems allowed abuses to
grow in municipalities, and Philadelphia was no exception.
After the restoration of peace Mr. Lea threw himself vigor-
ously into the work of reform and contributed of his intel-
lectual powers, his purse and his time, with zeal and energy
— indeed he was the chief of the leaders in that crusade
against corruption, extravagance and political criminality.
I saw him frequently in those days, for I was in the law
offices of the late William Henry Rawle, who was the coun-
sel for the Municipal Reform Association, which led and
fought the fight with considerable, though not very lasting,
success. Mr. Lea was a frequent, and at times a daily
visitor to our offices for consultation, advice and assistance,
and I can testify to the good and hard work he then did
himself and in making others do likewise.

Philadelphia has had for many years the reputation out-
side of being among men the most hospitable place in this
country. This came about from the fact that ever since the
Winter of 1799-1800 there has been among us a social
coterie of a high intellectual stamp, beginning with the
informal weekly gatherings of congenial members of The
American Philosophical Society at the residence of Doctor
Caspar Wistar, the President of that time-honored institution.
After Doctor Wistar 's death these gatherings, under the
name of The Wistar Party, continued until the early days of
the War of the Rebellion, when partisan feeling became so
strong, and opinions on the great issues at stake so diverse,
as to cause the breaking of friendships and social and often
home ties, the consequence being that the gatherings fell off
and then ceased for awhile, their place being taken by other
social coteries, none of them of long duration. When the
time was opportune a resuscitation of the Wistar Party took
place and Mr. Lea's father, Doctor Isaac Lea, resigned his
office of Dean, or President, and Mr. Lea himself was elected
to succeed him. For sixty-seven years father and son held
the position of Dean, the chiefs around whom and their

134 Portrait of Late Henry Charles Lea.

associates gathered, on Saturday evenings at stated periods
during the Winter season, much of the intellectual, profes-
sional, scientific and cultured society in our community, as
well as the distinguished travellers, men of letters and
learning, and other worthy celebrities who visited our City.
Mr. Lea's interest and zeal in the Association were great
and constant, as in all his pursuits in life.

There were many other fields of Mr. Lea's work, and it
is a pleasure to know that a full and adequate Memoir of
him is likely to be given to the world in the not distant
future.

Mr. Lea was a man of profound learning ; a master of
several modern languages and a fine classical scholar; a
careful and thorough student; an ardent lover of accuracy,
truth and justice; a man possessing enormous capacity for
work, and systematic in doing it most thoroughly ; an ex-
haustive investigator of original sources of knowledge from
their very foundations ; a man of infinite pains in all he
undertook, whose style of writing was most concise and
apposite, with no unnecessary circumlocution or departure
from the point. He was just and fair in weighing his evi-
dence, and in arriving at conclusions and deductions, in
which he was always without bias of any sort, religious or
otherwise.

A marked characteristic of Mr. Lea's thoroughness of
character and in his work is shown in the fact that, believ-
ing that a book without an index lost full half its value, and
with a bad one almost as much, he indexed his own volumes
in the most complete and concise manner, not counting the
laboriousness, the tediousness and the drudgery of the un-
dertaking. He held that the author alone could properly
index a book.

He was exceedingly liberal in contributing from his ex-
tensive means to worthy objects, and his pecuniary assistance
in the erection of this building in which we are gathered
was a great help to us in our hard struggle for the accom-
plishment of that object.

Portrait of Late Henry Charles Lea.

135

We are fortunate in having upon our walla in this build-
ing many valuable portraits of distinguished men. We have
a complete collection of the portraits of our Presidents and
of some of our Yice-Presidents, and it is a great pleasure
that this excellent one of Mr. Lea is added to our collection.

I move you, Mr. President :

That the thanks of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania
be most cordially extended to the members of the family of
Mr. Henry Charles Lea, our late Yice-President, for their
kindness and generosity in presenting to the Society this
beautiful and life-like portrait of him, copied by Hugh H.
Breckenridge, after Vonnoh's painting, which will recall to
our minds, and hand down to those who come after us, the
features and resemblance of our distinguished associate and
liberal benefactor, who has added so much to the honor and
high standing of our Society.

REMARKS OF HON. HAMPTON L. CARSON.

Mr. President : I rise to second the resolutions offered by
Mr. Brooke Rawle. My recollections of Mr. Lea make
it an agreeable duty ; my relations to him and to his family
make it a personal pleasure. I often observed him in con-
ference or discussion with men of affairs about matters of
moment. I often met him on the street and had familiar
chats about men and current events. I listened, alas too
rarely, to his conversation about books, pictures and other
things which interested him as a scholar and as a collector.
He had a penetrating mental eye which saw far into the
heart of things, while at the same time he had a breadth ot
vision which saved him from narrowness or near sighted-
ness. He was never dogmatic, although he was always per-
sistent in the maintenance of his opinions, and if challenged
or annoyed by opposition which seemed unreasonable, he
could cite facts which became overwhelming, not simply in
numbers, but because of the manner in which they were
marshalled by a master commander of what the world had

136 Portrait of Late Henry Charles Lea.

learned by experience. His mind was a microscope and a
telescope combined, if the law of optics will permit of such
an illustration. He knew and saw the smallest details, and
he could draw their most distant relationships into combi-
nations so as to present a result which was impressive be-
cause of the light it shed on the meaning of customs, formu-
laries and conventions which formed the organic structure
of society in past ages.

It is easy enough to say that Mr. Lea was a very learned
man, and to point to the titles of his books and to the char-
acter of the authorities cited in the foot-notes, to prove that
his researches were recondite, but after all that is very
general, very vague, and quite unsatisfactory, because it
conveys no definite idea of the quality or the value of his
learning. We must go far deeper than that. We must
examine his text, and then examine his authorities, and
then go back to the text to ascertain what use he made of
his raw material, how he assimilated and arranged it, and
how he evolved a statement of the principle underlying his
deductions. In that way we can secure an appreciative
estimate of the illuminating character of his scholarship.
An analysis of his mental processes will, I think, give these
results. First, he collected his facts, his phenomena, his
symptoms, and in doing that he discarded all theories and
rejected all secondary sources of information. He was un-
willing to trust to translations, but studied documents in
their native tongues, whether Welsh, Anglo-Saxon, Ancient
Irish, or Icelandic, whether Frankish, Gothic, Spanish or
Italian. Next, he made exact and careful notes of his ob-
servations, and in these there was not the slightest trace of
a dogma or a theory. Then, having exhausted the entire
field of original research, and searched every crack and
cranny and crevice of hidden or forgotten lore, no matter
what their latitude or longitude in history, he brought his
notes together. Having prepared himself by laborious an-
alysis for the far greater work of synthesis, in mechanical
phrase, he assembled his parts and fitted them into each

Portrait of Late Henry Charles Lea. 137

other, marking their similarities and observing their
differences. Thus he prepared his mind for the considera-
tion of their general significance, their striking adaptability.
Then, with a divination peculiarly his own, which gave
him the clue to the arrangement of multiform and widely
scattered parts, he pieced out the puzzle in a compact and
shapely structure, which as it grew under his hands gave
out flashes of meaning to his cool and cautious brain until,
finally, the arrangement being complete, he was ready to
expound the meaning of his work in a striking, neat and
precise statement of a philosophic principle, so simple and
yet at the same time so convincing, as to carry to the mind
of the reader of his books the assurance that the author had
found the key that unlocked the mystery and threw open
to public entrance all the chambers of the Enchanted Castle
of Knowledge.

To change the simile, it occurs to me that Dr. Lea did
in the field of history, both legal and sacerdotal, what the
bacteriologist does at the present time in the science of
biology or of medicine. He studied germs, isolated them,
ascertained their exact character, observed their effect upon
the body politic, and then announced the law of their opera-
tion. He used the microscope when his mind was engaged
in analysis. He made blood tests when he generalized, and
he operated on the lower animals in experimentation, if I
may so describe previous conditions of our ancestors with-
out causing commotion, and then announced the law of
social life or the cause of a particular political disease.

We can test his mental process very readily. Take, for
instance, the first book that he wrote, " Superstition and
Force." It is that part of his labors which appeals most
strongly to me, because it is an attempt, and a most success-
ful one, to explain the origin of certain mysterious passages
in the law of procedure and proof, which up to the time
that he wrote had been a sealed book even to philosophic
jurists. It consists of four essays, " The Wager of Law,"
" The Wager of Battle," « The Ordeal," and « Torture." If

138 Portrait of Late Henry Charles Lea.

we examine his foot-notes we find that he has not confined
himself, as many men would have done, to an Anglo-Saxon
examination to explain the law of England, but he has gone
to the Sagas of Iceland, to Scandinavia, to Gothic and Early
Frankish establishments. He is as familiar with the de-
crees of Clovis and the capitularies of Childebert and
Charlemagne, as he is with the later statutes of Henry II
and III. Although not a lawyer he has an accurate under-
standing of Grlanville, Bracton and Fleta, three authors
whose names are frequently on the lips of lawyers who have
never opened the lids of the volumes. With an intuitive
sense which can be described as a flashlight of the mind,
he reveals the contents of the darkest recesses of history,
and causes ordinary objects to stand out in such clear and
scientific relation to each other that we find the evolution
of the system delineated as happily and as easily to be com-
prehended as the chapter of Blackstone on the Action of
Debt.

He applied the same methods of workmanship to his other
books. In the preface to his " History of the Inquisition
of the Middle Ages" he wrote that at the commencement of
his historical studies, he speedily became convinced that the
surest basis of investigation of a given period lay in an ex-
amination of its jurisprudence, which presents without dis-
guise its aspirations and the means regarded as best adapted
for their realization. Clearly he was right, for we may talk
about kings and conquerors, and their names serve but as
shibboleths, while much of what they did or said has van-
ished, but in a statute, a crystallization of custom, a state-
ment of what the sovereign power had once willed to be law,
there dwells a permanent preservation of a vanished state
of society. Just as fossil bones found in the drifts of hills,
will enable the geologists to set the date of an era, so will a
law enable the historian to depict the character of those who
peopled the world at that particular time. Mr. Lea wrote
and toiled in the spirit of that noble sentence of Lord Bacon
in his essay on The Advancement of Learning : " Antiquities
or remnants of history, are ' tanquam tabula naufrayii' (like

Portrait of Late Henry Charles Lea. 139

the log of a shipwrecked vessel), when industrious persons"
— mark these adjectives of Lord Bacon, and see how fitly
they describe the methods of Mr. Lea's work — "when indus-
trious persons, by an exact and scrupulous diligence and
observation, out of monuments, names, words, proverbs, tra-
ditions, private records and evidences, passages of books that
concern not story, and the like, do save and recover some-
what from the deluge of time." His work will always be
regarded as original. I do not mean original in the sense
that he created or invented, but original in the sense that
hereafter there will be no necessity for any investigator, un-
less charged with some special inquiry, to find occasion to
examine the actual manuscripts. He has done that work
and done it for all time. We may talk of the monumental
work of Gibbon, stretching over a thousand years, or of
Robertson, the first of philosophic historians, or of the charms
of Motley and of Prescott, but we find in Lea the midribs
and the spine which constitute the framework upon which
European institutions have developed and shaped them-
selves ; we have them there defined in such a manner as to
enable the thoughtful student to realize the force of the law
of evolution, the development and the application of which
Mr. Lea has made so clear.

I do not know how it is that we fail in our day and
generation to see the greatness of men while they are still
among us, perhaps it is because we are too close to them.
We can place our eyes so close beneath the dome of the
Capitol at Washington as to be unable to see anything ex-
cept a mass of white marble. It is only when in perspective
that it can be seen piercing the heavens and crowning the
great structure which enshrines the institutions which shel-
ter us and are to shelter our posterity. So it is that
as the years recede Mr. Lea's monumental work will be
appreciated, rising higher and higher and still higher above
the labors of his contemporaries. Here in our midst was a
Philadelphian, one of our own Vice-Presidents, who has
rendered this Society a service and conferred upon this com-
munity an honor which no words of mine can fitly express.

140 Portrait of Late Henry Charles Lea.

ACCEPTANCE OF THE PORTRAIT BY THE PRESIDENT,
HONORABLE SAMUEL W. PENNYPACKER.

Mr. Lea's fondness for literature and earnestness in in-
vestigation came to him with his pedigree. His father had
studied and had published many scientific works. His grand-
father, Mathew Carey, published " The Museum " in thir-
teen volumes, a collection of State papers and contemporary
literature, and wrote many essays upon political and his-
torical subjects. It is an interesting fact, worthy to have
attention upon an occasion of this kind, that years before
the organization of this Society, Mathew Carey urged the
formation of a State historical association. Mr. Lea's in-
tellectual activities were very varied, but he was essentially
a historian. It cannot be said that his works were popular.
It may be that even a large proportion of this select
audience have never read them, but popularity and the
appreciation or lack of appreciation of such as you and I,
form a very inadequate test of merit. There are many
popular writers who simply take the thoughts and the facts
which have been presented time and again before them, and
write them over, and their popularity only lasts until some
one comes along to repeat the same process. Mr. Lea
selected a subject about which before him men were not
informed. He studied it with the utmost care, he presented
it with all the charm of literary skill, and perhaps no other
Philadelphia!!, perhaps no other American historian will be
so long remembered among scholars and men of learning
whose judgment is of value. He was for many years the
senior Vice-President of this Society, and he made the most
substantial individual contribution toward the erection ot
this hall. It is, therefore, eminently fitting that upon these
walls should hang his portrait. I accept on behalf of this
Society, the portrait so generously presented, and I assure
the donors that it will be carefully preserved and tenderly
cherished.

The Resolution offered by Mr. Brooke Rawle was unani-
mously adopted.

Slavery in Colonial Pennsylvania. 141

SLAVERY IN COLONIAL PENNSYLVANIA.

BY EDWARD EAYMOND TURNER.
Associate in History at Bryn Mawr College.

IT is almost forgotten now, but a long time ago there
flourished in Pennsylvania a slavery not very different from
that which existed in Maryland and other colonies nearby.
The beginnings of negro servitude in this region are lost in
the mist of colonial antiquity, but we know that there were
negroes along the banks of the Delaware river in the days
of the Dutch and the Swedes. As soon as English settlers
appear, they also have them. Thus the records of New-
castle court mention them as early as 1677. In Pennsyl-
vania they are found immediately after Penn's coming.
" I have a negro servant whom I bought/' says the Dutch
baker of Germantown, Cornelis Bom. In 1684 Hermans
Op den Graeff told in his quaint German how black men
or Moors were held as slaves. Indeed Penn himself had
spoken of them two years before, for when he granted a
charter to the Free Society of Traders, he devoted one sec-
tion of the charter to the treatment of negroes.

It may be observed that it was once believed that Penn
never had any negroes, and his biographers used to try to
prove that he was no slave-owner. This contention has long
since been abandoned, as well it may be, since the Penn
MSS. preserved in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania
furnish abundant evidence to overthrow it. Penn's letters
not infrequently refer to his slaves, while by the terms of
the will which he made just before he left the colony for
the last time, he set them all free.

Thus negroes were introduced into Pennsylvania. By
1702 they were spoken of as numerous. Many of the
settlers desired to import as many as possible, but others
wished to exclude them altogether. The result was that in

142 Slavery in Colonial Pennsylvania.

the period from 1700 to 1773 numerous laws were passed
in the colony imposing a duty upon negroes imported.
Sometimes it was two pounds, sometimes it was ten ; on one
occasion it was twenty. As a rule these laws accomplished
nothing, especially if the duty had been made high, for the
authorities of Pennsylvania had to have them approved in
England. Almost always the Lords of Trade vetoed them
there, since the English government was unwilling to have
colonial legislatures interfere with the slave trade, then
carried on by its protege, the African Company.

What could not be effected by law, however, was accom-
plished by other means. The number of negroes in Penn-
sylvania during the colonial period was never large. There
were not so many negroes in Pennsylvania as in New Jersey,
and only about half as many as in New York. This was
owing to two causes : the Quakers opposed slavery after a
while, and the Germans turned their backs upon it from
the first. In the beginning it is probable that the Friends
owned more slaves than any other class in the colony, but
after a time they began to be troubled by conscientious
scruples. What report would it cause in Europe, said Pas-
torius and his associates in 1688, that in this new land the
Quakers handled men as there men treated their cattle ?
Could Christian men do these things? In 1693 George
Keith declared that the enslaving of men and their posterity
to the end of the world was a great hinderance to the
spreading of the Gospel. For some time most of the
Quakers did not follow this advice, but gradually a great
reform was made. First the Quakers stopped importing
slaves ; then they ceased buying them ; and at last began to
persuade each other to set negroes free. By 1780 this
work was complete, and slave-holding among the Friends of .
Pennsylvania had come to an end. It may readily be seen
that such an attitude on the part of a body of people, always
influential, as the Quakers were, had much to do with keep-
ing the number of negroes smaller than it might have been.
Meanwhile the influence of the Germans had been equally

Slavery in Colonial Pennsylvania. 143

great. From the first they had almost nothing to do with
slavery. As they came to constitute a very large portion
of the population — from a third to two-fifths — their attitude
was of immense and decisive importance.

It is almost impossible to obtain satisfactory information
as to the number of negroes in colonial Pennsylvania. It
is well known that statistics and numerical estimates made
before the nineteenth century are practically worthless. The
assertion of Ordericus Vitalis that William the Conqueror
divided the lands of England among sixty thousand knights,
is a well known instance. It has recently been proven
that the actual number was probably about five thousand.
Similarly there are some extraordinary estimates as to the
number of negroes in Pennsylvania. In 1773 a communi-
cation to the Earl of Dartmouth declared that there were
2,000; but a few years later Smyth, the traveller, asserted
that there were more than 100,000. The following figures
are merely conjectures, but they are based upon a great deal
of investigation, and are perhaps as near to the truth as the
historian may now come. There were probably 1,000 or
more negroes in Pennsylvania in 1700 ; about 2,500 in 1725 ;
6,000 about 1750; and probably 10,000 in 1780. The census
taken by the Federal government in 1790 gave the number
as 10,274.

The negroes imported were sometimes brought directly
from Africa, but as a rule they could not stand the severe
Pennsylvania winters. Peter Kalm says that the toes and
fingers of negroes are frequently frozen, while Isaac Norris
writing to Jonathan Dickinson in 1703, says "they're So
Chilly they Can hardly Stir from the fire and Wee have
Early beginning for a hard Wintr." Therefore it was found
better to take them to the West Indies first, and later on
bring the second generation to Pennsylvania. Many an old
ledger or account book still preserved in Philadelphia shows
how negroes were once brought there and exchanged for
wheat, flour or lumber. The Pennsylvania Gazette of Sep-
tember 4, 1740, advertises " A PARCEL of likely Negro

144 Slavery in Colonial Pennsylvania.

Boys and Girls just arrived in the Sloop Charming Sally —

to be sold — for ready Money, Flour or Wheat'1 . The

price of a slave was different at different times and for dif-
ferent negroes. Perhaps an average price would be between
thirty and forty pounds.

Something must now be said about the legal aspects of
this slavery. The legal origin of slavery in Pennsylvania is
a subject exceedingly difficult and intricate. It is sufficient
here to say that slavery is rarely instituted. Generally it
grows up and develops, and is defined in law after it exists.
The first negroes in Pennsylvania were doubtless bought
and sold for life, but the law regarded them as servants, that
is, as men held for a term of years only. Thus the earliest
laws speak of all servants, all servants white and black, and
so on. In short before 1700 there were no laws about
slavery in Pennsylvania. The laws passed to regulate un-
free men had to do with servants only. In other words
slavery in Pennsylvania had its legal origin in servitude.
But after 1700 it was realized that special laws must be
made to regulate men held for life, and such laws were made.

Some things that the legislators might have been ex-
pected to deal with they always left unnoticed. They never
stated the consequences of slave baptism. In some places
it was believed that baptism would make a slave free, since
it was sinful to hold a Christian in bondage ; and accord-
ingly it was considered necessary to make specific declara-
tion that such was not the consequence. Nor was anything
said about the transmission of servile status. It is true that
the children of slaves were born slaves also, but no law of
the colony ever laid this down. There is little doubt the
community recognized the principle from the first. In 1727
Isaac Warner bequeathed to his daughter a negro woman
named Sarah together with her unborn child. Furthermore
the legislature never did anything to determine the status
of a child when one of its parents was free and the other a
slave. This is a most important matter, and must always
be determined in some way wherever slavery exists. Among

Slavery in Colonial Pennsylvania. 145

the Romans the line of servile descent lay through the
mother. Thus the child of a slave father and a free mother
was free ; the child of a free father and a slave mother was
a slave by birth. In the colony of Maryland the opposite
practice prevailed for a time, and there the line of servile
descent lay through the father. In Pennsylvania the Roman
doctrine of partus sequitur ventrem was recognized, and the
condition of the child was that of the mother. One result
of this was that mulattoes were divided into two classes.
If the father was a negro slave and the mother a free white
woman, the child was free ; if the father was a white man
and the mother a negress slave, the child was a slave also.

The laws passed by the colonial assembly had to do
chiefly with crime and punishment, with marriage, and with
restrictions upon movement and conduct. In 1700 a law
was passed which caused negroes to be tried in special
courts without juries. They continued to be so tried until
1780. By the same law they were punished somewhat dif-
ferently and somewhat more severely than white people.
In 1726 further regulations were made, the most important
of which had to do with marriage. The marriage of
negroes with white people was forbidden in the strongest
possible manner. If a white person married a negro, he
was to be fined thirty pounds, or sold as a servant for seven
years. If a free negro married a white person, he was to
be sold as a slave, that is for life. The clergyman who per-
formed the marriage was to pay one hundred pounds.

There were many minor regulations to which negroes
were subject. Without written permission they might not
go more than ten miles away from their masters' homes,
nor stay out after nine o'clock at night, nor go to tippling
houses. The penalty was ten lashes upon the bare back.

Some>of these regulations remained a dead letter. For
example negroes were forbidden to meet together in com-
panies of more than four. Now it is certain that in Phila-
delphia, particularly, great crowds of noisy negroes congre-
gating after dark, were a nuisance throughout the colonial
VOL. xxxv. — 10

146 Slavery in Colonial Pennsylvania.

period. "The Grand Inquest — do present — that Care may
be taken to Suppress the unruly Negroes of this City ac-
companying to gether on the first Day of the weeke, and
that they ma}r not be Suffered to walk the Streets in Com-
panys after it is Darke without their Masters Leave" — , says
the report of the grand jury for 1717. In 1741 complaint
is made of the " Concourse of Negroes," and the swearing,
fighting and disorder of negroes and other people. In the
same year complaint was made of the great numbers of
negroes who sat around the court house with their milk-
pails until late at night, and who committed many disorders
against the good government of the city.

For the graver crimes negroes were punished with hang-
ing, branding, or transportation ; for the lesser crimes with
whipping, where white men would have atoned with im-
prisonment or fine. If they offended their masters also they
might be punished by whipping. This the master might
administer himself, or he might have it given at the common
whipping-post, in which case he would send an order for so
and so many lashes. The story of Hodge's Cato told by
Watson in his Annals is familiar. Cato had committed some
trangression, so his master sent him to the jail with a writ-
ten order for a whipping. On the way he met another negro
of unimpeachable conduct, and feigning sickness, begged
him to carry the message. This the good Samaritan did?
and received a sound thrashing in consequence ; Cato mean-
while proceeding home in penitence and peace.

Masters might punish their slaves, but they were not al-
lowed to abuse their power. They might not torture them,
nor starve them, nor kill them. "Yesterday," says the
American Weekly Mercury for April 29, 1742, "at a Supream
Court held in this City, sentence of Death was passed upon
William Bullock, who was — Convicted of the Murder of his
Negro Slave." Both Peter Kalm and Benjamin Franklin
declare that a master who killed his slave was liable to the
death penalty; though Peter Kahn says that he does not
know of an instance where the sentence was carried out-

Slavery in Colonial Pennsylvania. 147

He observes, however, that a case having arisen, even the
magistrates secretly advised the guilty master to leave the
city, since if he remained he must certainly be put to death.
Perhaps the most frequent and troublesome offense which
negroes committed was running away. There is no doubt
that for the most part they were well treated, but they did
run away. They did not go off as frequently as white ser-
vants, but they left their masters almost as often as the
cooks and servants of nowadays. Nearly every colonial
newspaper contains advertisements for runaway slaves. Full
descriptions are given in order that they may be identified.
Most of the negroes had had the smallpox. Some had their
teeth notched. One advertiser warns his readers that the
runaway is a plausible liar, and may convince him that he
is a free negro. Many characteristic details are mentioned.
Mona is full of flattery. Cuff Dix ia fond of liquor. James
chews abundance of tobacco. Stephen has a "sower" coun-
tenance; Rachel a " remarkable austere countenance." Dick
is much bandy legged. Violet is pretty, lusty, and fat. The
clothes which they wear are carefully described. Cato had
on "two jackets, the uppermost a dark blue half thick, lined
with red flannel, the other a light blue homespun flannel
without lining, ozenbrigs shirt, old leather breeches, yarn
stockings, old shoes, and an old beaver hat." (Pennsylvania
Gazette, May 5, 1748.) A typical advertisement for runa-
ways, and one very interesting on its own account, is the
following: " RUN away on the 13th of September last from
Abraham Lincoln of Springfield in the County of Chester, a
Negro Man named Jack, about 30 Years of Age, low Stature,
speaks little or no English, has a Scar by the Corner of one
Eye, in the Form of a V, his Teeth notched, and the Top ol
one of his Fore Teeth broke : He had on when he went
away an old Hat, a grey Jacket partly like a Sailor's Jacket.
Whoever secures the said Negro, and brings him to his
Master, or to Mordecai Lincoln — shall have Twenty Shillings
Reward and reasonable Charges." (Pennsylvania Gazette,
October 15, 1730.) It was proved recently by Governor

148 Slavery in Colonial Pennsylvania.

Pennypacker that the Lineolns here mentioned were of the
family from which descended the great Abraham Lincoln.

Runaways were frequently caught by the local authorities,
who put them in jail, advertised for the masters to come and
get them, and kept them until the masters came, or if they
did not come, perhaps set them free.

For the most part the negro slaves of Pennsylvania were
treated very well. Every traveller and every observer bears
witness to this. Peter Kalm declares that they had as good
food as the white servants, and Hector St. John Crevecoeur
says as good as their masters. The advertisements for run-
aways show that they were well clothed, beyond a doubt.
The old household account books contain many items about
slaves' clothing. " To 1 pr Shoes for the negro — 6" (shill-
ings), says William Penn's Account Book for 1690. In 1764-
5 Thomas Penn spent 7/7/3 for shoes for his slaves. A bill
rendered by Christian Grafford to James Steel is as follows :
" Making old Holland Jeakit & breeches fit for your Negtro
0.3.0 Making 2 new Jeakits & 2 pair breeches of stripped
Linen for both your Negeromans 0.14.0 And also for little
Negero boy 0.4.0 Making 2 pair Leather breeches, 1 for
James Sanders & another for your Negroeman Zeason
0.13.0" (Pennsylvania Magazine, XXXIII, 121.) As slaves
in Pennsylvania were usually owned by well to do people
with large houses, who had moreover only a few negroes,
the slaves frequently lived in the same houses with their
masters. The average number held was from two to four,
though some of the colonists had many more. Jonathan
Dickinson of Philadelphia at one time had thirty-two.

For the most part they were employed as house servants
or farm hands, though a great many were engaged in trades
of various sorts. There were negro bakers, bricklayers,
carpenters, and shoemakers. Sometimes they were hired.
William Penn and John Wilson frequently did this. As a
rule, however, they are bought. The newspapers are filled
with advertisements of negroes for sale. Perhaps these
notices are not so trustworthy as when advertisers are try-

Slavery in Colonial Pennsylvania. 149

ing to find their runaway slaves, and are forced to tell the
truth to facilitate the identification. The following is an
excellent example: For sale "A likely young Negroe
Wench, who can cook and wash well, and do all Sorts of
House-work; and can from Experience, be recommended
both for her Honesty and Sobriety, having often been trusted
with the Keys of untold Money, and Liquors of various
Sorts, none of which she will taste. She is no Idler, Com-
pany-keeper or Gadder abroad. She has also a fine, hearty
young Child, not quite a Year old, which is the only Reason
for selling her, because her Mistress is very sickly, and can't
bear the Trouble of it." (Pennsylvania Gazette, April 2,
1761.)

When their work was over the negro slaves of Pennsyl-
vania seem to have had some time of their own, which they
were not too tired to enjoy. As always they were fond ot
music and singing. Frequently advertisements in the news-
papers say that a negro took his fiddle when he ran away.
Isaac Norris' Letter Book for 1719 contains the following :
" Thou Knowest Negro Peters Ingenuity In making for
himselt & playing on a fiddle wth out any assistance as ye
thing in ym is Innocent & diverting & may keep ym from
worse Employmt I have to Encourage in my Service promist
him one from Engld therefore buy & bring a good Strong
well made Violin wth 2 or 3 Sets of spare Gut for ye Suit-
able Strings get sombody of skill to Chuse & by it." Some-
times they were given holidays and allowed to go oft' on

visits. " our Negro woman got leave to visit her

children in Bucks County," says Christopher Marshall's
Remembrancer, and a week later, " this afternoon came home
our Negro woman Dinah." When fairs were held in Phila-
delphia as many as a thousand negroes sometimes gathered
together for carousal and barbaric rejoicing.

Many efforts were made to care for the religious welfare
of the slaves. It is said that Penn had a monthly meeting
established for them in 1700, and the Friends always took a
keen interest in this matter. The records of old Christ

150 Slavery in Colonial Pennsylvania.

Church show that many negroes were baptized, and some
were married there. When William Macclanechan visited
the city about 1760, he tells us that he called on " the Rev'd
Mr. Sturgeon, Catechist to the Negroes." Whitefield, who did
wonderful missionary work in Pennsylvania about 1740,
writes, " I believe near Fifty Negroes came to give me
Thanks, under God, for what has been done to their Souls —
Some of them have been effectually wrought upon, and
in an uncommon Manner." -Sometimes a negro preacher

appeared. " this afternoon," says Christopher Marshall

in 1779, "a Negro man from Cecil County maryland
preachd in orchard opposite to ours, there was Sundry
people, they said he spoke well for near an hour."

As to marriage there was considerable laxity, though
marriages were frequently performed. There was, however,
much care taken to prevent the separation of families. The
old bills of sale sometimes show that husband, wife, and
children were all purchased together. An advertisement in
the Pennsylvania Packet, August 22, 1778, says, " Wanted,
Four or Five Negro Men — if they have families, wives, or
children, all will be purchased together."

There is a great deal of evidence to show that negro
slaves in Pennsylvania were treated most kindly. When
sick they were nursed and cared for. The Penn Papers
contain many items about medical attendance for negroes.
A notice in Christopher Marshall's .Remembrancer is sug-
gestive : — " my Dear Companion — has really her hands full,
Cow to milk, breakfast to get, her Negro woman to bath,
give medicine, Cap up with flannels, as she is allways Sure
to be poorly when ye weather is cold, Snowy & Slabby.
its then She gives her Mistriss a deal of fatigue & trouble
in attending on her." When negroes were too old to work
they were generally provided for. Sometimes faithful slaves
were remembered in the masters' wills.

Hence it may be seen that slavery in Pennsylvania was
very mild. Indeed it was too mild to be perpetuated.
Whenever men and women can treat their slaves as the

Slavery in Colonial Pennsylvania. 151

people of Pennsylvania treated them, they are living in an
atmosphere inconsistent with the existence of slavery.
Nothing then can preserve slavery but paramount economic
needs. In Pennsylvania such considerations did not exist,
and slavery was doomed. In 1780 the State legislature
passed an act for gradual abolition. Pennsylvania has the
proud distinction of being the first of the States thus to
abolish slavery.

352 The West Collection.

THE WEST COLLECTION

OF THE

HISTOEICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

AN invitation was extended by the Historical Society of
Pennsylvania to its members and friends for Monday even-
ing, November 14, 1910, to attend an exhibition of its
unique collection of original portraits, sketches, studies, en-
gravings and manuscripts of Benjamin West, one of Penn-
sylvania's gifted sons and the American President of the
Royal Academy, London. Prior to the exhibition, Mr.
Charles Frederick Ramsey, Curator of the Academy of Fine
Arts, read a paper on " West as an Artist." Some estimate
of the extent and value of the collection may be formed
from the partial list which follows. The seven handsomely
bound, extra large folio volumes, illustrating Gait's Life of
West, were collected by the artist himself, and were acquired
from one of his descendants; they attracted much attention,
as did the portrait of West, by Sir Thomas Lawrence.

PORTRAITS IN OILS.

William Hamilton, of the " Woodlands," and Mrs. Lyle,
his niece ;

King George III. of England ;

Queen Charlotte;

Rev. William Smith, Provost of the University of Penn-
sylvania ;

Mrs. Thomas Hopkinson;

Hon. William Henry, of Lancaster, Penna., and his wife.

PORTRAITS AND PRINTS.

There are no less than 30 engraved portraits of West, at
different periods of his life, including the very rare one
published in 1768, and a fine impression of Lawrerison's
famous mezzotint, which is perhaps even rarer than the

The West Collection. 153

1768 portrait. Among the other engravers represented are
G. Dawe, J. Jenkins, H. Meyers, William Pether, William
Darton, P. Faloner, C. Jose, H. Cook, Thomas Holloway,
C. Heath, J. Fittler and C. Rolls.

The other portraits and prints number 350, and depict
West's friends and patrons, the great artists of the world,
and the places identified with West's residences and travels.

WEST'S ORIGINAL SKETCHES.

Two sketch books contain 110 figure drawings, among
them James Dove, the celebrated schoolmaster of Philadel-
phia, and there are 17 sketches in ink and colors, which
bear the artist's autograph, viz : " Lot," " Hope," " David,"
"Nest of Cupids," "Pharoah's daughter with the child
Moses," "The Rape of Proserpine," "The Captive," "A
sketch for the Demonias," " Christ Healing the Sick," "The
Resurrection," "The Tragic Muse," « Patus and Arria,"
and " The Angel at the Tomb." Besides these are 46 en-
gravings, after his greatest pictures, including a superb
colored impression of " The West Family." Here may be
also noted, West's own manuscript list of the subscribers
who received copies of prints of his picture "Death of
Nelson," engraved by James Heath.

WEST'S LETTERS AND MANUSCRIPTS.

This collection numbers over 300 letters and manuscripts,
in the handwriting of the artist, including original drafts
of several of his letters to King George III, unpublished
papers dealing with the Royal Academy and important par-
ticulars relative to his numerous pictures painted for the
Royal Family, nobility and clergy, and his payments to
Bartolozzi. A few selections follow. Draft of letters to
Sir Henry Englefield, Lieut. Gen. Turner, Marquis of Here-
ford, Col. McMahon, Lord Charles Bentinck, Rev. Mr.
Sevell, Uvedale Price, Henry Fauntleroy, Baron Denon,
Hon. William Wellesley-Pole, Sir John Fleming Leicester,
Rev. Dr. Charles Burney, Earl of Powis, Lord Clive, Sir

154 The West Collection.

George Beaumont, Lord Samuel Hood, Col. Sir Herbert
Taylor, Lady Jane Seymour, John S. Copley; recommenda-
tion of Borckhardt to the King ; on celebration of the 25th
anniversary of the Royal Academy ; on his portrait painted
by Sir Thomas Lawrence; and letter on his painting, " Death
on the Pale Horse."

Manuscripts : Works of Early Artists ; Account of the
visit of the Prince Regent to the Academy ; Catalogue of
Pictures and Drawings, with marginal notes ; To the Coun-
cil of the Royal Academy, 1803; Regarding distinctions
bestowed on him in Paris. List of invitations to the dinner
of Royal Academy; Notes regarding the expulsion of
James Barry from the Academy; Addresses before the
Royal Academy 1811, to the students in 1803, and on pres-
entation of the Gold Medal in 1803 ; Remarks on Historical
Painting; Bank and Check books Coutt's Bank, 1790-
1804. West's original Catalogue, which contains full par-
ticulars of his 173 pictures and original drawings, which
were offered to the United States, after the artist's death.

LETTERS TO WEST.

The majority of the 532 autograph letters in the bound
volumes, are written by distinguished and prominent per-
sons of the reigns of George II and George III to West;
all have been catalogued. A few may be mentioned:
Duke of Bedford, Sir Thomas Lawrence, Lord Mulgrave,
Sir Joseph Banks, Henry Hamilton, Lord Charles Bentinck,
Lord Bridgewater, Lord Elgin, Lord Palmerston, Duke of
Devonshire, Marquis of Straftbrd, Baron Bretford, Major
Gen. Benjamim Bloomfield, Michael Torcia, Henrietta
Walsby, Dr. John Morgan, William Carey, Mrs. Hunt,
John MacLeod, Francisco Boldini, Samuel Coates in be-
half of the Managers of the Pennsylvania Hospital, Sir
Henry Englefield, Rev. William Holwell Carr, Richard
Golding, Thomas Heaphey, Thomas Allwood, C. Rich,
Capt. John Pasco, Henry Hope, Noel Joseph Desenfans,
Thomas Sully, Mrs. de Lutherbourg, Hon Sandys, M. Cos-

The West Collection. 155

way, and Academy of St. Luke, Rome, notifying West of
his election to membership, 1816.

AUTOGRAPH LETTERS AND DOCUMENTS.

Commencing with Royalty, there are many letters of
George III and his consort Queen Charlotte, also of George
II, George IV, William IV, and Edward Duke of Kent;
James, "the Old Pretender," Catherine "the Great," ot
Russia ; Louis XIV, Louis XV, Louis XVI and Napoleon I ;
Charles V, « Emperor of the West," Queen Isabella, and
Lorenzo de Medicis, " the Magnificent."

Among the artists' autographs, are superb letters of
Poussin and his great contemporary Salvador Rosa, and of
more recent date, Sir Christopher Wren, Reynolds, Harlow,
Lawrence and Flaxman.

The collection of autograph letters and documents signed
by famous men, is very large and important. It comprises
among others, William Penn, Franklin, Washington, Burke,
Lord Chatham, Lord Howe, John Wilkes, Hunter (the
great surgeon), Fox, Pitt, Spencer, Perceval, Wellington,
Earl of Marshmont, Duke of Newcastle, Lord North, Earl
Nugent, Sir Robert Peel, Duke of Portland, Marquis of
Rockingham, Earl of Rosslyn, Lord Shelburne, Lord
Stowell, Duke of Grafton, Lord Grantham, Prince Hoare,
Earl Howe, Earl of Aberdeen, Earl of Fife, Lord Amherst,
Viscount Harrington, Duke of Buckingham, Earl of Liver-
pool, Earl of Carlisle, Sir Charles Manners, Sir John Cav-
endish, Sir Walter Scott, Sir John Dick, Sir Francis Baring,
Sir Charles Manners Sutton, Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt; Arch-
bishop of Canterbury, Thomas, Lord Bishop of Oxford,
Richard, Bishop of Peterborough, Bishop of Worcester,
Bishop of Exeter; Cardinal Callicola, Cardinal Colanne,
Cardinal Alersandro, John Vanderlyn to Washington Alls-
ton, Philip Van Der Zee, John Glynn, and Gavin Hamilton.

Finally, receipt for the funeral expenses of West, £696 . . ;
admission tickets to Royal Academy ; account of the daily
receipts for exhibition Royal Academy, June and July, 1814.

156 General Mulilenberg' s Orderly Bool:, 1777.

ORDERLY BOOK OF GEN. JOHN PETER GABRIEL
MUHLENBERG, MARCH 26-DECEMBER 20, 1777.

(Continued from page 89.)

HEAD QUARTERS Octr 23d 1777.

Major Gen1 for tomorrow . . . Stephen

Brigadier Woodford

Field Officers . Col. Sumner Major Miller

Brigade Major Parker

Field Officer for Piquet . . . Major Ball

The Waggon Master Gen1 is immediately to make a re-
turn of the Waggons with the army, therein shewing par-
ticularly the Uses to which they are applied and the Divisions
and Brigades in which they are employed. The Gen1 Court
Martial of Horse which was to have set yesterday, is to sit
tomorrow morning at 9 o'clock at the President's Quarters,
and if a sufficient number of Members cannot then be as-
sembled, the President is to take the first opportunity,
when the Horse are Collected, to notify the Members of the
Court and the parties in any Cases which can come before
them, to assemble at such place as he shall appoint.

After Orders.

The Gen1 Court Martial of which Col. Grayson is Presi-
dent, is to sit tomorrow morning at 9 o'clock at the Qr
Mas' Gen18 Quarters.

G. O. HEAD QUARTERS WHITEPAIN Oct. 24th 77.

Major Gen1 for tomorrow . . . Sullivan

Brigadier Varnurn

Field Officers . Col. Prentice, L* Col. Weltner

Brigade Major Alden

Field Officer for Piquet . . L* Col. Pope

General Muhlenb erg's Orderly Book, 1777. 157

Many abuses having been committed in impressing horses
for the Army, the Commander in Chief positively orders
that, hence forward, no horses be impress'd by any Member
of the Army, without an Order from the Qr. Mr. Gen. or
one of his Deputies or assistants, or a special Order from the
Commander in Chief. The Brigade Qr Mrs are to make re-
turn tomorrow afternoon at 5 o'clock of all the riding and
Bat Horses used in their respective Brigades, and the Per-
sons and their Rank in whose service they are used. A
Gen1 Court Martial whereof Gen1 Sullivan is appointed
President, is to sit tomorrow morning at 9 o'clock at the
President's Quarters, for the Trial of Brigr Gen1 Wayne
upon the charge against him, that he had timely notice
of the Enemy's intention, to attack the Troops under his
Command on the night of the 20th ult, and notwithstand-
ing that intelligence, neglected making a disposition until 1
it was too late, either to annoy the Enemy, or make a re-
treat without the utmost danger and Confusion. GenP
Muhlenburg, Weedon, Conway & Huntingdon; Col8 Ste-
phens, Dayton, McClenachant Stewart, and Bradley, Davis,
Dehart and Thackston, are appointed members of this Court.
A Return is to be made of swords wanting in the Brigade
of Horse, as defficiences may now be supplied.

Altho5 the Entcrprize under Gen1 McDougall prov'd fruit-
less, by reason of the Enemy's having abandoned the Post
intended to have been attack'd, yet, the Commr in Chief
returns his thanks, due to the Officers and Men detach'd for
that purpose, who two nights successively cross'd and re-
cross'd the Schulkill, and to those also under Gen1 Sullivan's
and Green's who were designed to facilitate Gen1 McDou-
gal's operations, for the Fortitude and chearfulness with
which they went thro' the night march and Fatigue, which
occured in the Expedition. A Flag will go into the Enemy
tomorrow at 10 o'clock, such Person's as have anything to
send their Friends, are to have them at Head Quarters by
that time.

G. A. O. The Court Martial for the Trial of Gen1 Wayne,
is call'd at his own request.

158 General Mulilenb erg's Orderly Book, 1777.

G. O. HEAD QUARTERS Oetr 25th 1777.

Major Gen1 for tomorrow . . . Stephen

Brigadier Woodford

Field Officers . Col. Lawson Major Slait

Brigade Major Williams

Field Officer for Piquet . . . Major Scull

The intention of a Certificate upon Pay abstracts under
the Hands of the Brigadiers, was that the truth of them
should be made apparent upon a Comparison with the
Weekly returns, and unless the Brigadiers make such com-
parisons, the signing their names is but an empty form.
The Commander in Chief therefore requires, that hence-
forward, the Brig" or Officers Commanding Brigades that
are without Brigad", carefully compare the Pay Abstracts
with the weekly returns, before they make a Certificate of
them. The Commr in Chief orders that a weekly return be
made of each Brigade to morrow morning at 10 o'clock
without tail. The returns to be made with all possible
exactness, and of those Men return'd on Command, their
respective Commands and the number on each are to be
pointed out. The Gen1 will look to the Brigadiers or Officers
Commg Brigades for the Punctual Compliance with this
Order.

The Commander in Chief approves the following Sen-
tence of a Court Martial held the 14th and 15th Ins* whereof
Col. Broadhead was President, and orders them to be put in
Execution immediately.

L* ISTathan Ferris, of Col. Swift's Reg1 charg'd with being
drunk and incapable of doing his duty, when the Army en-
gag'd the Enemy on the 4th ins*, was found guilty and sen-
ten c'd to be Cashier'd. L* Joseph Fish of Col. Durkee's
Reg*, charg'd with leaving the Plattoon and Reg* he belong'd
to while on the March toward the Enemy on the night of
the 3d ins*., and also with being disguised much with Liquor,
was acquited of the first charge and found guilty of being
much disguised with Liquor, and sentenc'd therefore to be
reprimanded by the Brigadr Gen1 in the presence of the
Officers of the Brigade.

General Muhlenberg's Orderly Book, 1777. 159

The Gen1 again Congratulates our Troops on the Success
of our Arms. On Wednesday last, a Body of about 1200
Hessians, under the Command of Count Donop, made an
attack on Fort Mercer, at Red Bank, and after an Action
of 40 Minutes were repulsed wth great loss. Count Donop
himself is wounded and taken Prisoner, together with his
Brigade Major and about 100 other Officers and Soldiers,
and about 100 were left dead on the Field; and as they car-
ried off many of their wounded, their whole loss is probably
at least 400 ; our loss was trifling, the Kill'd and wounded
amounting only to about 32. The next morning a number
of the Enemy's Ships came up and attack'd Fort Mifflin &
the Gallies and after a severe Canonade of several Hours,
the Ships thought proper to retire, but in retiring a 64 Gun
Ship and a Frigate run aground and were burned.

After Orders. HEAD QUARTERS Octr 25th 1777.

The Court of enquirey of which Gen1 Greene is Presi-
dent, is to sit tomorrow morning at 9 o'clock at the
President's Quarters to enquire into the Conduct of Major
Gen1 Stephens on the march from the Cove to Schulkill
Falls, in the action of the 11th of Sepr last on the Brandy-
wine, and more especially in the Action of the 4th Ins* at
and about German Town, on which occasion he is charg'd
with Acting unlike an Officer. Also into the charges
against him for Drunkeness or drinking so much as to act
frequently in a Manner unworthy the character of an Officer.

TlMY PlCKERIxXG A. G1.

G. 0.

HEAD QUARTERS UPPER DUBLIN TOWNSHIP Octr 26th 1777.

Major Gen1 for tomorrow .... Green

Brigadier Maxwell

Field Officers Col. Browne Major Sedgwick

Brigade Major Mullens

Field Officer for Piquet . . Major Sneed

160 General NuMenberg's Orderly Book, 1777.

The Court of enquirey of which Gen1 Greene was Presi-
dent, relative to the Complaints against Gen1 Maxwell, report
their opinion as follows, Viz. The Court of Enquirey hav-
ing fully enquired into the Complaints exhibited by L* Col.
Heath against Brigr Gen1 Maxwell, whilst Commanding the
Light Corps, are clearly of Opinion that they are without
foundation, saving that it appears he was once during said
time disguised in Liquor in such a Manner as to disqualify
him in some Measure (but not fully) from doing his duty ;
and that once or twice besides, his Spirits were a little ele-
vated by Spirituous Liquors.

The Court submits it to his Excellency's better judgment,
whether Gen1 Maxwell from these instances of deviation
ought to be subjected to a Tryal by Court Martial. The
Commr in Chief directs that the Gen1 Court Martial of
which Gen1 Sullivan is President, as soon as the tryal before
them is finish'd, proceed to the tryal of Brigr Gen1 Maxwell,
upon the Complaints refer'd to in the foregoing Report.
The Commr in Chief approves the following Sentences of a
Gen1 Court Martial of which Col. Broadhead is President,
held the 17kh 18 and 19th ins*, and orders they be put in exe-
cution forthwith, Viz : L* Col. John Maxharm of the 8th
Virga Reg* charged with having left the Regiment in time
of Action on the 4th ins*, & Also on the retreat of the same
day, and also charged with delay when order'd to support
the advanc'd Guard, was by the unanimous Opinion of the
Court found guilty of the charge exhibited against him, and
Sentenc'd to be Cashiered. Cap* McCormick of the 13th
Virga Reg* charg'd with laying down in Time of Action and
behaving in a Cowardly and unofficer like manner, was ac-
quitted with Honour. L* Crane of the 5th Virga Reg1 charg'd
with disobedience of orders, also with breaking his arrest,
was acquitted by the Unanimous opinion of the Court.

L* Thomas More, of Cap* Harrison's Comp* in the 13th
Virgft Reg*, charg'd with encouraging the Men to breed a
Mutiny and otherwise behaving unbecoming the character

General Muhlenberg's Orderly Bool; 1777. 161

of a Gentleman or Officer, was acquitted. Thomas Roch, a
Mattross in Cap* Serjeants Company, in Col. Cranes Reg*
of Artillery, charg'd with desertion and attempting to go
to the Enemy. The Court are unanimously of opinion the
Prisoner is guilty of the Charges against him, and do unan-
imously sentence him to suffer death. This sentence is to
be executed tomorrow at 12 o'clock near the Artillery Park;
60 men with officers of each Brigade are to attend the
Execution.

G. O. HEAD QUARTERS 27th Octr 1777.

Major Gen1 for tomorrow Sullivan

Brigadier Scott

Field Officers . L* Col. Bluford L< Col. Patten

Brigade Major Hitchcock

Field Officer for Piquet Major German Battalion.

Such Regimental Pay Masters as have not already recd
the Pay for their Regt8 for the Month of August last, are
immedly to apply to the Pay Master General for the same ;
they are also to bring in their abstracts for the Month of
Sepr, and to take particular notice that all Officers or Men
who have been made Prisoners, or are missing, are to be
made up, in the Company Rolls to the time they were made
prisoners or missing, and no longer. The Pay Masters who
have already deliver'd their Pay Rolls, are to call on the
Pay Master Gen1 for the same, and regulate them agreeable
to this Order. They are also at the same time to lodge
with him lists of the Prisoners specifying their Ranks.

Advertisement.

A Young likely Bay Horse, branded 0. G. on the left
thigh, belonging to Ll Col. Smith, the Depy Adj' Gen1, has
been missing since the Action of the 4th Ins* whoever has
her in possession, or can give information Concerning her, is
earnestly requested to send her, or give such information
to the Adj' Gen1.

VOL. xxxv. — 11

162 General Mulilenberg's Orderly Book, 1777.

G. O. HEAD QUARTERS 28th Ocf 1777

Parole C. Sign

Major Gen1 for tomorrow . . . Stephen

Brigadier Wayne

Field Officers . Col. Ogden L* Col. Little

Brigade Major McGowan

Field Officer for Piquet . . Major Ross.

The Honourable Congress have been pleased to promote
Brigadier Gen1 Rob* Howe and Alexander McDougall to the
Ranks of Major Gen18 in the Service of the United States.
The Ranks of the Captains and Subalterns in Col. Malcom's
Reg* are to be establish'd as settled the 19th Ins* by Colonels
Ogden, Spencer and Ll Col. Brearty :

Cap1 M°Gowen is appointed to do the duty of Brigade
Major in the Brigade late Dehart's and is to be respected
as such.

Advertisement.

Was found with a Soldier in Col° Chamber's Reg* in
Gen1 Wayne's Division, a Silver Watch, any person describ-
ing it's marks may have it by applying to Henry McCor-
mick Adj* in said Reg*.

G. 0. HEAD QUARTERS 29th Octr 1777

Parole C. Sign

Major Gen1 for tomorrow . . . Sullivan

Brigadier Smallwood

Field Officers . I/ Col. Rhea Major West

Field Officer for Piquet Major Smith of 5th Maryland Reg*

Brigade Major Johnston

The Seamen inturn'd in Gen1 Muhlenburg's, Weedon's,
Woodford's, Scotts, 2 Maryland and McDougall's Brigades,
are to have by them 3 Days provisions ready Cook'd and
hold themselves in readiness to march at the shortest notice

General Mulilenberg's Orderly Boole, 1777. 163'

After Orders.

The Ammunition of each Brigade is to be inspected with-
out delay, and reports of the state of it immediately to be
made.

G. O. HEAD QUARTERS 30th Octr 1777

Parole. C. Sign.

Major Gen1 for tomorrow . . . Greene

Brigadier Huntingdon

Field Officers . L< Col. Simms L< Col. Grien
Field Officer for Piquet . Major Harmer
Brigade Major ....... Day.

Detail the same as order'd the 29th ins* save that the last
six Brigades are to furnish Captains instead of the Former.

The Brigadiers and Officers Commanding Brigades, are
without loss of Time, to cause the Arms and Ammunition
of their Men to be put in the best Order, if proper Care be
taken, Cartridges that are somewhat damp may be dried
and fitted for use. The Seamen in the six Brigades, named
in Yesterdays Orders, are to parade this forenoon at ten
o'clock in front of Gen1 Varnum's Brigade, with everything
belonging to them & provisions ready to march ; the Execu-
tion of Thomas Roch is respited till tomorrow. Such Arms
as are loaded and Cannot be drawn are to be discharg'd
under Direction of the Officers, this afternoon at 4 o'clock,
but no pains are to be spared to draw all such as will pos-
sibly admit of it. Divers Horses and Cattle having been
brought off by the Detachments under Gen1 M°Dougall,
which lately cross'd the Schulkill, the Persons who had or
have them in possession, are to report them immediately to
the Quarter Masr Gen1.

Returns of the Sick to go to the Gen1 Hospital are to
be made tomorrow morning to the Surgeon Gen1 at Col.
Biddies Qrs ; a sufficient number of Camp Kettles are to be
sent with the sick. Those persons whose Cases are very
bad, are to be sent immediately to the Quaker's Meeting

164 General Muhlenberg's Orderly Book, 1777.

House, at the 20 Mile Stone on the North Wales Road,
where the Surgeons of the Hospital will receive them. The
Arms of the sick are to be left under care of the Reg1 Qr
Masrs, who are to Deliver them to the Commissary of Mili-
tary Stores. A few orderly Men are to go with the Sick to
the Quaker's Meeting House, proportion'd to the number
of the sick. The Command' in Chief approves the follow8
Sentence of a Gen1 Court Martial held the 13th Ins* of which
Col. Broadhead was President, Viz : Col. Alexander Martin
of the 2d North Carolina Battalion, arrested for Cowardice,
was acquitt'd of the charge. He is therefore discharg'd
from his arrest.

Advertisement.

Stray'd, a bay Mare about 14 Hands high, branded on
the near Buttock F. R. Y.; whoever will deliver her to
Henry Fry in the Culpepper Battalion, in Gen1 Smallwoods
Division of Militia, shall receive Ten Dollars reward.

HEAD QUARTERS Octr 31st 1777.

Major Gen1 for tomorrow . . . Stephens

Brigadier Con way

Field Officers Col. Martin of North Carolina
Brigade Major . . . . . Bloomfield
Field Officer for Piquet . . . Major Smith
Brigade Major Peers.

Richard Platt and Ranold Stephen McDougall Esqrs are
appointed Aids du Camp to Major Gen1 McDougall, and are
to be respected as such.

The Deputy Qr Master Generals are to make a return to
the Qr Master Gen18 Office of all the Equipage, Stores,
Waggons &c in their respective Divisions. The returns to
be made tomorrow morning at 9 o'clock. The Commr in
Chief approves the following Sentences of a Gen1 Court
Martial of the Brigade of Horse, held the 24th inst. of wch
disobedience of the Orders of Count Pulaskie, a cowardly

General Muklenberg's Orderly Book, 1777. 165

and ungentleman like manner in striking Mr Zielinske, a
Gentleman and an Officer in the Polish Service, when dis-
arm'd and putting him under Guard, and giving irritating
Language to Gen1 Pulaskie. The Court were of opinion
that Col. Moyland was not guilty and therefore acquitted
him of the Charges exhibited against him. Col. Moyland
is Discharg'd from his arrest. Archer Hinly a private of
Colonel Bland's Reg1 charged with plundering Wm Law-
rence, was found guilty and sentenc'd to run the Gauntlet
thro' a Detachment of 50 of the Brigade of Horse. Judah
Ludley a private in Cap1 Tallmage's Troop of Col. Sheldon's
Reg1, charg'd with extorting Money from John Thomson,
and also for refusing to give himself up and attempting to
escape from Capt. Richard and Francis Taylor, and attempt-
ing to draw his sword to keep them off, was found guilty
and sentenc'd to run the Gauntlet thro' a Detachment of
the Brg ot Horse consisting of 200 Men. William Patter-
son a private in Col. Sheldon's Reg* charg'd with plundering
Wm. Lawrence was found guilty and sentenc'd to run the
Gauntlet thro' a Detachm1 of 50 Men of the Brigade of
Horse. Some doubt having arisen with regard to the Order
of Promotions, The Commr in Chief thinks it expedient
again to declare, that Promotions shall be regimental as
high as the Ranks of Captains inclusively, all from that
Rank in the Line of the State, but nevertheless to such ex-
ceptions as merit or un worthiness shall render just and
proper, agreeable to the General Orders formerly issued at
Middle Brook on that head.

Advertisement.

Stray'd from Gen1 Weedon's Brigade the 25th ins*, a bright
bay Horse, about 13 Hands 3 inches high, with a few large
Saddle Spots on each side his Back, part of his right fore
foot white, and very thin tail. A Reward of Twenty Dollars
will be given to any Person who will deliver him to Willm
Sanford Cap* 2d Virginia Reg1.

Lost on Tuesday 28th Ins* in or near the Present Encamp-

166 General Muhleiiberg' s Orderly Bool;, 111 '7.

ment, a small single Cas'd Silver Watch, with a China Face
and Gold Hands, winds up on the face side, steel chain with
a Curtain Hook, and a streight Key; whoever brings the sd
Watch to Col. William Richardson's Quarters, in Gen1 Sul-
livan's Division, shall have 16 Dollars reward.

Eight Dollars Reward.

Was taken out of the Subscriber's Tent last night, a large
Rose Blanket; whoever will bring the said Blanket to me,
shall receive the above Reward.

ROBT SMITH, 5th class Philada Militia.

P. S. it is requested that if the Blanket is brought to a
Taylor to be cut up, he may stop it.

G. O. HEAD QUARTERS Novr 1st 1777

Major Gen1 for tomorrow . . . Sullivan

Brigadier Wayne

Field Officers . Col. Lamb L* Col. Hubley
Field Officer for Piquet . . Major Buchart
Brigade Major Williams

Detail the same as Yesterday, only the other six Brigades
furnish Captains yesterday, & the North Carolina Brigade
is to furnish 15 instead of 26 privates. The Commissary's
are directed to take all the Liquors in the hands of the
Suttlers at a reasonable price if they can agree, and if they
cannot, the Suttlers are to carry them away, and no Suttler
shall be allow'd to Continue in Camp, after the 5th Ins'.

A Gen1 Court Martial of which Gen1 Sullivan was Presi-
dent, was held the 25th, 26th, 27th and 30th of Octr last, for the
tryal of Gen1 Wayne on the following charge, Viz6 : " that
he had timely notice of the Enemy's intention's to attack
the Troops under his Commd on the night of the 20th Sepe
last, and notwithstanding that intelligence, neglected mak-
ing a Disposition, untill it was too late either to Annoy the
Enemy or Make a retreat without the utmost danger &

General MuhUnbergs Orderly Bool:, 1777. 167

confusion." Upon which the Court pronounce their Sen-
tence as follows :

The Court having fully consider'd the Charge against
B. G. Wayne, and the Evidence produc'd to them, are unani-
mously of Opinion, that Gen1 Wayne is not guilty of the
Charge exhibited against him, but that he on the night of
the 20th Ult, that is of Sepr last, did everything that could
be expected from an Active, brave and Vigilant Officer un-
der the orders he then had ; the Court do Acquitt him with
the Highest Honour. The Commander in Chief approves
the Sentence. The Court Martial of which Col. Bland was
President is dissolv'd.

Henceforward whenever any non Commiss* Officers or
Soldiers shall be Confined for Crimes not triable, by a Reg1
Court Martial, the Brigadiers or Officers commanding Bri-
gades, are without delay to order Court Martials to try them,
and the sentences of such Courts they are to approve or dis-
approve, as to them shall appear just, and cause them to be
executed, except only where the Prisoners are sentenc'd to
suffer Death. As an encouragement to all Persons to take
up and bring to Head Quarters any Deserters from the
Continental Army, the Commr in Chief hereby promises a
reward of Ten Dollars for each Deserter so taken and
brought in, besides one shilling a mile for every mile they
travell, to be Computed from the Place where he is taken
to Camp; this Bounty and Mileage to be paid to all non
Conimissd Officers and Privates who bring in Deserters, as
well as to the Inhabitants of the States. Many reasons have
concurred to induce the Commr in Chief to extend mercy
to Tho8 Roch now under sentence of Death for desertion,
and to grant him his pardon, which is hereby declar'd, he
is to return to his Corps immediately. The Commr in Chief
expecting that by his future good behaviour, he will attone
for his past Crimes and shew himself worthy of this act of
Clemency. A Detachment of 400 Men, with a proportion
of Officers, are to parade tomorrow morning at sun rise at
the Grand Parade ; 30 Light Dragoons are to parade at the

168 General Muhlenberg's Orderly Book, 1777.

same time and place. Detail the same as for Piquet; Col.
Parker, Ll Col. Nicholas and Major Menbys are the Field
Officers to Command this Party.

A. 0.

The Army is to march tomorrow morning with all the
Baggage, the right wing down the Skippack Road in this
Order from the left :

Gen1 Waynes Division
Gen1 Sullivan
Lord Stirling

Park of Artillery and Waggons of that Wing in the order
of the Division.

The left wing down the Road on which Gen1 Greene is
encamp'd, in this order :

Gen1 McDougall's
Gen1 Greene's
Gen1 Stephens

Waggons in the Order of the Division.

The left Wing to march by the right, the North Carolina
Brigade to march with Gen1 MeDougairs Division and be
consider'd as part of it; during the absence of Gen1 Var-
nums Brig6, the Horse are to be divided, half marching at
the Head of each Column ; the leading Divisions will beat
a March when they move, to be followed by the other
Divisions in their Order. Gen1 Irviues Brigade to follow
the right wing, and Gen1 Smallwood's Division the left wing.

HEAD QUARTERS Novr 2d 1777 (WHITE MARSH).

Major Gen1 for tomorrow .... Greene

Brigadier Gen1 Irvine

Field Officers Col. Broadhead L< Col. Innis

Brigade Major Mullins

Field Officer for Piquet . . . Major Polk

General Muhlenberg's Orderly Book, 1777. 169

Detail the same as yesterday, only the North Carolina
Brigade gives no Men. Each Division is to open a Eoad
into the best and nearest main Road, leading into the Coun-
try, by which the Waggon's and Troops may move with the
greatest ease and Dispatch. The Commr in Chief relies
upon the Officers Commanding Divisions, to see this neces-
sary Work, perform 'd as soon as possible. The Waggons
are to be drawn up regularly in the best order for moving
and every Night the Horses are to be tied to the Waggons
and geer'd every Morning at daylight. The Division and
Brigade Qr Masters are to provide Straw for the Troops,
taking none that is not thresh'd, but the Men will Collect
what leaves they can for the same end.

The Gen1 Court Martial of which Gen1 Sullivan is Presi-
dent, is to sit tomorrow morning at 9 o'clock at the Presi-
dent's Quarters for the Trial of Major Gen1 Stephen upon
the Charges exhibited against him. The delay that may
arise from the appointmt of new Members & the impractica-
bility of changing the Gen1 Officers, without introducing
those who already have been on the Court of Enquirey, rel-
ative to the same Charges, renders it necessary that the trial
should be before the same Court.

HEAD QUARTERS Novr 3d 1777..

Major Gen1 for tomorrow . . McDougall

Brigadier Scott

Field Officers Col. Marshall L< Col. Butler

Field Officer for Piquet

Brigade Major McGowen

The Officers and Men are by no means to be absent from
Camp. Provisions for to-day and tomorrow are to be drawn
& Cook'd immediately, and everything held in readiness for
marching at the Shortest notice. The Brigadier's and Offi-
cers Commg Brigades, are without loss of time to provide
themselves each wth a guide well acquainted with the neigh-
bouring Country. The Waggons are to be in the rear of

170 General Muhleul erg's Orderly Book, 1777.

their respective Divisions and kept ready to move as di-
rected in Yesterday's Orders.

The Quarter Masters are to cause Necessaries to be made
for the Convenience of each Brigade. The Col. of each
Reg1 of Horse, is to make a Return of the number and con-
dition of his horses and Furniture, and of the Arms and ac-
coutrements of his Men ; the returns to be made & deliver'd
in tomorrow forenoon without fail. Detail the same as last
order'd, except that the two Maryland Brigades & Muhlen-
burg's, Weedon's, Woodford's & Scotts' each furnish Cap-
tains. The Post Office is kept at Edward Hopkins's near
Farmer's Mills by the Great Bridge, the Post Master has
paper to sell at the Price he gave for it.

HEAD QUARTERS WHITE MARSH ISTovr 4th 1777.

Major Gen1 for tomorrow .... Sullivan

Brigadier Woodford

Field Officers . Col. Hogan Major Taylor
Brigade Major Mennis

Detail the same as Yesterday.

A Gen1 Court Martial of which Gen1 Sullivan was Presi-
dent was held the 30th Octr last and the two following Days
for the trial of Brigr General Maxwell, on the following
charge, " That he was once during the time he commanded
the light Troops, disguis'd with Liquor in such a manner as
to disqualify him in some measure, but not fully, from doing
his Duty, and that once or twice besides his Spirits were a
little elevated with Liquor," upon which the Court pro-
nounc'd sentence as follows :

The Court having Consider'd the Charges & evidence are
of opinion that Brigr Gen1 Maxwell, while he Commanded
the light Troops was not at any time disguised with Liquor
so as to disqualify him, in any measure from doing his duty;
they do therefore acquit him of the Charge. The Pay
Master's Quarters is at Nathan Cleaver's, in the Rear of
Gen1 Stephen's Division.

General Mulilenberg' s Orderly Book, 1777. 171

G. A. O. Nov*. 4th 1777.

Each Brigade to furnish a Fatigue party the same as to
Day, to Compleat the Abatees, the Brigade Qr Master's are
directed to apply to the Qr Masr Gen1 for Axes for the
Briga8.

HEAD QUARTERS WHITE MARSH Nov.r 5th 1777

Major Gen1 for tomorrow .... Greene

Brigadier Wayne

Field Officers Col. David Hall I/ Col. Farmer
Brigade Major Parker

The independant Company commanded by Cap* Weaver,
is to be annexed to, and do duty with the 10th Pennsylv*
Reg' till further orders. A dispute having arisen relative
to certain Men enlisted by Mr Nelson now doing duty in
the 7th Pennsylva Reg1, A Court of Enquirey is to examine
into the Matter and report their opinion, whether those
Men should remain as they are or be transferred to the 9th
Pennsylv Reg* for which Reg1 it is said they were enlisted.
A Field Officer and Captain from Maxwell's Brigade and 1
Field Officer from Col. Humpton's Brigade are to Compose
the Court, which is to sit tomorrow morning at 9 o'clock,
at L' Col. Brearly's Quarters, who is to be one of the
Members.

It is expected by the Commr in Chief that all intelligence
from the Enemy's Lines which may come to the knowledge
of any Officer and bears the Marks of Authority, will be
immediately communicated to him or the Major Gen1 of the
Day, who will, if the cause requires it, give immediate in-
formation thereof.

Officers Commanding at out Posts are to receive & obtain
all passes, which are given merely for the Purpose of pass-
ing them, lest they should be put to an improper use. Since
the Gen1 left German Town in the middle of Sepr last, he
has been without his Baggage, and on that account, is unable
to receive Company in the Manner he could wish, he never-

172 General Mulilenberg's Orderly Book, 1777.

theless desires the Genl8 Field Officers and Brigade Major
of the Day to dine with him in future. At 3 o'clock. A
Detachment of 370 Men properly Officer 'd is to parade to-
morrow morning at sun rise on the grand parade. The
detail is the same as for the daily Guards. Detail the same
as Yesterday. Col. Russell, Ll Col. Mead and Major Sill
are to Command the detachment.

HEAD QUARTERS WHITE MARSH Novr 8th 1777

Major Gen1 for tomorrow .... Greene

Brigadier Woodford

Field Officers L< Col. Davis, Major of 10th Pennsy* Reg*

Brigade Major of Scotts Brigade

Detail the same as Yesterday, only the two Maryland and
four Virginia Brigades, furnish Captains, in the room of
those who gave them Yesterday.

The service requiring that the Men be ready to March on
the Shortest notice, the Officers Commg Brigades and Corps,
are to he particularly careful to keep their Men constantly
Supplied with two Days Provisions on hand, to make the
more dispatch in the trial of Officers under arrest ; Brigade
Gen1 Court Martials are to be held without delay, for the
trial of all such officers, as shall apply to the Brigadiers or
Officers Commg Brigades for tryal before those Courts.

The Commr in Chief Approves of the Sentence of the
Gen1 Court Martial, relative to Brigr Gen1 Maxwell, pub-
lished in Gen1 Orders of the 4th inst, but thro' mistake that
approbation was not inserted.

HEAD QUARTERS WHITE MARSH Novr 9th 1.777.

Major Gen1 for to-morrow . . Sullivan

Brigadier Gen1 Maxwell

Field Officers L* Col. Powell Major Harman
Brigade Major Day

Detail the same as Yesterday. Nicholas Vancortland
Esqr is appointed Aid du Camp to Major Gen1 Sullivan, is

General Muhlenberg's Orderly Book, 1777. 173

to be respected as such. Cap* Peter Bryan Brewin Esq.r is
appointed Volunteer Aid du Camp to Major Gen1 Sullivan,
and is to be respected as such.

One Piece of Cannon at Gen1 Irvine's Brigade is to be
discharg'd this afternoon at 4 o'clock, it being found un-
practicable to draw the charge. All the Waggons which
can be emptied without great inconvenience, are to be got
ready in the several Brigades and assemble this day at such
place and hour, as the Forrage Master Gen1 shall direct,
and be dispos'd of by him. The Brigadiers and Officers
Command8 Brigades are with as much dispatch as possible,
to have their Brigades paraded, and from their own Obser-
vation take an account of the Articles of Cloathing indis-
pensibly necessary for the men.

Many of the men mount guard daily who make a very
unsoldier like appearance, the Adj'ts and Brigade Majors
will be respectively answerable that henceforward they
bring no Man to the Parade whose appearance is not as
decent as his Circumstances will permit, having his beard
shaved, hair comb'd, face wash'd and clothes put on in the
best manner in his power.

Cap1 Craig, of Col. Moyland's Reg4, with his Party of
Horse has taken 7 British Dragoons and 7 Soldiers with
their horses, Arms and Accoutrements, the Gen1 desires
Cap1 Craig, Cap1 Lee and the other Officers who have dis-
tinguish'd themselves, will accept his cordial thanks for the
enterpriz8 Spirit and bravery they have exhibited in harras-
sing and making Captives of the Enemy.

All the Gen1 Officers in Camp are to assemb1 at 10
o'clock tomorrow in the forenoon at Gen1 Greens' to settle
the Rations. The Gen1 Officers will attend this in prefer-
ence to any other Duty and make report as soon as they
have finish'd it. A Detachment of 370 men are to Parade
on the grand Parade precisely at 3 o'clock tomorrow morn-
ing, with their arms & accoutrements, and one Days pro-
visions Cook'd. The Brigade Majors will have their men
turned out and see that everything be in order this after-

374 General Muhlenlerg's Orderly Bool', 1777.

noon, and parade them tomorrow morning with the greatest
punctuality. The Detail the same as for the Guards. Col.
Spencer & Ll Col Starr and Major Bruster are appointed to
Command this detachment. 24 light Dragoons are to
parade at the same time and place.

Advertisement.

Was lost Yesterday somewhere on the Road from the
Artillery Park to White Marsh Church, thence up the
North Wales Road, in the Rear of Lord Sterling's Division,
on to Head Quarters, a Pocket prospective glass, Brass
Barrelled and mahogany Cassed, with the letters H Knox
thereon, whoever will return the same to Gen1 Knox shall
receive a handsome reward.

HEAD QUARTERS Novr 10th 1777.
Major Gen1 for tomorrow .... Greene

Brigadier Genl Smallwood

Field Officers Col. Clark and Major Ellison
Brigade Major Williams

Detail the same as Yesterday, only Hartley's, Humptori's,
Maxwell's, Conway's, Carolina's and Huntingdon's Brigades
furnish Captains, instead of those which furnish'd them
Yesterday.

Mislaid or taken from the Artillery Park on the 8th Ins',
a Genteel Silver mounted sword, shell of openwork and de-
corated with trophies, the blade a spadroon, inlaid wth Gold,
the [torn] of the Scabbard lost. Whoever will return the
same to Colonel Proctor of the Artillery, shall receive a
generous reward.

Col. Bradley is appointed President of a Court of Enquirey,
relative to the complaint of Mr. Joseph Chambers against
Col. Josiah Parker. L* Col. Farmer, one Captain from
Gen1 Weedon's and two Capts from Gen1 Muhlenburg's
Brigades, are appointed members of this Court, which is to
sit at Col. Bradley's Quarters tomorrow morning at 10
o'clock.

General MnUenlerg's Orderly Boole, 1777. 175

HEAD QUARTERS Novr 11th 1777.

Major Gen1 for tomorrow . . Lord Sterling

Brigadier Gen1 Scott

Field Officers L* Col. Beaufort Major Bayard
Brigade Major McGowen

Detail the same as Yesterday.

The Honble Continental Congress have passed the follow-
ing Resolves, which have been transmitted thither to be
made Public in ye Army Vize In Congress Novr 1777 :

Resolved, that his Excell7 Governor Caswell of North
Carolina be requested to erect a monument of the value of
500 Dollars at the expence of the United States in honour
of the Memory of Brigadier Gen1 Francis Nash, who fell in
the Battle of German Town on the 4th Day of Octr 1777,
bravely contending for the independence of his Country.

Resolv'd that the Thanks of Congress in their own Name,
and in behalf of the Inhabitants of the United States, be
presented to Major Gen1 Gates, Commander in Chief, in
the Northern Department, and to the Major Gen Lincoln,
Arnold and the rest of the officers and Troops under his
Command, for their brave and successful Efforts in support
of the independence of their Country, whereby an Army of
the Enemy of Ten Thousand men has been totally defeated ;
and one large detachment of it strongly posted & entrench'd
having been conquer 'd at Bennington, another repuls'd with
loss and disgrace from Fort Schuyler, and the main Army
of Six Thousd men under Lieu* Gen1 Burgoyne, after being
beaten in different actions and driven from a formidable
post and strong entrenchments, reduc'd to the necessity of
surrendering themselves upon Terms honourable and advan-
tageous to these States, on the 17th Day of Octr last to Major
Gen1 Gates, and that a Medal of Gold be struck, under the
Direction of the Board of War in Commemoration of this
great event, and in the name of these United States, pre-
sented by the President to Major Gen1 Gates.

Resolved, That Congress have an high sense of the merit

176 General Muhlenberg's Orderly Boole, 1777.

of Ll Col. Smith and the Officers & men under his command
in their late gallant defence of Fort Mifflin, on the River
Delaware, and that an elegant Sword be provided by the
Board of War, and present*1 to Ll Col. Smith.

Resolved: That Congress have an high sense of the
Merit of Commodore Hazlewood, the Commr of the Naval
Force in the River Delaware, in the Service of the Com-
monwealth of Pens*, and of the Officers and men under his
command, in their late gair defence of their Country against
the British Fleet, whereby Two of their Men of "War were
destroyed and 4 others compell'd to retire, and that an
Elegant Sword be provided by the Marine Committees and
presented to Commodore Hazlewood.

A Flag will go to the Enemy tomorrow at 10 o'clock in
the forenoon.

HEAD QUARTERS WHITEMARSH Novr 12th 77.
Major Gen1 for tomorrow . . . Greene

Brigadier Irvine

Field Officers L' Col. Nagle Major Sterrit
Brigade Major Minnis

The Honble Continental Congress have been pleas'd to
pass the following resolve, concerning the Opinion of the
Court of Enquirey published in G. 0. of the 16th ultimo,
relative to Gen1 Sullivan Viz6 :

In Congress Octr 20th 1777.

Resolved, That the result of the Court of Enquirey into
the Expedition of Staten Island so honorable to the char-
acter of Gen1 Sullivan, is highly pleasing to Congress, and
that the opinion of the Court be published in justification
of the injur'd Character of that officer.

It appears that some Regiments are destitute of necessary
Cloathing, altho' they have been supplied with the full Suits
allowed by Congress, this must have arisen at least in part
from the inattention of the Officers in not taking lists of their
Mens necessaries, examining them weekly agreeable to G

General Muhlenberg's Orderly Boole, 1777. 177

O., and calling delinquents to a severe account for what was
missing, this under our Circumstances is a neglect of the
worst kind and most fatal tendency, and demand a speedy
and effectual remedy, and altho' the articles deliver 'd the
Men beyond the stated allowance be charg'd to them, yet in
our situation, this does not lessen the Evil complain'd of.
The Commr in Chief therefore most seriously and positively
requires the Officers Commg Companies, after taking exact
lists of their mens necessaries, to examine them critically
once a week, agreeable to the G. O. formerly issued and if
any non Commd Officer or Soldier shall sell, willfully destroy
or carelessly lose any of his necessaries, he is to be severely
punish'd, at the Discretion of a Court Martial. This is a
matter of so very important a nature, the Commr in Chief
expects the Officers will pay the most exact attention to it,
and that the G. 0. and others Commanding Brigades, will
see this order carefully and regularly Complied with. It
appears also that many man who go into Hospitals well clad
are in a manner naked when they get well, and Cannot re-
turn to their Regimt8 till they are new Cloathed. To pre-
vent a continuance of this evil, & that the guilty may be
known and punish'd, No men are henceforward to be sent
to the Hospitals without lists of the Company & regts they be-
long to, and of every article of their Cloathing ; these lists to
be sign'd by the Capt8 or Officers Commanding those Compa-
nies, & transmitted to the Surgeons of the Hospitals to which
the sick are sent, and if any Men are sent to the Hospitals
without lists, the officers sending them shall be punish'd for
their neglect, at the discretion of a Gen1 Court Martial and
for this end, the surgeons of the Hospitals are as soon as pos-
sible to send a report of such Officers to the Adj' Gen1 and
that the arms & accoutrements of the Sick may not be lost
or damaged, they are agreeable to the G. Orders lately is-
sued, to be deliver'd to the Keg1 Qr Masters and by them
without delay to the Commiss7 of Military Stores, and never
carried with the sick to the Hospitals.

There will be a discharge of musketry this afternoon at
VOL. xxxv. — 12

178 General Muhlenb erg's Orderly Book, 1777.

4 o'clock at the Burial of an Officer of Gen1 Maxwell's
Brigade.

The Flag which was to have gone in to-day will set off
tomorrow morning at 9 o'clock, from the Quarters of the
Commissary's Gen1 of Prisoners.

HEAD QUARTERS November 13th 1777.
Major Gen1 for tomorrow .... Lord Sterling

Brigadier Woodford

Field Officers Lieutenant Col8 Linley Lt. Col. Bearly
Brigade Major Hitchcock

HEAD QUARTERS November the 14th 1777
Major General tomorrow .... Greene

Brigadier Maxwell

Field Officers Ll Colonel Barber Major Miller
Brigade Major Mullens

The Brigadiers & officers Commanding Brigades who
have not compleated their clothing Returns according to the
Gen1 Orders of the 9th Instant, are to do it without the small-
est delays and all the Brigadiers & Officers Commanding
Brigades are to meet together tomorrow morning at 10
o'clock at Gen1 Huntingtons Quarters to compare the wants
of their Brigades & agree on the manner which the clothes
shall be distributed. The wants of Col.° Morgan's Rifle
Corps & others not Included in the Brigade Returns, are to
be in like manner considered. Mr. Themper, the Deputy
Cloathier Gen1, is to attend the meeting & take the Direc-
tion of the Board for the Present & future Distributions.
A considerable Quantity of Clothing being on hand it is
of the Highest Importance that this Order be executed
with the Greatest Punctuality.

An Officer of the North Carolina Brigade is to be Buried
this Evening at 4 o'clock, with Military Honours.

The Court of Enquirey held the 11th Instant, where of Col.
Bradley was President, relative to the Complaint of Mr.
Joseph Chambers late Commissary to Gen1 Greens Division,

General Muhlenberg's Orderly Boole, 1777. 179

agsf Col. Josiah Parker for Ordering a Serg1 & file of Men
to Whip said Chambers, Have made the following Report.
Viz1 : As Colonel Parker Owns the fact, the Court after
Hearing the Evidences Produced by him in his Defence,
are unanimously of Oppinion that how Negligent the Com-
missary might have been in the Discharge of the Duty of
his Department, yet Col° Parker was by no means War-
ranted to Inflict Private Punishment upon him, that the
Punishment was Illegal & his Conduct highly Reprehen-
sible as being subversive of good Order & Regulation.

HEAD QUARTERS November the 15th 1777

Major Gen1 Tomorrow . . Lord Sterling

Brigadier Wayne

Field Officers Ll Colo. Gray Major Slaughter
Brigade Major Alden

Henceforward & untill further Orders, the sick are to be
sent to Buckingham Meetg House with a suitable Number of
Orderly Men to attend them. The Troops are to be Imme-
diately supply'd with two Days Provision (Exclusive of this
Day) one of which at least is to be Cooked. No Officer or
Soldier to be absent from Camp, but ready for Duty at a
Minutes Warning, no Scouting Party on any Pretence what-
soever unless sent for that Purpose is to seize Horses, Cattle
or other Property belonging to the Inhabitants under the
Plea of taking those things within the Enemy's Lines;
great & Enormous abuses are Committed; an Infringm*
thereof or Disobedience of this Order in Either Officer or
Soldier, will be punished with the utmost Rigour. Com-
plaint has been made of the Irregularity in Point of Time
with which the Horse Mount Guard. The Commdr In Chief
expects they will Parade with more Punctuality in future,
he also desires the Colonels of those Regiments that have
more Horses than Men, wou'd furnish by way of Loan the
others that are in want of Horses that as many Men as
Possible may be mounted & the Publick not unnecessarily
Burthened.

180 General Muhleiiberg's Orderly Book, 1777.

HEAD QUARTERS Novr 16th 1777.

Major Gen1 tomorrow . . . Green

Brigadier Smallwood

Field Officers Col° Febiger Major Scull
Brigade Major Parker

As large Quantitys of Material for Cartridges have been
issued & few Cartridges Return'd to the Commissary of
Military Stores Returns are to be made Tomorrow after-
noon by each Brigade of the Number of Cartridges in their
Possession these returns are to shew the Number in Each
Regiment & how Many are in hands of the Soldiers & the
Residue where Deposited.

HEAD QUARTERS November the 17th 1777.

Major Gen1 Tomorrow . . . Ld Sterling

Brigadier » . . . Scott

Brigade Major .... Scott's Brigade.

Some officers remaining yet untried & many Prisoners
yet in the Provost Brigade Court Martials are to be held
for Trying them without Delay. No Pass is to be Given to
any one to go into Philadelphia but by the Major gen1 of
the Day who will not Grant them without Due Examination
& upon ye most Reasonable & Necessary Occasions, at the
Request of Col° Price a Court of Enquirey into his Conduct
on Sundry Occasions is to sit Tomorrow Morning at 10
o'clock at the Tavern next to Col° Biddle's Quarters, all
Persons who have any Complaints or Objections to make
Against him, or know anything Amiss in his Past conduct,
are Desired to Appear & Declare the same before the said
Court.

HEADQUARTERS November 18th 1777.

Major Gen1 Tomorrow Green

Brigadier Irvine

Field Officers I/ Col. Patton N° Carolina Major Vaughan
Brigadier Major Stocldard

General Muhleriberg's Orderly Boole, 1777. 181

The government of the state of Penna having appointed
Commissioners in Each Country thereof to Collect Blankets
& Cloathing for the Army all Officers sent round in the
State for that purpose are by their Commanding officers to
be Called in as soon as Possible a Detachment equal to the
Daily Guards are to parade Tomorrow Morning at Half
after three o'clock on the Grand Parade with one Days
Provisions Cooked. The Brigade Majors will have their
Men drawn out at Retreat Beating & see that they are
properly fixed for the Duty. Col° Hall, Lt. Col° Burr &
Major Adams will Command the Detachment. The Re-
mains of the late Capn Foster of the 15th Virginia Reg1 will
be Interred this afternoon at 4 o'clock with the Honors ot
War. Richard Claiborne Esqr is appointed Brigade Major
to Gen1 Weedon's Bridage & is to be Obeyed as such.

HEAD QUARTERS November 19th 1777.

Major Gen1 Tomorrow .... Sullivan

Brigadier Woodford

Field Officers L* Col°. Woodford Major West
Brigade Major Williams.

The Penna Field Officers are Desired to Bring in their
Old Commissions & Receive New Ones All Gen1 Officers
are desired to assemble tomorrow Morning at 10 o'clock at
Gen1 Huntingtons Quarters in order to Settle the Rank of
the Field Officers of Horse who are to attend this Board of
Gen1 Officers & Exhibit their Respective Claims. All arms
unfit for Service which are deposited in the eev1 Regiments
& Corps are to be sent to the Commry of Military Stores who
will send them to be Repair'd.

HEAD QUARTERS Novr 20th 1777.

Major Gen1 Tomorrow Ld Sterling

Brigadier Maxwell

Field Officer L' Col° Richardson Major Hogg
Brigade Major M°Gowen

182 General Muhlenberg's Orderly Boole, 1777.

Ll John Marshall is by the Judge Advocate appointed
Deputy Judge Advocate In the Army of the United States
& is to be Respected as such. James Monroe Esqr formerly
appointed an additional Aid de Camp to Majr Gen1 Lord
Sterling is now appointed Aid de Camp to his Lord in the
Room of Major "Welcom Resign'd, & is to be Respected as
such. The Clothier Gen1 has Recd about 400 Blankets, the
sev1 Brigades are to send for their Quota of them. Before
the sick are moved Application is always to be made to
Doctor Cochran or other Director of the Hospitals for Di-
rections, unless the Places where have been previously
pointed out in Gen1 Orders, no more sick are to be sent to
Buckingham Meeting House A Serjeant & 12 Orderly Men
are to be sent to Buckingham Meeting-house to take care
of the sick the Serf & these men are to Parade at Dr. Coch-
rans Quarters at Mr. Wests House at 4 o'clock this after-
noon, & apply to him for Orders. A Gen1 Court Martial
whereof Majr Gen1 Sullivan was Presid1 held on the 3d Ins1 &
Divers other Days to the 17th Ins1 Inclusively for the Tryal
of Major Gen1 Stephen Charged with 1st Unofficer like Be-
haviour on the March from the clove 2d Unofficer like be-
haviour in the Actions of Brandiwines & Germantown 3d
Drunkeness. The Court Declare their oppinion that he is
Guilty of Unofficer like behaviour in the Retreat from Ger-
mantown. Owing to inattention or want of Judgment &
that he has been frequently Intoxicated since in the service
to the prejudice of Good Order & Military Decipline con-
trary to the 5th Article of the 107th Section of the Articles of
War, therefore Sentence him to be dismissed the service.
The Court find him not Guilty of any other Crimes he was
charged with & therefore acquit him of all Others Except
the Two before mentioned. The Commander in Chief ap-
proves the Sentence.

General Muhlenbergs Orderly Boole, 1777. 183

HEAD QUARTERS November 21st 1777.

Major Gen1 Tomorrow .... Sullivan

Brigadier Wayne

Field Officers . Ll Col° Burr Major Adams
Brigade Major Hitchcock

Those Paymasters of Regiments who have drawn Pay for
any Officers or Men in Col° Morgans Rifle & Corps are Im-
mediately to Pay the same Over to the Pay Master of that
Corps A Detachment of 80 Men with proper Officers are to
Parade this day at 3 o'clock in the afternoon on the Grand
Parade. Complaint is made that by the Carlessness of the
Butchers the Hides are greatly damaged in taking them off*.
The issuing Commissarys are enjoined Duly to inspect the
Butchers they employ & see that they take off the Hides
with proper care. No women coming out of Philadelphia
are to be Permitted to pass the first Guards without being
they cannot Return again, if upon their informed of this
they Chuse to Pass out they are to be allowed to pass the
Guards in the Country. The Gen1 of Horse will give this
Charge to all the Parties & Patrols of Horse. The Officers
of the Day report that continentals from the Picket keep
fires by them, this dangerous practice is absolutely forbid-
den, & all officers of Guards are without Fail to visit their
Centinals between every Relief to see that they are alert &
keep no fire & in Cold & Bad Weather they are to Relieve
the Centinals every Hour. They are also to see that the
Centinals are well informed of their Duty & to Instruct such
as are Deficient.

HEAD QUARTERS November 22d 1777

Major Gen1 Tomorrow . . . Lord Sterling

Brigadier Smallwood

Field Officers Ll Colonel Fort Major Lockhart
Brigade Major Barber

184 General Mulilenberg' s Orderly Book, 1777.

The Gen1 Court Martial of the Line of which Col° was
President is to sit tomorrow Morning at 9 o'clock at the
House where Gen1 Huntington Quartered for the Trial of
all Prisoners which shall be brought before them. An
Orderly serj1 from each Brigade is to attend the Court I/
Col° Heth, L1 Colonel Ricker & Major Mentzes & a Captain
from each Brigade are to compose the Members of the
Court. All the Gen1 Officers in Camp are desired to meet
at Lord Sterlings Quarters Tomorrow Morning at 10 o'clock
to settle the Ranks of the Fields Officers of Horse who are
to attend and Exhibit their Respective Claims. The Brigade

Commanded by Genls Patterspn & are to form one

Division under Major Gen1 the Baron De Kalb. The Horse
taken yesterday by Col° Bopst assisted by a party of Light
Horse are to be brought to the Qr Mr Genls & sold at Public
Vendue the Produce of the sail is Immediately to be divided
by the Qr Mr Gen1 between the Captors.

After Orders.

The Commdr in Chief offers a Reward of 10 Dollars to
any Person who shall by 9 o'clock on Monday Morning
Produce the Best substitute for shoes made out of Raw
Hides. The Commissary ot Hides is to furnish the Hides
& the Major Gen1 of the Day is to Judge of the Essays &
assigns the Rewards to the Best artist. Colonel Martin ot
North Carolina having Resiged his Commission the Oldest
now present will Command it. The Troops arrived from
the Northward are Immediately to have their Cartouch
Boxes filled with Cartridges. The whole Army to have
their Amunition in such readiness as to be Compleated to
40 Rounds at a Moments warning where they have Wag-
gons to keep that Quantity secure from Weather & Officers
& Men are to be in camp that they may be ready to Act on
the shortest notice.

General MuJilenberg's Orderly Book, 1777, 185

HEAD QUARTERS November 23d 1777.

Brigadier Tomorrow . . . Muhlenberg
Field Officer from Gen1 Weedons Brigade
Brigade Major Mennis

An orderly serj1 from each Brigade to attend daily at
Head Quarterrs the returns ordered Yesterday to be made
as soon as Possible the Arms to be put in the Best Order &
a Return to be made of the number of Tents now in Pos-
session. Major Gen1 Green has been Pleased to approve
the following sentences of a Gen1 Court Martial held the
22d Instant whereef Col° Olney was President, Thomas
Graves, Michael Ruther & Jacob Anthony charged with
desertion was found guilty & sentenced to receive 100
Lashes. The Commanding officer of Regiments to which
the Persons belong are to cause the above sentences to be
put in Immediate Execution.

HEAD QUARTERS Nov. 24th 1777.

Brigadier Tomorrow . . . Weedon

Field Officers from Varnums

Brigade Major .... Claiborne

Majr Boman is to take the Command of the Artillery &
all Returns from the different Companies & from the con-
ductors of military Stores to be made to him a Reserve to
the Guards consisting of 100 men properly officer'd under
the Command of the Majr of the Pickets are to be Posted
at the Qr Meeting House who are to Reinforce & support
any of Guards that should at any time be attacted. The
returns Ordred the Day before Yesterday to be made im-
mediately. All Officers who have any Continental or Im-
press'd Horses are to make returns to the Qr Mr Gen1. The
Detachment of Colonel Foremans Regiment to be added to
Gen1 Varnums Brigade. Mr. Chs Lyne is appointed to act
Principal Commissary for this Department untill one shall
be appointed by Col° Stewart, & the Diff* Commissarys are

186 General Muhlenberg's Orderly Book, 1777,

take Notice accordingly. A serjeant from the Gen1 Staff'
Department is Daily to call at Orderly time at the Deputy
A. Genls Office that all delays may be avoided as much as
Possible & every Order Immediately Executed.

After Orders.

All the Troops to hold themselves in Readiness to march
by 7 o'clock Tomorrow morning.

HEAD QUARTERS November 25th 1777.

The order of Yesterday for marching at 7 o'clock is
countermanded, three Days Provisions is immediately to be
Drawn & Cooked & the Troops to hold themselves in
Readiness to March on the shortest Notice.

After Orders.

All the spare stores belonging to the Qr Mr Genls departm*
are to be delivered up to the Deputy Qr Mr Gen1. The Deputy
Commy Gen1 of issues is as soon as possible to Inquire into
the state of the stores of his Department & take care that a
suff Quantity of Provn is always in Hand. The Conductor
is to make his Returns of the Military Stores in his Posses-
sien to Majr Boman of the Artillery. Doctor Tenny of Col°
Angels Battalion in Gen1 Yarnums Brigade is appointed to
act as surgeon Gen1 to this Army untill one shall be properly
authorized by Dr Cockran. Returns of the sick are to be
made to him & fit Places to be Provided for their Recep-
tion. The surgeons are to apply to Dr. Tenny for sulphur
for their Regiments. A return of the Bakers in the Army
to be made as soon as possible.

The following is the order of Battle Gen1 Varums & Gen1
Huntingtons Brigades form the Right "Wings. Gen1 Yar-
nums Brigade on the right of the Wing, Huntingtons on
the left. The right Wing to be commanded by Gen1 Yar-
num. Gen1 Muhlenberg & Gen1 Weedons Brigades form
the right of the left Wing. Gen1 Muhlenberg's Brigade the
left of the left Wing, & Gen1 Weedons the right of the left

General MuUenberg's Orderly Boole, 1777, 187

Wing. Gen1 Muhlenberg Commands the left "Wing Gen1
Glovers Brigade forms the second line. Colos Haights &
Hathaways Militia form on the Right Flank. Col. Ellis'
Militia & Morgans Corps covers the left Flank. In posting
the officy of the Regiments the officers are to be Posted with
their Men without Regard to rank there being great Incon-
veniency resulting in action by the Officers being removed
from their own Men. In marching to Action the Brigades
are to March in Regimental Columns. The Officers leading
Regimental Columns are to take especial care in advancing
that they observe their distance from each other so as to be
able to form the Line if necessary a Compy to be Detached
as an advanced Guard to the Heads of the Columns the
reserves to the Wings to March in Columns in the rear of
the Centre of each Brigade & to be in readiness to join for
the support of either Brigades, or to act separately for the
support of the Brigades from which they were Detach'd.
The second Line to March in Regimental Columns in the
rear of the Centre of the first line about 400 yards ready to
support an Part shou'd be hard Pressed. The Artillery to
be Immediately under the Direction of the Commanding
Officers of the Brigades to March & take Post where they
direct the Militia & light Troops are to Endeavour to gain
the Flanks of the Enemy, but more Especially to prevent
them from gaining ours.

B. O. HEAD QUARTERS November the 26fch 1777.

The Tents to be struck, Waggons Loaded, & the Brigade
to be in readiness to March at 10 o'clock. The Waggon
Masters to see that the Waggons be ready to take the Bag-
gage belonging to the Troops.

(To be continued.)

188 Records of "Blue Church" 1750-1764.

RECORDS OF ST. PAUL'S EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN
CONGREGATION, LEHIGH CO., PENNA., 1750-1764.

Contributed by CLARENCE E. DECKEL.

[St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran congregation, familiarly known as
the "Blue Church," was the first of that denomination organized
within the present limits of Upper Saucon township, Lehigh county,
Pennsylvania. The land on which the present church stands, (the third
erected), was warranted to Conrad Walp in January of 1737, and it is
claimed that the congregation was organized a few years later. However,
in 1745, the Rev. H. M. Muhlenberg was notified that the congregation
had erected a church and school -house.]

Marriages.
1750.

May 15, Johann Adam Kuckert and Johanna Elisabetha

Laubaeh, Christian's dau.
Oct. 23, Hans Adam Gramlich and Anna Margaretha

(Wid. Stocker).
Dec. 18^ Jacob "Weber, Friderich Weber's eldest son, and

Johanna Margaretha Herbold.

1751.

Jany. 22, George Wilhelm Mom and Maria Barbara (wid.

Stieber).
March 19, Johann George Schneider and Francisca (wid.

Rosier).
March 21, Johann Molig and Christina Le Feber, Johannes

Le Feber's dau.

June 20, Anthonius Mies and Maria Margaretha Nefe.
Aug. 20, Johann Martin Appell and Maria Catharina

Hornecker, Rudolph's dau.

Sept. 18, Johannes Gann and Elizabetha Marsteller.
Nov. 19, Johann Peter Bauer and Catharina (wid. In-

dorth).
Dec. 2, George Klein and Prudence Williams.

Records of "Blue Church/' 1750-1764. 189

1752.
Jan. 14, Johann Appell and Anna Maria Boger, Martin

Boger's dau.
June 30, Johann Michael Gerberich and wid. Gertraut

Geiger.

Aug. 4-, Johannes Niichtern and Barbara Pits (Bits).
Sept. %8, Jacob Schaut and Anna Graf.
Oct. £6, George Herder and Eva Bracker, Christian

Bracker's dau.
Nov. 1, Johann Philip Wolff and Maria Piou, John

Piou's dau.
Nov. 12, Johann Jacob Baum and Elisabetha Gann

widow.
Nov. 1®, George Friderich Kratzer and Anna Maria

Dorstlinger, Fridrich Drostlinger's dau.

1753.

Jan. 9, Heinrich Brunner and Maria Magdalena Zeller,
Philip Henrich Zeller's dau.

March 15, Johann Schaffer and Catharina Muller, Joh.
Heinrich Muller's dau.

April 5, Jacob Weber and Magdalena widow Sebold.

Eodem, Jacob Ludwig and Anna Margaretha, wid. Mar-
steller.

April 7, Daniel Braun and Anna Elisabeth Cervas, Gott-
fried Cervas' dau.

June 14, George Michael (Heinrich Michael's in Phila-
delphia) son, and Anna Margaretha Knauss,
Ludwig Knauss' dau.

June 18, Jacob Friderich and Anna Rosina Bohmaii,
George Bohman's dau.

Aug. 5, Andreas Erdmann and Anna Margaretha Frid-
rich.

Aug. 14, Johann Hencke and Catharina Drostlinger, Frid-
rich Dorstlinger's dau.

Nov. 13, Johann George Blanck and Eva Elisabetha
Steinmetz, Valentine Steinmetz' dau.

190 Records of "Blue Church," 1750-176^.

1755.

. . . . Conrad Leisenring and Sibilla Veit.

July 6, Johann Jacob Rexer and Regina Hartmann,
Peter Hartmann's dau.

.... Adam Weiser and Elisabeth Beck, Jlirg Beck's
dau. from Blue Mt.

.... Peter Christein and Anna Margaretha Grill,
Nicolaus Grill's dau.

.... Andreas Diemer and Margaretha Naumann,
Christian Naumann's dau. from Dryland.

.... Adam Everts and wid. Anne Marie Teutsch.

.... Michael Schmel and Maria Kiliers, from Spring-
field.

.... Michael Naregang and Anne Elisabeth Fegele.

1756.

.... Heinrich Junghen and .... Scherer, both of
Nackamixin.

.... Hinrich Scherer and Catharina Dorothe Heller.

March 16, Johann Meier and wid. Christina Kovers.

March 88, Jnrg Weber and Susanne Weiher, Leonhard
Weiher's dau., from Dryland.

May 28, Gottfried Cervas and Ann Sophia Krischer, of
Saucon.

Nov. 80, Jacob Engelert and Anne Maria Baier, from
the Blue Mt, of the Reformed Church, at the
home of Tiets.

Nov. 80, Hinrich Kramer and Elisabeth Rohn, from Dry-
land.

1757.

Jan. 11, Johann Claus and Catharina Rexer.

Feb. 22, Jacob Stier and Dorothea Franken, Johann

Adam Francken's dau.
March 8, Hinrich Schaffer, of the Ref. Church, in Lower

Saucon, and Elisabeth Hermenn.

Records of "Blue Church" 1750-1764. 191

April 14, Peter Sohns, beyond the Blue Mts., and Anne

Maria Raup, Michael Eaup's dan.
April 1%, Johann Zacharias Jahn and Maria Catharina

Kreischer.
April 28, George Henrich Miiller and Maria Magdalena

Biber, Theobald Biber's surviving dau. from

the Blue Mt.
May 3, Johann Ahrenhold Eberhard, from Egypt, and

Anne Margreth Weber, Friderich Weber's

dau., from Lower Saucon.
May 10, Jacob Rawer and Elisabeth Burger.
June 7, Borchert Henz and Catharina Nickel.
June 23, The Schoolmaster, Peter Kneple and Christina

Gangwehr.

Dec. 13, Hans Adam Fritschmann and Catharina Elisa-
beth Meier.

June 7, Borchert Henz and Catharina Nickel, (Duplica-
tion).

1758.
. . . . Daniel Horlacher and Maria Margretha Brun-

ner, Hinrich Brunner's dau. from Upper

Saucon.
Feb. 21, Michael Engelhard, a soldier under Capt.

Ahrens, and Maria Margretha Koch, Jacob

Koch's dau., from Dryland.
March28, Jacob Gangewehr, son of Jacob Gangewehr, the

elder, from Upper Saucon, and Maria Eva

Schlosser.
May £, Johann Blank and Eva Elisabeth Beil, Balthasar

Beil's dau., from Upper Saucon.
May 9, Johann Kleintap and Eva Heldenbrandt, from

Lehigh Twsp.
Sept. 8, George Stolze, widower, and Anne Elisabeth

Roth (widow of Jacob Roth, who was killed

by the Indians beyond the Blue Mt.)
Nov. 30, Widower Adam Blank and Anne Margretha

Weiland, Adam Schafer's widow.

192 Records of "Blue Church;' 1750-1764.

1759.

(The following were married in the Upper Saucon Con-
gregation.)

Jan. 4-> Johann Jost Walp and Catharina Bair.
Jan. 9, Johann Caspar Gross and Anna Maria Pitz.
Jan. <23, Johann Junghen and Catharina Kilicher.
Jan. SO, Jacob Emmerich and Anna Elisabeth Bech (?).
March 20, Johann Theobald and Christina Rexer.
April 3, Nicolaus Happel and Catharina Stauter, from

the Blue Mt.
May 14, George Gartner and Magdalena Gerhard.

(This entry was crossed out in ink.)
June 5, Mcolaus Schall, of Bethlehem Twsp., and Mar-

grethe Beck.
June 7, Adam Graff, of Ritschlin Twsp., and Christina

Heninger.
July 3, Martin Hausmann and Margretha Stroh, at

Michael Dither's house.
Nov. 6, Daniel Kucker and Anne Maria Fuchs, Conrad

Fuch's dau.
Nov. 22, Caspar Rumetsch, from the Blue Mt., and Maria

Barbara Lawar (?).
Dec. 6, George Peter Possert and Anna Mar. Cathar.

Garter, from beyond the Blue Mt.
Dec. 11, Wilhelm Lawar and Elisabeth Lang.
Dec. 13, Job. Philip Schiitz, Ludew. Schutz' son from

Upper Milford, and Elisabeth Margretha

Schmidt, Michael Schmidt's dau., from Upper

Milford.

1760.

Feb. 1^, Christopher Kleintap and Maria Anna Helde-

brandt, from Lehigh Twsp.

Feb. 26, Johann Oswalt and Maria Barbara Schantz.
April 10, Johann George Schafer and Maria Elisabeth

Gotz.

Records of "Blue Church" 1750-1764. 193

Aug. 19, Philip Wagner and the widow Regina Brennig.

Sept. 4, Ludewig Thani and the widow Catharina
Heisch.

Sept. 18, Johann Appel, the elder, and the widow Mag-
dalena Bernert.

Oct. 14, Jacob Cerving and Anna Margretha Bildhaus,
Jacob Bildhaus' widow.

April 29, Johann Muller, from Sopus, and Dorothea Mar-
gretha Barthold.

Nov. 2, Solomon Thebi and Dorothea Sonstet, from Dry-
land.

Nov. 4, Caspar Dorn and Verona Hauser, from Plainfield.

1761.

.... Johann Weber, widower, and Luise Zion, Carl

Zion's widow.
Dec. 29, Adam Stecher and Margrethe Rumfeld.

1762.

Feb. 9, Peter Frank and Margretha Schmidt.
May 18, Jacob Kepler and Maria Christina Kirschener.
Oct. 4-> Johann Beuteler and Clara Reinhardt, Joh.
Peter Reinhardt's widow.

1763.

July 25, Wilhelm Silckert and Elisabeth Schaffer.
Nov. 22, Johann Nicolaus and Anna Maria Werles.

Deaths.
1750.

Jan. 6, Matthias Otto, aged 66 years and 6 mos. Bd.

Jan. 6th.
Jan. 27, George Erlebach. Ref., (Johann George Mar-

steller's father-in-law), aged about 89 years.

Bd. Jan 29th.
March 19, Maria Kerschner, George Kerschner's dau., aged

6 mos., and 19 das. Bd. March 21st.
VOL. xxxv. — 13

194 Records of "Blue Church" 1750-1764.

April 3, Esther Baseler, Friedrich Baseler's wife, aged
26 yrs. and some days. ' Bd. April 4th.

June 20) Abraham Erdmann, Johann Juhtg Erdmann's
son, aged 17 wks. and some days. Bd. June
22nd.

1751.

July 11, Wilhelm Keck, Henrich Keek's son, aged 14 das.

Bd. July 12th.
July 21, Regina, wife of Johann Gan, aged 39 yrs. and

5 wks. and 6 days. Bd. July 22nd.
August 7, Kilian Indorht, aged about 33 yrs. Bd. Aug. 8th.
Aug. 8, Joh. Jacob Beutelmann, born Aug. 7, 1720.

Bd. on his own land Aug. 10th.
Oct. 19, Joh. George Marsteller, born 1695. Bd. Oct.

21st.

1752.

Feb. 10, Anna Maria, wife of Henrich Brunner, born

Sept. 1716. Bd. Feb. 12th.
Feb. 16, Johann Philip, Henrich Brunner's son. Bd.

Feb. 17th.
Feb. 21, Barbara, wife of Johann Nicolaus Kauer. Bd.

Feb. 22nd in the cemetary in the Schmaltz-
gaffe.
July 10, Gerhard Heumacher, Christopher Heumacher's

son. Bd. July llth in the Schmaltzgaffe.
Nov. 23, Maria Barbara, dau. of Andreas Windt, aged

3 yrs. 15 wks. and 6 das. Bd. Nov. 24th.
Nov. 25, Eva Christina, Jacob Weber's wife, aged 52 yrs.

Bd. Nov. 27th.

1753.

Jan. 6, Anna Dorothea, wife of Andreas Erdmann, aged
26 yrs. and 3 mos. Bd. Jan. 8th.

Feb. 21, Johann Jacob Erdmann, son of Jacob Erdmann,
born March 14, 1750. Bd. Feb. 22nd.

Records of "Blue Church" 1750-17 6^. 195

April 1, Johann Heinrieh, son of Michael Seyder, born

May 4, 1750, and died March 31st, 1753.
July 8) Susanna Seyder, aged 80 yrs. Bd. July 9th.

1756.

Aug. 13, Anna Maria Birkenstock, widow of our pastor
Johann Justus Birkenstock, and bd. on her
own place Aug. 15th.

1757.

Bd. Feb. 87, Abraham Dannehauer's son Andreas.

March 8, Andreas Windt's dau. Anna Regina Catharina
buried, aged 1 yr. and 11 mos.

.... Joh. Peter Reinhardt's son buried.

May 5, Wilhelm Lohren youngest daughter Anna Bar-
bara buried. Died May 3rd in her third year.

Buried Peter Bauer, on the Upper Saucon Cemetary.

July 25, He was killed accidentally on July 23rd by
being kicked by his horse.

Sept. 6, Gottlieb Dornglaser's son Paulus buried.

1758.

July 31, Friderick Kratzer's daughter Anna Margretha

buried, aged 1 yr. 7 mos. and 3 wks.
Aug. 8, Peter Hartman's son Philip buried.
Aug. 16, P. Hartman's daughter aged about 6 yrs.
Aug. 22, a daughter of the same buried without a

preacher.
Aug. 22, Anna Margretha, wife of Friderich Dorstlinger

buried.

The same day the widow Schneider.
Sept. 8, Hinrich Brunner's son Johann George, aged 3

yrs. buried.

May 15, Johann Martin Held buried, aged 18 yrs.
May 21, Johann Appel, the elder's wife, buried aged

59 yrs.

196 Records of "Blue Church/' 1750-1764.

1760.

March 20, Christopher Herpel's wife buried, aged 39 yrs.
April 80, Maria Elisabetha, George Christoph Heller's

dau. buried, aged 5 yrs. and 1 mo.

Oct. 30, Anna Catharina Erdmann buried, aged 78 yrs.
Dec. 10, Sarah, wife of Johann Weber buried.

1764.

Jan. 1, John Peter, son of George Reiner, buried, aged

3 yrs. 11 mos. 1 week and 3 das.
Jan. 5, a son of Henrich Heiser named Felix, buried

aged 2 yrs. and 6 wks.
Jan. 7, Johann Peter Hittel buried in Upper Milford,

aged 43 yrs. 11 mos. and 5 das.
Feb. 29, . . . Helferich buried, of Upper Milford, aged

75 yrs.
March 12, Maria Sara Raub, of Upper Saucon,bd., aged 73

yrs., 9 mos.
March 21, Jacob, son of Jacob Draub buried, aged 3 yrs.

less 1 day. Died of smallpox.
March 26, son of Francisco Wesgo, aged 6 yrs. 10 mos.

and 5 ds. Died of convulsions.
April 2, Jacob, son of Jacob Mory, of Upper Saucon,

buried, aged 5 yrs. 5 mos. and 4 ds.

Communicant Members, May 1750.

Jacob Gangewehr

Andreas Raup

Catharina Mars teller

Maria Catharina Dorfflinger

Anna Christina Merckert.

Johann Helfrrich, wife Anna Maria, son Johann Michael

Johannes Rahn, wf. Anna.

Christian Raub, wf. Barbara.

Martin Kohler, wf. Francisca

Records of "Blue Church;' 1750-17 '8*. 107

Henrich Brunner, wf. Anna Maria, Servants Franz Ziege-
ler, Anna Maria Schlagehaup, Philip JTolff.

Anna Margaretha Stocker

Peter Merckert, wf. Christina Margaretha, son Johann
Philip, dau. Rosina Catharina wf. Dieley.

Augusta Catharina Margaretha Indorff.

Maria Clara Velt, servant to Steinmetz.

Johann Jacob Reich, servant to Tobias Baal.

Jacob Stier, servant to Valentin Buchecker.

Johann Schaffer, servant to Caspar Strom.

George Sigmann, wf. Barbara, bro. Leonhard Sigmann.

George Bassel, wf. Maria Juliana.

Henrich Rumfeld, wf. Barbara.

Friedrich Weber, wf. Catharina, son Jacob, dau. Catharina.

Johann Caspar Brenner, wf. Appalonia.

Valentin Reinhard, wf. Barbara.

Henrich Gerner, servant to Jacob Bachman.

Wilhelm Franck, servant to George Bachman.

Johann Conrad Leisering, servant to old George Bach-
man.

Matthias Oldt, son of Magdalena Elisabeth.

Anna Maria Mack, wf. of Valentin, Refd.

Johann George Marsteller, wf. Anna Margretha, dau.
Elisabeth.

Abraham Dannerhauer, wf. Anna Catharina.

Johann Jacob Kerschner, wf. Anna Margaretha.

Anna Catharina Erdmann, wf. of Johannes Erdmann.

Maria Catharina, widow Walp.

Johann Appell, wf. Elisabeth Catharina, sons Johann
Martin and Johann.

Melchior Steeser, wf. Eva Christina.

Friedrich Dorstlinger, wf. Anna Margaretha, dau. Anna
Maria.

Jacob Gangewehr, son Christopher.

Michael Seyder, wf. Eva Dorothea, mother Susanna.

Philipp Trapp, wf. Friderica Dorothea.

Andreas Erdmann, wf. Dorothea.

198 Records of "Blue Church" 1750-17 6J>.

Johann George Reinhard, wf. Maria Barbara.

Valentin Steinmetz, wf. Anna Elisabetha.

Balthaser Beil, wf. Elisabetha, servant Johann Henrich

Rahn.

Henrich Keck.

Andreas Hertz, wf. Anna Catharina.
George Hiller.
Peter Schilp, wf. Catharina.
Michael Moser, wf. Elisabetha.
Ludwig Zimermann, wf. Margaretha.
Martin Schneider, wf.

Stephan Meisch, servant at Kratzers, wf. Esopbronica,
Catharina Dorothea Scherffenstein, widow.
Maria Bischof.

Anna Maria, maid at Stallneckers.
Maria Catharina Ritschi, Jacob's wife.
Bastian Beisch, wf. Benico Catharina.
Jacob Weber, wf. Elisabeth.
Philipp Peter Franckenfeld.
Anna Margaretha, Mcolaus Frantz' wife.
Ludwig Kistner, servant to Friedrich Weber.
Michael Schmidt, wf. Abba Barbara.
Christian Breutzer, wf. Anna Ursula.
Jacob Saxer.

Johann Loffler, wf. Catharina.
Elias Beutelmann, wf. Anna Maria.
Philip Raup, wf. Maria Sara; servant Anna Barbara

Sturm.

Nicolaus Mersch.
Peter Klein.

Johann George Schumacher, wf. Catharina.
Valentin Uhler.
Adam Vehler.

William Penns Account. 199

WILLIAM PENN'S ACCOUNT

WITH

SAMUEL JENNINGS, KECEIVER GENEKAL,

1690-1693.

[The following account of payments made by Samuel Jennings, Re-
ceiver General of Pennsylvania for William Penn, contain many item*
of interest. We are indebted to the Archive Department of the State
Library at Harrisburg, Penna. , for the copy made from the original.]

£ s. d.
To Derirk & Glaus Jonson for a can-

nooe had from them formerly as pr.

ac't 14

To Ben Holt for work done at Pens-
berry 5

To Bernard Devonigh in pie for heanes
sold by him to Saml Hergent as pr.

acct 299

To Jos. English the contents of a bill

due to Mr. Hatton .... 6

To 1 bbl. of molasses to Pensberry . 2 2

Tolbbl. of pork 2 17 6

To Wm. Howell pr. John Bevan . 11

4, mo.

To 1 pr. shoes for the negro ... 6

To Tho. Fitzvvater for work done at the

mill 6

5 mo.

To Richard Wilson .... 1 15

To James Williams .... 16

To David Lloyd for attachmt agt .

Edmundsons goods .... 16

200 William Penn's Account.

£ s. d.

To John White a retaining fee 12
To Saml King for a Rent "Roll of Kent

County 6

To John Gilbert fraight of ... 1
To 4} gallons of rum to Pensberry . 18
To 3} yds. blew linnen .... 77
To 23 ft) of nails att 15 p lb . . . 1 8 9
To powder lib 38 ld pd Pap. & Ink 2s 6d 57
To ft) of powdered 36} ft att 9 1 J
To annoseedwater .... 14
To Rum 4 gallons .... 16
To " 1 bbl. .... 1 15
To Thomas Revell .... 3 13
To David Powell for driving Cattle . 1
To James Taylor for work done at Pens-
berry 5

To ditto f John Phily .... 19
To Thomas Grove for his journey to
York when he went for Capt. Mark-
ham's f Rrt 24

To suger powder & shot to Pensberry . 4 2
To Expense for boate hire to bring John

Phily to Pensberry &c. 12 9
To James Delaplane for freight of 106

bus. of whate ..... 16

To John King for a deckt Shallop . 30

7 mo.

To the Indians fr. Eorror of Commis-
sioners ......

68 yds. duffalls att 5s 6d f yd . 18 14

5 yds. broad Cloth att 10s . 2 10

14 yds. Kersey at 6s ... 44

2J yds. broad Cloth at 25s f yd. . 3 2 6

4 yds. bremy att . . . 1 2

1 blew shirt 7 6

William Penris Account. 201

£ s. d.

19J yds. linnen att 2/2 . 223

10 yds. blew linen att 22d . 28 4

Silk & buttons .... 4 7|

To Renlets 3s 6 gall, mollasses 10s . 13

To 300 ft of Tobacco .... 2

To Arthur Cook for Goods to the Indians 6 8

To a small boat to follow the Shallop . 10
To Joseph Stearns for making servants

Clothes 12

To Wm. Stearn for a rudder iron for

Shallop 4

To James Walliams ^ of the Charge for

recovering a forfeiture . . . 1 14
To ditto for Custom e of suger . . 1
To James Tayler for work done at Pens-
berry 17

To molasses for Pensberry 5 gallon . 8 4

To 1 pr. shooes for old Phily 6s . 78

To Bum 2 gallon 86

To salt 1 bushell ..... 4
To powder J ft 18d To horse hire for

Tho. Grove to York 12s ... 13 6
To Expenses in going through the three
lower Countys to get suit Rents & set-
tle accts 569

1— 20 9 me.

To Joseph Adams for work done at

Pensberry 9

To John Gilbert 2

To Cotton byrds att 18

To nails 5 ft att 54

To kersey 3J yds. att. 78 ... 146

To broad flanel 2J yds. ... 76

To 3 skins att 13

To 6 doz. buttons . 3 9

202 William Penns Account.

£ s. d.

To silk & thread 38 & blew linnen 6s 6d . 10

To linnen 3| yds. at 2s .... 7
To molasses to Pensberry 32 gal. att. 18d

?g 28

To a new b'r'l 36

To James West for repairing the Shutters 3 11 1

To linnen & cotton 3s yd. silk 18d . 51

10—10 mo.

To fraight of 10 bbls. of beef to be ship

at Chester 6

To the widow boyer f* order of the

Commissioners 4 11 11

To Tho. Budd on Rich. Guys ac" as f

Rc't 92

To Joseph Wilson as f Rec't. for Car-
riage 849

To Philip Howell for shoes to Pensberry, 449

formerly by John Lust

To Wm. Snowden for haleing timber to

the mill 1

IS — 12 mo.

To Henry Williams for rent of a house

Capt. Markham had of him at N.

Castle ....... 6 10

To Nathaniel Lukin .... 12

To Jacob Turner f order of Com. as f

Rec't 18

To Willm. Biles for work done by Tho.

Hodson's servants as *$ Rec't. . . 1 16

/

1 mo.

To Wm. Biles the ballance of his ace"

as % Rec't. 22 2 9

William Penns Account. 203

£ s. d.

To Jos. Wood in pl'e of what was due

to his father at f Rec't. ... 5

To John Bartley for surveying land in

East Jersey 52

To Mary Bradshaw ^ order of Governor 5

To taking up & Cutting a stray horse . 10

To expenses in the County of Chester f
three journeys with the Sheriffe & de-
fending a suit ag't. Rob. Swer & adjust-
ing Accts & my rents .... 319

2 mo.

To Bartho. Strict f order of Capt

Markham ...... 4

ToPensberry 1 brl. ofbeefe . . . 2 5

To molasses 10 gal. . 1

To sugar 12 att. .' .' . / . 4

To nails 20 ft att. 14d . . . . 134

To nails large 5 ft att . . . . 5

To powder 1 ft shot 4 ft att . . . 5

To salt 1 bu. att 5

To 1 pr. hose ..... 5

To Pensbery 1 quire pap. ... 1

To blew lin. 7} yds. 22d 13 9

To 7} yds. white ditto 2/2 ... 16 3

To Rum 4 gallons 1 qt. ... 17

To John Phily ..... 6
To expenses myself a man & 2 horses

neare a month in the lower Countys . 579
To Dan Raton for boat hire in Thomas

Fitzwater's time ..... 8
To Ephraim Jackson for work formerly

done at Pensberry . . . . 2 10

To driving of Cattle from Lewis . . 7 10

To Ferriage & pasturidg. on the roads . 2

204 William Penn's Account.

5 mo.

£ s. d.

To John Parsons bill .... 25

To Tamina the Indian 6 guns instead ot

9 they being better than ordinary . 9

To 8 match Coates . . .4

To 10 duch. blankets .... 9

To 10 kettles 3

To bread, beare, &c 6

To Bartholomew Coppork ... 76

To Jenkin Lewis for work at millas ^

acct 411

To Tho. Williams for paleing garden

& orchard as *$ acctt .... 15 1
To Pensberry 28 gal. molasses . . 2 11 4

To 10 gall, of Rum .... 1 15

To 1 bu. of salt 5

To 1 brl. of pork ..... 2 15

Toblewlin 42

To 1 coil rope 46

1692

8. — 4 m°-
To fraight ot sundrys to Pensberry . 5

5 mo.

To Edward Hunlock as f Rec't. . . 447

To Dennis Rorkford for driving Cattle . 4

To Saml. King for ditto ... 2 17
To John R-odman "$ John Adams for

mollasses formerly had . . . 310

To John Cook for a bull ... 3
To Wm. Storkdale f order of Com for
improvements on a plantation of the

governor in New Castle County . 28

William Perm's Account. 205

£ s. d.

To Mary Boaks that was due to her hus-
band in his life ..... 3 10

To Ellin Hawkins for work done by her

husband at Pensberry formerly . . 13 6

To Saml. Harriot fraight ... 6

To Josuah Carpenter ^ abatm't of his

fine 5

To 1 ft of nails for the boat ... 1

To Charles Pirkring .... 18

To nails 30 ft) of nails .... 1 10

To John Chandler as f Rec't. . . 21

To the Indians, Rum, bread f* order of

Corn6 12

To fraight of 25 bus. of Indian Corn . 8 4

To nails 12 ft 10 Ib. mill ... 12

To wheat for Pensberry from John Clark

8 bushels ...*... 1 12

To Smith work 53

To Phinehas Pemberton the ballance of
James Harrisons acctfc °$ ordr of
Comers 106 3

To oates 7 bus. att. .... 14

To expenses in going twice to the County

of Bucks to the rents ... 14

To County of Chester ditto ... 1 10 9

To Edward Blake on ace" of Frederick

Philips 3 18

To Pensberry a cheese .... 24

1693
14- — 1 mo.

To 3 yds. sacking 6

To 4 yds. blew linnen .... 68

To pep & pemeta 12

206 William Penn's Account.

£ s. d.

To ft of sugar 36

To oat meale & ginger 14

To 2 bus. of ground malt ... 9

To Rum 1J gallon .... 76

To 6 bus. of Indian Corn ... 15

To malt 18 6

To Tho. Murla for work done about the

house in Philadelphia ... 18 9
To Wm. Balenger for his share of fraight 313 3
To Wm. Bradford on ace" of Jon. Clark 147
To Wm. Crosdel f order of Wm. Mark-
ham 1 10

To Wm. Crosdell for bringing in horses

&c 1 10

To Ira Rossill for Cutting nine Colts . 1 7
To Denis Rothford the ballance of his

ace" as f Rec't 9 12 6

To driving and butchering of Cattle

from Pensberry to Philadelphia . 1 10
To Tho. Marie f order of W. Mark-
ham 1 10

To Pensberry rum & sugar ... 14 6

To 4 yds. of Cloth . . . . 1 8

To 9} yds. of Cotton .... 186

To thread, soap, & oatmeal e ... 1 10

To powder & lead 26

To nails 2

To Oren bros. 11 yds. at 18d . . 16 6

To hose & thread 49

To flanel & powder .... 43
To James Adkinson f! order from the

Commissers 21 14 4

To Wm. Sneade 6

To Tho. Cross 1 2

William Penris Account. 207

2 mo.

£ s. d.
To John Goodson 6 yrs. sallary at 10

bus. of wheat f Acct. ending 13^- 12
next at 4s. as ty Rec't. ...
To John Barclay surveing land in East

Jersey as f Rec't 18 7 3

1693

To John Calow for work done at Pens-
berry ...... 18

To Lyonel Brittan .... 16

To George Hoatzroate seed Corn at

Pensberry ...... 18

To Israel Taylor f order of the Comr

for cureing negro Jack legg . 4 10

To Roger Parke for Cureing negro Sam 9 9

To John Wells the Corroner & Jury
1 fees on a man that hanged himself
at Jos. Hylers 18 3

To John Martin Cash he formerly layd

out at Pensberry . . . . 5 10 9

IS — 2 mo.

To Tho. Pert for work. ... 44

To 2 horse Collars .... 9

To pasturing & a months feeding the

horse sold Fra Jones ... 1 10

To John Phily as f Rect. ... 2 10

To Wm. Balenger towards his share of

fraight as f Rect 2

To Jacob Dubro for his p* of a stray

horse 1 10

To Nicholas Wain for a mare . . 5

To Tho. Hardin for a mare . . 4 10

To Rich. Wain for a mare 5

208 William Perm's Account.

£ s. d.
To Autliur Cooke in pTe of a bill due

in James Roades time as f* Rect. . 20
To John Chanler for money he disburst

for the use of Pensberry's family . 3 7 11

To ditto for 7J bus. whate as f acctt. . 1 10

7_p mo.

To Tho. Gordon secretary of East Jersey
about the lands there taken up as ^
Rect. . ... 5 8 5

10 mo.

To ditto for a patent as f Rect . . 1 17 8
To Ben Chambers on the society's acctt.

f Rect 39 1 1|

To ditto on his own ace" as f Rect. . 10 12 4J
To ditto the full ballance of his acct f

Rect .....".. 1 13 8

To 10 galls, molasses to Pensberry . 126

To Rum 3 galls. ..... 13 6

To oat meale & sugar .... 72

To spice 3s 2d— powder & shot. 58 7d . 89

To wolen cloth 6 yds 1 4

To blew linen 7 yds. .... 10 6

1693

To Cotton 3J yds. att 10

To thread & shot 29

To Wm. Biddle for sundries to Pens-
berry f Jos. Mitter .... 3 10

To David Lloyd for 10 yds. of match
Coate formerly had for the Indians
« L. Cock 3

William Penn's Account. 209

£ s. d.

To Tho. Zenner about looking after

mines 5

To expenses in the lower Countys . " 5 9 5

To Jos. Wilcox for Cordage ... 595

To Tho. Marsh at Salem for repair of

banks, &c 11 8

To Fra Davenport on acct. of Jon. Home 11 15

To 3J years sallery at 50£ f Ann . 175

To Cows, Calves, &ca. in all 24 head of
Cattle from Sussex County sent to
Pensberry 39 14

To suit, rents in the County of Bucks. ^
pd. in at Pensberry expressed there I
the plit'ulers whereof may soon be f
on the Credit side of this ace" .

To John Blackwell f Robt. Turner . 2

To Ben Chambers in his defense of him-
self agt. pickring in Edmondson's Case
as f Rec't. .... 15

To Andrew Griscome ^ order of the
Commr for surveying & measuring the
new buildings at Pensberry . . 3

To Jenkin Lewis 87

To Tho. Lloyd & Rich. Billiards . 1 16

To Cash pd. Saml. Oldale in pl'e of a
fatt Cow bought of him for the gov-
erner f J Swafer .... 2

To Robt. Turner 3 years sallery as Commr 6

To Jos. Walker for his wife's service

formerly at Pensberry ... 13

To James Fox for serge due to him as ^

James Harrison's booke ... 1 76

To Anthony Burges ty Fra Rawles in
Rent for work formerly done at Pens,
as f Rec't 392

VOL. XXXV. 14

210 William Perm's Account.

£ s. d.

To John BarnB Sussex by discount . 1 12

To Wm. Yardley Collecting Rents in

Bucks County as f ace" ... 16 2
To fees for surveying a ship ... 3

To Ben Chambers for collecting the

rents ^ of the whole being 224£ 10s.

2d 22 8 6

To widow Boyer the ballance of her ace" 15 7

To Geo. Foreman for Collecting the

rents in Chester County . . . 9 13

To Saml. King Collecting rents in Kent

County being 128-0-9 ... 12 16
To Edward Gibbs Collecting rents in !N".

Castle County 167-7-9J ... 16 15 6
To Saml. Preston Collecting rents Sussex

County amounting to £132-9s-2d . 13 4 11

1163 07 8

Town Dockets of Chesterfield Township f N. J. 211

TOWN DOCKETS OF

CHESTERFIELD TOWNSHIP, BURLINGTON COUNTY,
NEW JERSEY,

December 15, 1692 to December 2, 1712.
(Original in the Congressional Library.)

BY DR. CARLOS E. GODFREY,

Trenton, N. J.

the 15th of ye : 12 m° 1692

this Day the Inhabitants of this townshep of Chesterfield
Being met togeather About Chuseing A Constable & other
Busnes Belonging to ye town first wee doo Agree to nome-
nate those persons that have Allredy served the oifice of A
Constable Before this present year which are as folloeth

Thomas Wood
Thomas folkes
Robert Willson
Thomas ffarnsworth
Edward Rockhill
Willim Black

And ffor this year insuing wee doo Agree to Chouse Daniell
Bacon Constable & thomas ffolke oversear of ye highways
Att A town meeting held by the Inhabitants of Chester-
field this 12th day of ye : 12 : m° 1693— then was Chosan
William Wood Constable for the year Insuing & Samuell
taylor oversear of ye highways — Att this towns meting
wee have Considered & Agreed to bind ourselfs in ye sum of
3s which wee doo promes to pay if wee neglect to Apear
Att our towns metting after A Lawfull sumons by the Con-
stable or his order & for to Conferm the sd Agrement wee
have subscribed our name

212 Town Dockets of Chesterfield Township, N. J.

(2) pearsons subscrib to ye aforesd agrement

ffrancis Davenport Andrew Smith

Matthew Watson Robert Willson

Edward Rockhill John Chester

Willim Wood John Warin

thomas Wood Marmeduk horsman

Henary Beack Charls Woulbuertan

Samuell taylor Charls Mellard

Matthew grane x Caleb Whetly

thomas Scoly Matthew fursyth

Willim Black John Cleayton

thomas ffolke Recempence Kerby

John More John Black

John Thorn Thomas Willson

Allen x Joseph Scattergood

John Bacon John ffansworth

John Bullock Asher Cleayton

Willim Shaterthewit Thomas Wright

Joseph Burch Jonathan Wright

Robert Chapman Robert Wright

Roger Park Samuel farns worth

Richard harison Joseph Myers

Samuel Buntane Joseph Mckilson

John Buntane Benjaman Wright
Nathanill ffield

the 2d : Day : of ye : furst m° 169}

Att A towns Metting by the Inhabetants of Chesterfield
Danill Bacon this day gave in his A Counte Conserning ye
office of A Constable & there is fond to bee in his hands
of stock Ollb : 11s : 3. Itt is Also Agred to pay to ffrancis
Davenport the sum of Ollb : 18s. — for money hee has allreddy
Layd out of his own for wolves to the Indians : which he
of Daniell Bacon now Rd Ollb : 1 s: 3d
& of Will Wood 00 06 9

overseare that have Allreddy served for this township
John Buntan Samuell Buntan Samuell Tayler

thomas ffolk John Bambreg

Town Dockets of Chesterfield Township, N. J. 213

(3) Att A towns melting held by the Inhabetants of
Chesterfield this 13th: Day of ye: 12th: m° 1694 then John
Buntan Was Chosan Constable for ye year insuing & An-
drew Smith Chosan oversear of the heigh way — Willim Wood
Brought in his Acount & thare Remane in his hands
2lb : 3s : 3d = which is to bee payd to John Buntan

Att A towns metting held by the Inhabetants of Chester-
field this 15th Day of ye 11 : m° 1695 : the Inhabetants being
sumond by the Constable are met togeather in pursuance of
A warant dericted to the Constable to Consult about Rase-
ing a tax of 100lb to Buld a bridg over the Crek at Lasy
pint & have made Asesment & have chosan Edward Rockhill
& Daniell Bacon to Lay ye asesment & Matthew Watson
Collecttor to geather itt — thare was An order of Cort pre-
sented to se About Cheusing out men to Lay out A New
Rode between the fales & Burlington & wee doo also agree
& Cheuse men with ye oversear acordingly to doo itt whou
are as folloeth

Willim Black ffrances Davenport

Marmeduk horsman Matthew Grane

Willim Wood thomas ffolke

John Warin Samuell Buntan

thomas ifolke whou was hiared by John Buntan to serve
the office of a Constable Brought in his Acounts & is fond
to have Rd of Willim Wood the sum of 2lb : 3s : 3d— his dis-
bursement is Ollb : 9s : 4
Remane in his hands 00 : 14 : 11

(4) Matthew Watson Chosan Constable & Roger Park
Chosan oversear of the heighway

Wharas thar has ben severall debats Conserning the
working Att the heighway itt is muttuly agred that Evrey
person that hath nottis geven by the oversear or Anny that
he may order to geve them notis ffor Every days neglect
wee doo promise to pay 3s : pr. day for A man & for A
draught 10s : pr. day fixed by us Att our towns meting

214: Town Dockets of Chesterfield Township, N. J.

Roger Park ffrances Davenport

Will Black Robert Willson

henery Beck John Waring

Matthew grane Matthew Watson

Robert Chapman Edward Rockhill

John Chester Andrew Smith

Charls Mellward thomas Scoley

thomas Wood Samuell Buntan

Caleb Whetly John Buntan

Samuell Tayler
Willim Wood

Att A towns meting held by the Inhabetents of Chester-
field the 2th Day of ye 9th M° 1696— John Waring was then
Chosan Constable ffor ye year insuing & Robert Chapman
oversear of the highwaye for the year insuing

(5) Att A towns metting this 9th Day of ye 12th m° 1697
by the Inhabetants of this townshep of Chesterfield then
Matthew Watson whou was chosan Constable for ye year
1695 Brought in his Accounts & they are Agroued on —
henary Beck chosan Constable for ye year Insuing & Charls
Melward Chosan oversear of ye highwaye

Att A towns metting the 4th Day of 12 m° 1698 the In-
habetants of this townshep of Chesterfield Being mett to-
geather Att thar yousiall place then the Constable Henary
Beck Brought in his Account & they are Aproved —

Andrew Smith Chosan Constable for the year Insuing &
Benjamin ffield Chosan oversear of ye heigh way e — per-
sons that was Absent this metting Will Black, John More.

At a towns metting held by the Inhabetants of this town-
shep of Chesterfield this 12 day of ye 12 m° 1699 Itt is
this day Agreed by the sd Inhabetents that After A Lawfull
summans by the Constable or his order to Apear At a
towne metting that Every person so sumond shall Apear
by ye 10th houer of ye Day Apinted or Else for Every such
defalt shall pay ten pence.

Town Dockets of Chesterfield Township, N. J. 215

(6) the Constable brought In his Accounts and they Are
Approved of — John Arnold Chosen Constable for the
year Insuing & Thomas Scoly & John More Chosan over-
sear of ye highwaye

Chesterfield

Att a towns metting this 16th Day of November in yc year

1700 Wee the Inhabetents & freholders being met togeather
By verty of tou warants derected to the Constable from
the Justises dated the 12th of this instant to sumans in all
the freholders & Inhabetants of this townshep which sd
warants Are for to Rase a Provencall tax by verty of an
act of ye genarally free assemble dated the 24 day of may
anno donn 1700 & for a County tax by verty of an act of
ye Justesis & grand Jury Att a Cort of Quarter sessions
held at Burlington the eighth day of August Last past —
Wee the ffreholders & Inhabetent being this day met doo
Acording to ye derictions of ye sd warants Cheus our
asessers & Collectors to asses & Collect ye sd taxs whou
are as folloeth Thomas ffolke Jur Benjamin ffield

(7) Chesterfield

Att A towns metting held the fifth day of the twelfth
m° 1700 then was Samuell Taylor Chosen Constable &
William Black was then Chosen overseer of the hyway for
year Insuing

Chesterfield

Att a towns metting held the seventh day of the Twelft

1701 the constable brought his acounts and the are
Aproved six shill (torn) for tending on corts and Apointing
on (torn) Towns metting

It is agreead att this Towns meeting that the inhabetants
and freeholders of this Township are to mete every year att
this metting (torn) one the feirst Seventh day of the week
in the Twelft month — Att this towns meetting Charles
Millerd was chosen constable and Edward Rockhill over-
seer of the highwayes ffor the year Insuing And Samuell
Taylor chosen clarck

216 Town Dockets of Chesterfield Township f N. J.

(8) Chesterfield

Att A towns melting held the sixth day of the Twelft
month 1702 The constable brought his Acounts and the
are aproved Itam hemself and his men in exspences for
caring the felon to prison — 6s Itam ther wages — 6s- Itam
for tending on corts — 4s—

Att the sam meetting Samuell Bunting was Chosen con-
stable for the yeare insuing — Edward Rockhil chosen over-
seer of the high ways William wood then was chosen
overseer of the poor for the year Insuing —

Att A Towns meeting held by the Inhabentant and free-
holders of Chesterffild ye 12th day of the (torn) month 1703
the inhabeters and freeholders being summond by the con-
stable are met together in persuance of a warant derected
to the constable for them & (torn) are to chuse assesers and
colecters for assesing and colecting of a tax for Repairing
of the court house and prison which we their and then did
chuse Thomas wood Robert Willson Recompanc Kerby
William Wood Edward Rockhill Samuel Taylor assessers
John wann & Nickolis Brown colectors — The inhabetors
& freeholders at the sam metting did chuse John Thorn
overseer of the pore and ^Tatthanil feild overseer of the
high wayes for the year insuing

(9) The Inhabetans and freeholders of Chesterfield did
persuent to a warent the 21 of the 7 month 1705 for to
sess and Colext a tax for Reparing the Cort hous and prison
acording to the Derections of the said warent did chuse our
sessers and Colextors to sess and colext the said Tax whose
names are as foloweth —

Samuell Bunting John Bunting

Thomas Scoly Samuell Taylor

sessers

Joseph Scattergood and John black was Chosen Colex-
tors att the same meetting Beniman Wright for the year In-
suing 1706 was Chosen Constable John Moore served
Constable for the year 1705

Town Dockets of Chesterfield Township, N. J. 217

Att a Towns melting the 16 day of the 12 month 1706
Asher Clayton was Chosen constable for the year ensuing —
1707. At the same meeting Thomas foulk was chosen
overseer of the poor Samuell Taylor and John Black
overseers of highways for the year 1707 —

(10) The 15 of the feirst month 1708 att a towns meeting
held att John Mor's the freeholders and Inhabetors did
Chues John Chesher overseer of the poore John a'rnel
Chosen Constable And att the same time did Chues John
Warin and Samuell willson over seers of the high ways for
that year insuing

The 24 of the 3 month 1708 at a Towns meeting held
att John moors by vertue of a warent derexted to the over-
seer of the poor to tak Care of mary wheat Craft and her
Children wee did meet persuent ther unto and have agreed
to buld a loghouse by John moors to put Her in and at the
sam time we did agree with John moor to find her meet
drink and washing for one year at Tenn pound ay ear if she
did work otherwise he wear to have Twelfe pounds ayear
att the same meeting it was agreed by the Justise's and free-
holders that all freeholders and inhabeters that wear warned
by the overseer of the poore the who did not apair at that
Towns meeting to pay ther Tax nor subscrib to it for not
so doing shall pay fore Shilings to the overseer of the poor
for the use of the poor by the 2 day of June next At the
same meeting wee did Let a log hous to be bult by Gorg
nichelson for to put the said mary wheat Craft in and sd
Gorg is to have 4 pounds for bulding it.

It was agred att the same meeting by the Justis and
Inhabeters and freeholders at that Towns meeting that the
inhabetors and freeholders Shall meet per Anum att John
moors on the feirst seventh day of the weeck in the Twelft
month for to Chuess Constable and other ofesers for the
Township — and at the same meeting it was agreed that all
persons that did not apair or (torn) sum Lawfull Cous why

218 Town Dockets of Chesterfield Township, N. J.

the did not apair they shall pay three shilings towards
mentaining the poor or for the Towns use

(11) At a towns meeting held the (torn) day of the 12
month 1708 about Chuesing of a Canstable and other bus-
niss belonging to the Town wee do agree to nomenat ye
Constables and other ofesers belonging to the Town that
served To this present year folowing are as fowlloweth

Constables
Thomas Wood
Thomas ffoulk
Robert Willson
Thomas ffarnsworth
Edward Eockhill
William Black
Daniel Bacon
William Wood
Andrew Smith
John Bunting
Matthew Wattson
John Waring
Henery Beck
Samuell Tayler
Charls Milerd
Samuell Bunting
Beniaman Wright
Nicolass Brown
John Moore
Asher Clayton
John Bulock
John Arnell

over seer of highways
Thomas foulk
John Banbrig
John Bunting
Samuell Bunting
Samuell Tayler
Andrew Smith
Roger Parkes
Robert Chapman
Charls Millerd
Beniaman feild
William Black
Thomas Scoly
John Moore
Edward Rockhill
William Wood
Nathanill feild
Samu11 Tayler
John Black
John Waring
Samu" Wilson

overseers of poor
William Wood
John Thorn
Thomas ffoulck
John Chesher

att ye same meeting held ye 5 day of 12 month 1708 ye
freeholders and inhabeters being meet wee did agree with
John moore to keep the said mary wheat Craft another year
after this year is expired with meat drink and Lodging and
is to give to the said John moor Twelfe pounds for so doing

att A towns meeting held ye 28 day of ye 10 month 1708
Jonathan Wright and Robert wright Colexters Chosen by
the Town to reseve the Tax and pay it to ye Trasur with

Town Dockets of Chesterfield Township, N. J. 219

Bustill (?) for Repairing of the prison then brought their
acounts and Their is due to the Town one pound Two
Shilings 2 pence Erors excepted and their to Remain till
further order

(12) Att the same meeting held the 5 of the 12 month
1708 the freeholders and inhabetors being then mett wee
did then chuess Robert Chapman Constable John Syckes
and matthew wattson overseer of high waves John Bacon
overseer of the poore

persons that did not apeair att this Towns meeting held
ye 5 of ye 12 month 1708 Samuell bunting william Wood
Asher Clayton Nicolas brown John Clark John Arney
Charls Milerd Matthew forsyth John Wright

persons hath not yet payd for not apairing at a towns
meeting held ye 28 of ye 10 month— 1708 Asher Clayton
nicolas brown

The 28 of the feirst month 1709 John Chesher overseer
of ye poor Gave in his aCount of what he Laid out upon
the aCount of ye prison which was fore pound Twelfe shil-
ing Teen pence his Acount was given to John Bacon
overseer of the poore before me Samuell Taylor & Joseph
Myers

Att the Same Time John Chesher brought in a bill of
what he had Laid out upon the aCount of the woomam
mary wheat craft for Table and other Charges belonging
thto which was Sixteen pound Two Shilings and a peny
as will apair by his bill 6lb-028-01d. Also att the sam tim he
brought aCount of what he Reseved upon the aCount of
the prison which was fore pound Eleven shiling & a leven
pence Reseved of frances Devenport Joseph Myers for
not apairing at Towns meeting Six shilings

(13) Att a towns meeting held by the Inhabers of
Chesterffild the 22 day of the 4 month 1709 the Inhabe-
tants being sumensed by the overseer of the poore by ver-
ture of a warent derexted to him for Raising a tax toward
maintaining of mary wheot craft whereto we have agread

220 Town Dockets of Chesterfield Township, N. J.

to make asesment and havf Chosen Samuell bunting Ed-
ward Rockhill Thomas Scoly william wood Sam11 Taylor To
lay the asesment

att The same meeting held ye 22 day of ye 4 month 1709
wee did agree with Thomas foulk to keep mary wheat craft
with meet Drink and Clos for eight pound ay ear —

att the sam meeting 22 day of ye 4 month 1709 John
Moor was willing and proferd that if any would keep the
said mary wheat Craft Cheaper than we had agreed with
him for The Town Was free to Tak her away and Let her
to another

The 30 of the 7 month 1709 att our Towns meeting held
at John Moors by vertue of a warent derected to the con-
stable for the overseer of the poore to Take care of hughe
parett we persuent to ye warant did meet and at yc Same
meeting it was agreead by the Town that william wood
Thomas Scoley John Waring with ye overseer of the poore
John Bacon should Let ye said hugh parretto bemantained
with meat Drinck and Lodging for one year if he life so
long

att the same meeting the Town Did agree with Thomas
ftbulck for Twenty Shilings ay ear more for maintaining of
mary wheat Craft for not Removing of the Loge house

att the same meeting The overseer of the pore John
Bacon Reseved of Asher Clayton for the use of hugh paritt
one pound six Shilings and a Eleven pence

(14) Att a Towns meeting held the 4 day of ye Twelft
month 170 10/9 To Chues a Constable and other busness be-
longing to the Town nathanill feild Chosen Constable but
doeth not Stand — John Thorn Constable for the year insu-
ing. Henery Becke Chosen overseer of the poore Franciss
Devenport and Samuell Denford Chosen overseers of high-
ways for the year insuing

Att our Towns meeting held the 6 day of the 12 month
17010/9 The freeholders and Inhabetors then meet to Chues
Two men wee did Chues Thomas Scoley and John Waring

Town Dockets of Chesterfield Township, N. J. 221

as Reprentivses for the Town Acording as act of Asembley
Alowes

att ye same meeting held the 6 day of ye same month
17010/9 The freholders and Inhabetors then meet did agree
to nomenatt and Chuess Recompance Kerby Thomas Scoley
Samuell Tayler to meet ye 11 day 12 month 17010/9 att
henery becks with the overseer of poor John bacon that he
might give his aCounts before us to henery beck then
overseer of the poore

The 11 of the 12 mth 17010/9 Recompence Kerby Thomas
Scoley Samuel Tayler and John Bacon did meet acording
to order Their and Then John bacon gavie up his aCounts
before us which was aproved on by us whose nams are
above written

(15) The 11 day of ye 12 mth 17010/9 John bacon made
up his aCounts and ther was in his hand due upon the
aCount of the Towne sesments eight pound 5 shilings and
pence which he then paied to henery beck before us Recom-
pance Kerby Thomas Scoley Samuell Tayler

At the same Time then we Colexted and Cast up before
henery beck and their weare for him together upon the
aCount of the Towns Taxe Eight pound thre Shilings and
Tow pence Erors Excepted.

Att a Towns meeting of Chesterffild held the 3 day of
the 12 month 1710/n To Chues A Canstabel and other busnes
belonging to the town Richard Harison Chosen Constable
Thomas Scholey Chosen overseer of the poore Johanathan
Wright and William Kerby overseer of highways for the
year insuing.

Att the said meeting held for ye Township of Chester-
ffild ye 3 day of ye 12 month 17ff the freeholders and in-
habeters being meet and find in there wear a necesety for
to Rais money for Releiveng of ye poor and for other nes-
sesary uses beLonging to the Said Township in order Ther-
unto we who weare meet att ye said meeting Did Chues fore
men to rais a taxe and sess the Same the names of them

222 Town Dockets of Chesterfield Township, N. J.

that wear Chosen William Wood John Waring Ambros
feild Samuell Tayler

Att the sd metting held ye 3 day of ye 12 month 1710/n
we whose names are here above writen being Chosen
being Chosen by the freeholders and Inhabeters to inSpet
in to ye aCouents of henery Beck overseer of ye poore

(16) Chesterffild.

Att our Towns metting held at ye hous of John Moors
the 2 day of the Twelft month 17012/n to Chues Constabls
and other busness belonging to the Town Gorge nichelson
serveth Constable for ye year Insuing Ambros feild Chosen
overseer for the poore James Pharoh Chosen overseer for
the high wayes for ye year Insuing

Att the same meeting the Inhabetors and freholders be-
ing their meet and finding a nesesety for to Rais money to
Releve the poore In order there unto we were meet att the
said meeting Did Chues Robert Chapman Beniaman Wright
John Clayton Samuell Tayler To Rais a Tax and Sess the
Same

att the Same meeting 2d of ye 12 month 1712/n beld at
the house of John moors the Inhabetors and freholders
being ther mett the did agree with Ambros ffeild to keep
mary wheat Craft 4 years from the feirst of may next Insu-
ing with meet and drink and Close att his owne proper
Charge and to beare the Township of Chesterfld harmlis
of any Transaxtion if any shall hapen by the said mary
wheat Craft and the said Ambros is not to imploy nor set
her to work out of Doers Except in harviss or hay Time
and for so doing the freholders and Inhabetors do agree
and promis to pay to the said Ambros the sum of 9lb 10
shilings a year to be paid at every half year end if she Live
so Long as the 4 years the said Ambros Doeth Agree for
his selfe that if he should Die his wife should not be In-
cumbred with the said mary wheat Craft but that the Towne
shall Tack her to the Disposing of again paying only for ye
time she Lived with him

JOHAN PRINT2

GOVERNOR OF NEW SWEDEN
1643-1653

Swedish Settlements on the Delaware, 1638-1664. 223

"THE SWEDISH SETTLEMENTS ON THE DELA-
WA.EB, 1638-1664."— BY AMANDUS JOHNSON, PH.D.

BY GREGORY B. KEEN, LL.D.

[The original of the portrait of Governor Printz here reproduced is
in the church at Bottnaryd, the little village where Printz was born,
near Jonkoping, capital of the Province of that name, in southern
Sweden, of which Printz was Governor after his return from New
Sweden until his death. Printz and his two wives are buried in the ad-
joining churchyard. The arms in the right hand corner of the picture
are those of Printz, conferred upon him by Queen Christina before he
went to New Sweden.]

THE history of the Swedish settlements on the Delaware
by Dr. Amandns Johnson is, and probably always will be,
the most complete account of that colony in Swedish or in
English. It should be deeply interesting to every intelli-
gent inhabitant of Pennsylvania, Delaware and New Jersey,
since it relates the first successful attempt of a European
nation to occupy and develop the territory of those States.
The author, who is an American of Swedish parentage, be-
gan his investigation of the subject five years ago, making
three journeys to Sweden, two to Holland and England, and
one to Finland, in search of documents and other materials
pertinent to his work. In his preface he asserts that he
" has examined and read every document on the subject
known to exist," and no one who notes the multitude of his
citations and the variety of sources from which they are
drawn will be disposed to doubt the truth of so broad a
statement. The extraordinary number of books consulted
is equally significant of the zeal and thoroughness with
which the author has fulfilled his task. Nothing more could
be desired of him provided his use of the information so la-
boriously acquired be as judicious as his search for it is ear-
nest and sincere. That this is the case no one will deny
who takes the trouble or gives himself the pleasure of read-
ing Dr. Johnson's book.

224 Sivedish Settlements on the Delaware, 1638-1664.

The work is issued in two volumes, of over nine hundred
pages, with six maps and one hundred and sixty illustra-
tions, many of them of great value and interest, and not a
few made expressly for it. It is divided into five Books,
the first of which gives the European background, so to
speak, of the subject, the remaining four dealing with the
actual history of the colony from 1635 to 1664, each sub-
divided into two Parts, the first of which treats of the activi-
ties in Europe, and the second of which tells the story of the
settlements during the period covered by that Book.

The first Book, or Introduction, comprising eighty-three
pages, is divided into two Parts, the first of which presents
a most interesting picture of the political, social, and relig-
ious conditions in Sweden from 1611 to 1660, and the sec-
ond of which contains, it is believed, the most complete
account of the economic conditions of that country, and of
the trading companies at this time, which has appeared in
English.

The second Book, containing one hundred and thirty-four
pages, speaks of the founding of the New Sweden Company
and the occupation of the Delaware by the Swedes under
the two first Governors, Peter Minuit and Peter Ridder.
It shows the great difficulties encountered in organizing the
enterprise, notwithstanding its endorsement and financial
backing by Axel Oxenstierna and other illustrious coun-
sellors of Queen Christina. It describes the hardships and
privations of settlers in a new country, as well as their forti-
tude and energy in overcoming the obstacles encountered.
It tells of the melancholy death of Minuit on his return
voyage to Sweden for reinforcements. It contributes fresh
information as to the personality and character of his suc-
cessor, about whom so little is known. And finally it clears
up questions regarding the relations of the immigrants to
their neighbours, Indians, Dutch and English.

The third Book, comprising two hundred and forty-eight
pages, gives an account of the reorganized New Sweden
Company and its expeditions to New Sweden from 1642 to

Swedish Settlements on the Delaware, 1638-1664.

1653, and the history of the colony during the governorship
of Johan Printz. It describes most fully the social and eco-
nomic life of the colony, and the dwellings, customs and
religious worship of the people. This is followed, as before,
by a recital of their relations with the Indians, Dutch and
English, this subject being treated with remarkable skill and
fairness to opposing claims and interests. And the final
chapter gives the best account yet written of the govern-
ment of New Sweden during this period. Printz is pre-
sented to the reader in his true aspect as an able ruler of
his colony, and one who, with more substantial support from
Sweden, would have shown himself to be quite a match for
Peter Stuyvesant.

The fourth Book, containing one hundred and fifty pages,
is devoted to the last period of the colony under Swedish
rule, comprising the administrations of Johan Papegoja and
Johan Rising. It is interesting as indicating the improve-
ment in the social life of the people, and includes a chapter
on the literature of New Sweden. It concludes with a
graphic account of the overthrow of Swedish authority by
the Dutch of New Netherland.

The fifth Book, comprising fifty-four pages, gives an ac-
count of the American Company (the reorganized New
Sweden Company), of the twelfth and last expedition to
New Sweden, and of the Swedish settlements under Dutch
rule, from 1654 to 1664. It also mentions the efforts of
Sweden to regain the colony from 1653 to 1673.

One of the most remarkable features of the work is its
very valuable Appendices. These occupy one hundred and
forty-two pages. They include biographies of persons promi-
nently connected with the history of New Sweden, lists of
officers, soldiers, servants and settlers in New Sweden from
1638 to 1656, documents and translations of documents, and
an incomparable bibliography of the subject filling forty-
eight pages, locating manuscripts, and giving titles of printed
books.

VOL. xxxv. — 15

226 Swedish Settlements on the Delaware, 1638-1664.

What more could be desired but a good index ? The in-
dex of this work is the best I am acquainted with, occupy-
ing sixty-eight pages, and made personally by the author,
who, not content with giving numbers of pages after im-
portant subjects and names of persons, indicates the matter
referred to on each particular page.

All honor to the writer of this masterpiece of historical in-
vestigation, and to Gustavus Adolphus College, of St. Peter,
and our University of Pennsylvania, which trained him to
produce it. Thanks to the Swedish Colonial Society, which
enabled him to publish it.

The book is dedicated by the author to His Majesty,
Gustaf V., King of Sweden.

It is issued in two forms. One, the University edition, is
offered to all who desire to purchase it. The other, printed
on special paper, in binding of Swedish blue, embossed with
the arms of Governor Printz, which were adopted for the
colony of New Sweden, and containing additional illustra-
tions, is for distribution to the members of the Swedish
Colonial Society. In this edition, after the index, appears
the Constitution of that Society, with a list of its officers,
councillors, and members. This is its first publication, and
it may interest readers to learn something of this newly
formed association. It was founded in Philadelphia a little
over two years ago. Its object, as its constitution expresses
it, is "to collect, preserve, and publish records, documents,
and other material, printed or in manuscript, and to
commemorate events relating to the history of Swedes in
America." King Gustaf V., of Sweden, graciously accepted
the office of High Patron of the Society. His Excellency
Count Johan J. A. Ehrensvard, Minister of Sweden to the
United States, succeeded the late Minister, His Excellency
Herman L. F. de Lagercrantz, as Honorary President of it.
Its active President is Chevalier Marcel A. Viti, Royal Vice-
Consul of Sweden at Philadelphia. The Society numbers
at present, about three hundred members. Among these
are the President, four Vice-Presidents, the Recording and

Swedish Settlements on the Delaware, 1638-1664. 227

Corresponding Secretaries, the Auditor, Curator, Librarian,
Historiographer, and several Councillors of the Historical
Society of Pennsylvania. About two-thirds of the members
are descendants of the early Swedish settlers on the Dela-
ware, while the remainder include many prominent scholars
and historians, and persons interested in the purposes of
the Society.

228 The Iron Industry in Trenton.

BEGINNINGS OF THE IEON INDUSTRY IN
TRENTON, NEW JERSEY.

BY WILLIAM NELSON.

THE steps that led up to the establishment of the iron in-
dustry in Trenton may be regarded as having their begin-
ning in a certain deed dated September 23, 1721, from
Richard Newcombe of Lewistowne, in the county of Sussex,
upon Delaware, Mariner (" only Son and Heir at Law of
Richard Neweombe, also Newcome, dec'd and Mary his
wife, also dec'd"), to Thomas Lambert of Nottingham,
Burlington county, for two-third parts of one-fourteenth of
one-ninetieth of ninety one-hundred ths of West New Jersey.
This deed recites that by a certain deed dated April 4, 1683,
between William Welch, Tanner, of London, Merchant,
and John Marshal of Limehouse, in Middlesex county,
Mariner, the former sold one-fourteenth of one-ninetieth of
ninety one-hundredths of all the tract called West Jersey,
warranted to contain 1400 acres ; that Elizabeth Marshal, of
Limehouse in the Parish of Stepney of Middlesex county,
widow and executrix of John Marshal, conveyed to Richard
Newcombe, the father, and Richard Newcombe the son, the
tract by them above conveyed to Thomas Lambert.1

The next step is a deed dated July 12, 1723, from Samuel
Green of Amwell, Hunterdon county, West New Jersey,
yeoman, to William Trent, Esq., of Nottingham Township,
Burlington county, John Porterfield, Esq., of Trenton, Hun-
terdon county, and Thomas Lambert, Gentleman, of Not-
tingham Township, Burlington county. This deed recites
that William Trent, above mentioned, conveyed to said
Samuel Green fourteen acres of land situate in Trent Town
on the North side of Assunkpink; that Thomas Lambert

1 N. J. Deeds, Liber D.D., 101, Secretary of State's Office.

The Iron Industry in Trenton. 229

conveyed sixteen acres to said Samuel Green, situate in
Nottingham aforesaid on the South side of Assunkpink and
adjoining the above said tract of Trent. This deed of July
12, 1723, thereupon witnesses that Samuel Green for five
shillings paid him by said Trent, Porterfield and Lambert,
conveyed thirty acres of land situate in the Township of Not-
tingham aforesaid, being in two parcels, the first comprising
fourteen acres purchased of William Trent, and the second
comprising sixteen acres purchased of Thomas Lambert,
" excepting the Grist-mill and other mills erected on the
Assunkpink brook and now in possession of the Messrs.
Trent;" the above thirty acres to be held as tenants in com-
mon, that is, one-half to William Trent and his heirs, one-
third to John Porterfield and his heirs, and one-sixth to
Thomas Lambert and his heirs. This instrument was wit-
nessed by Jacob Bailorjean and John Vanlaer.

This transaction was evidently for the purpose of carry-
ing out a project in partnership, probably the establishment
of an iron manufactory on the tract thus held by the three
men in common. Just when the iron works were estab-
lished does not appear, but by the next deed to be recited,
bearing date June 20, 1729, we are able quite distinctly to
locate the beginning of this industry as having taken place
within the six years elapsing between 1723 and 1729.1

On June 20, 1729, James Trent, eldest son and heir at
law of William Trent, Esq., late of Nottingham, Burlington
county, New Jersey, dec'd, conveyed to Anthony Morris,
of the city of Philadelphia, Brewer, for the consideration of
five shillings, two-thirds of one-half of two pieces or tracts
" contiguous on Assunpink Creek in the township of Tren-
ton in Hunterdon county, New Jersey, and of the Forge
Iron Works and Buildings thereon with Water Wells,
Bellows, Hamer, Anvil, and other utensils to the Forge
belonging :" one being a tract of fourteen acres on the North
side of Assunpink, and the second being a tract of sixteen

. J. Deeds, Liber D. £., 122.

230 The Iron Industry in Trenton.

acres on the South aide of said Creek.1 By this deed, it will
be seen, Anthony Morris acquired an interest in the tracts
in question, and became a tenant in common thereof with
Thomas Lambert, John Porterfield and James Trent, as the
heir of William Trent. These four men thereupon entered
into a co-partnership on the same day that the last-mentioned
deed was executed. The articles of partnership set out so
fully the purposes of the Company, and give so excellent an
idea of the condition of the iron works at the time, that
they are herewith reproduced in full :

Articles of agreement indented made concluded and
agreed upon this twenty eth Day of June in the Year of our
Lord One thousand Seven hundred & Twenty nine Between
Thomas Lambert, John Porterfield, Anthony Morris and
James Trent in Manner and form following (Viz)

Whereas the said partys to these presents owners of the
forge already erected & built situate lying and being in the
Town of Trenton on a River or Brook called Assunpink on
the North side thereof together with the Lands thereunto
appertaining on each side of said Creek with all the Build-
ings Dams Water Courses & all other conveniences and ap-
purtenances belonging or any wise appertaining to the
premises for the making of Bar Iron according to their
respective Shares and parts, and to hold and manage and
carry on the same in Copartnership, and shall bear and pay
a proportionable part of the Charges and Expenses which
hereafter shall be laid out in putting and preserving the
said forge in good and sufficient Repair together with the
whole premises there unto belonging (that is to say) the
said Thomas Lambert, John Porterfield, Anthony Morris
and James Trent partys to these presents do declare and
agree that in Consideration of the Trust and Confidence
that they have and do repose in each other have concluded
agreed and by these presents do & each of them doth hereby
covenant and conclude & agree to be copartners in provid-
ing getting & bringing their respective Shares and propor-
tion of pig Mettle to the forge aforesaid, & in carrying on
& managing the work and business aforesaid for the Manu-
facturing the said pig Mettle into Barr Iron which they do
hereby oblige and bind themselves their Heirs and Assigns

1N. J. Deeds, Liber D. D., 387.

The Iron Industry in Trenton. 231

to perform fulfill & observe according to the true intent &
Meaning hereof at their own proper cost & Charge & shall
also pay their respective Shares & proportions of all the cost
& charge in providing workmen finding Stock of Coal and
bringing the same to the Coal houses with all other things
necessary for refining hammering and drawing the said Iron
into Bars as aforesaid and when made shall have their and
every of their respective parts Shares portions and Dividends
delivered to each and every of them or their Assigns at the
fforge aforesaid, But in case any of the partys shall fail or
neglect in providing bringing or delivering at the iforge
aforesaid his or their full proportionable part or Share of
pig Mettle Coal or other necessary Stock, then and in such
Case it is hereby covenanted concluded & agreed on by and
between all the said partys to these presents that such per-
son or persons so failing or neglecting in providing bringing
and delivering at the itbrge aforesaid his or their full parts
shares and portions of the Mettle Coal and other necessary
Stock aforesaid shall nevertheless pay their proportionable
part according to their respective share they hold in the
Works of all Moneys disburst for putting and keeping the
same in good Repair and Shall receive no greater or larger
Dividend of the Iron when made than in proportion to the
stock of Mettle and Coal by them delivered in, (the work-
mens wages for making the same being first deducted) And
for the better managing of all the Matters and things relat-
ing to the Copartnership aforesaid each of them the said
partys by and for himself his Executors Administrators or
Assigns shall and will on the ffirst day of every third Month
from the Date hereof during the said Copartnership meet
and consult together in about and concerning the premises
or at any other time or times and at such place and places
in the said County of Hunterdon as they or a Majority of
them to be reckoned according to their their respective
Shares and Interests as after mentioned shall from time
to time appoint in the monthly Meeting aforesaid at which
or any other Meetings so to be appointed all the said partys
to these presents their Executors Administrators or Assigns
or a Majority of them so meeting are to conferr and delib-
erate, also fix and determine concerning the Copartnership
aforesd (viz) what sum or sums of Money or Stock will be
necessary for carrying on said Iron Works and what Number
of Workmen or Servants with Horses Cattle and Carriages

232 The Iron Industry in Trenton.

and other Tools and Utensils may be requisite and necessary
and what Wages to the Workmen when and how to be paid
and for making provision for subsisting the Workmen and
Teams and to whom the Care and oversight thereof shall
be committed, also when and in what manner the Forge
Engines building and repairing Dams Pranks Water-courses
Races and all other things thereunto belonging are to be
kept up cleaned repaired or altered and what additional
Works or Conveniences shall be made thereunto, and how
the Work and Business aforesaid shall be carried on and the
said Forge provided & supplyed with pig Iron Coal and
other Necessary s and how and when each of the said party s
his Executors Administrators or assigns shall find his pro-
portion of Wood for Coals and about the division of Iron
made in said Forge and concerning any addition or altera-
tion in the said Copartnership, all which before mentioned,
or whatsoever Matters or things are necessary tho' not here-
in contained to the better carrying on the Works shall be
by the Majority of the said Company determined at their
said Meetings and shall be binding and conclusive to and
amongst all and every of the said partys to these presents
and to their Executors Administrators and Assigns, And it
is further agreed that each and every of the said partys
their Executors Administrators and Assigns respectively in
disposing of any Iron to be made at the fforge aforesaid
shall not directly or indirectly undersell or sell at a lower
or lesser price than what the said partys their Executors
Administrators or Assigns or a Majority of them to be
reckoned as aforesaid shall in their Meetings aforesaid from
time to time order and appoint without first offering the
same to the rest of the Company at the prices so to be ap-
pointed at the Meetings aforesaid, And that if any of them
the said partys his Executors Administrators or Assigns
shall at any time hereafter be minded or willing to dispose
of his part Share and Interest of & in all & singular the
said premises in Copartnership aforesaid including the Land
thereunto belonging he or they so minded shall communi-
cate & offer the same to the other partners at their Meeting
aforesd to the End & Interest that the rest of the Company
aforesd may have if they think fit the refusal thereof at the
greatest price that the party minded to sell can bona fide
have of any of the sd partners or of a Stranger to be
approved of as hereinafter mentioned, And if the rest of

The Iron Industry in Trenton. 233

the Company refuse to buy at that price then he or they
may sell to any one of the said Company and if none of the
Company be minded to buy at the same prices then he or
they may sell to a stranger, provided always nevertheless
that such a Stranger be a person appro v'd of by a Majority
of the Company aforesaid in Copartnership at some of their
said Meetings so that in selling of the Interests of any of
the partys aforesaid preference shall be given to the Rest
of the Company before a Stranger. And it is further cov-
enanted concluded & agreed on by and between all & every
of the said partys to these presents and each of them by
and for himself his Executors Administrators and Assigns
doth covenant promise and grant to and with each other of
them his Executors Administrators and Assigns by these
presents that no Right of Survivorship shall take place or
have effect in or for any Matter or thing touching the Co-
partnership aforesaid or any Stock of Money advanced or
to be advanced or other Gains profits or Increase thereof
But that the Survivor or Survivors of them the said Co-
partners shall & will promise & suffer the Executors Admin-
istrators and Assigns of him or them dying or departing
this Life before the other of them to have possess occupy
and enjoy his and their proportionable part of the proceeds
of the ffbrge aforesaid and of all other the whole premises
aforesaid in Copartnership. And also that the Survivor and
Survivors of them shall permit and suffer his & their Name
and Names or the Name or Names of his or their Executors
Administrators or Assigns as occasion shall require to be
made use of by the Executors and Administrators or Assigns
of the other in Commencing or defending any Action or
Suite as occasion may require. And if any Variance or
Difference Doubt Question Controversy or Contention shall
at any time or times hereafter arise or happen among the
said partys or any of them or the Executors Administrators
or Assigns of any of them for or by reason of any Matter
Clause Sentence or thing herein contained or Construction
thereof or by reason or means of the copartnership afore-
said or any matter or thing thereon depending which thev
the said partys their Executors Administrators or Assigns
or a Majority of them to be reckoned as before mentioned
in their Meetings aforesaid cannot reconcile and determine
the same that then from time to time and so often as the
same shall happen and before any Suite Arrest or Trouble

234 The Iron Industry in Trenton.

shall be attempted or begun by any of them against the
other, all and every of the said Variances Differences Ques-
tions Doubts Controversy & Contentions shall from time to
time be referred & submitted to the hearing Order Award &
Determination of a competent Number of honest and lawful
Men not exceeding five in Number whom they the said
partys their Executors Administrators or Assigns shall nom-
inate and chuse as Arbitrators in & for all & every the said
premises & being so chosen shall deliver up their Award &
Determination thereof in writing under their Hands & Seals
or the hands & Seals of the Major part of them within thirty
days after the same before referred to them. And also that
each of the said partys to these presents his Executors Ad-
ministrators & Assigns respectively for their several and
particular parts shall & will from time to time stand to
observe perform fulfill & keep all & every such Award Order
Judgment final End & Determination as the referees so to
be chosen as aforesaid or a Majority of them shall from
time to time make and give in Writing in Manner aforesaid
for or in Behalf of the said partys their Exrs. Admrs. or
Assigns respectively or any of them, Its hereby ascertained
that the partys and Shares of the partys hereunto are as
followeth Viz. Thomas Lambert one equal Sixth part of
the whole premises, John Porterfield one equal third part
and Anthony Morris one equal third part and James Trent
one equal Sixth part AND Lastly for the true performance
of all & every the Covenants Grants Articles provisoes and
agreements herein contained which on the parts & Behalf
of every or any of them the said partys are and ought to be
observed kept done and performed the said partys to these
presents do bind and oblige themselves their and every of
their Heirs, Executors and Administrators each to the other
his Executors Administrators or Assigns in the penal sum
of ffi. ve hundred pounds lawful Money of America firmly
by these presents.

In Witness whereof the said partys to these presents have
hereunto set their Hands and Seals the Day and Year first
above written.

Thomas Lambert (L.S.)
John Portertield (L.S.)
Anthony Morris (L.S.)
James Trent (L.S.)

The Iron Industry in Trenton. 235

Sealed and delivered in the presence of Enoch Andrews,
Mahlon Stacy, Will Yard.1

The execution of this instrument was proved June 17,
1738, by Enoch Andrews (Anderson) who deposes that he
saw Thomas Lambert, John Porterfield, Anthony Morris
and James Trent severally sign the same as their act and
deed and deliver the same for the uses therein mentioned.

Another deed was executed June 21, 1729, by James
Trent, eldest son and heir at law of Wm. Trent, late of
Nottingham, Burlington county, New Jersey, to Anthony
Morris of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Brewer, which con-
tains the following recital:

" On July 11, 1723, Wm. Trent & Mary his wife granted
to Samuel Green fourteen acres of land for use of a Forge
or Iron works the land lying on the Brook Assunpink on
North side thereof in Township of Trenton, Hunterdon
county, being part of a large tract purchased by Wm. Trent
from Mahlon Stacy, late of Nottingham, and by deed made
July 11, 1723, between Thomas Lambert, gentleman, of
Nottingham, and said Samuel Green, said Lambert sold to
Samuel Green sixteen acres on South side of Assunpink
Creek, and said fourteen and sixteen acres were laid out for
the use and service of a forge or Iron works now erected
thereon, and the said Samuel Green granted the same to
said Wm. Trent, John Porterfield and Thomas Lambert by
deed dated July 12, 1723." This indenture shows that
James Trent for thirty-three pounds, six shillings and eight
pence conveyed to Anthony Morris the two-thirds of one-
half part of the fourteen acres and sixteen acres and the
Forge, &c.2

In 1730, the Company bought by deed dated July 6, of
that year, an additional tract of land from Thomas Biles
of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, yeoman, the grantees being
described as Thomas Lambert of Nottingham, Burlington

1N. J. Deeds, Liber E., 339.
2N. J. Deeds, Liber D.D., 388.

236 The Iron Industry in Trenton.

county, yeoman, William Morris of the same place, Mer-
chant, Anthony Morris of the City of Philadelphia, Brewer,
John Porterfield and James Trent, both of Trenton, Hun-
terdon county, gentlemen, the tract being described as ten
and three-fourths acres and fourteen perches, situate near
Trenton :

Beginning at a post in the line of Enoch Anderson's land ;
thence running South twenty-four perches to Assunpink
Creek ; thence up the same South eighty-seven degrees East
twelve perches to a corner; thence North forty-nine degrees
East twelve perches to a post; thence North forty-five de-
grees East thirty-two perches to another post ; thence North
thirty-seven degrees East sixteen perches to a corner post,
near the Forge : thence North fifty-two degrees West twen-
ty-nine perches to a stone ; thence South forty-six degrees
West forty-seven perches to the place of Beginning.

The deed recites that James Trent conveyed the above
ten and three-fourth acres and fourteen perches to Thomas
Biles by deed dated July 3, 1730, and Thomas Biles by deed
of July 6, 1730, conveys the same to the grantees first above
mentioned.1

James Trent of Trenton, Hunterdon county, Esq., con-
veys by deed dated January 26, 1731-2, to Isaac Harrow
of the same place, blacksmith, for the consideration of 16
pounds, a lot lying in Trenton bounded as follows :

Beginning at a stone on South side of a certain run com-
monly called Pettit's run ; thence North 71° East 12 perches
to a stone for a corner; thence North 39° East 16 perches
to another stone for a Corner; thence North 47° West 7
perches across the said run to a stone for another corner ;
thence South West 12 perches; thence South 60° West 9
perches to a stone by the King's Road ; then 6 chains & 40
links across the said run to ye first Station, containing 1
acre.2

Isaac Harrow, blacksmith, of Trenton, added to the above
purchase by virtue of a deed from James Trent of Trenton,

1 N. J. Deeds, Liber D.D., 398.
2 N. J. Deeds, Liber E F, 445.

The Iron Industry in Trenton. 237

gentleman, dated April 16, 1734, from whom he purchased
for the consideration of forty-six pounds, a lot of land lying
in Trenton, bounded as follows :

Beginning at a stone for a corner, being on the line of
Benj. Smith's plantation on North side of Pettit's run ;
thence along by said James Trent's fence South seventy-one
degrees East five chains & eighty links to a stone for a cor-
ner by the said James Trents Fence, and from thence runs
South sixteen degrees West by the West End of Wm.
Allen's stable three chains & sixteen links to a stone, being
a corner of Coll Coxe's Lott of land and from thence
runs along the Rear of the said Coxe's lott North ninety
degrees West to a stone one chain . . and is another of the
said Coxe's Corners, and thence along said Coxe's line &
which said stone is also a Corner of Dr. Patterson's Lott ;
thence along rear line of Dr. Patterson's, Henry Carters,
James Bells and John Chambers Lotts of land North 79°
West 4 chains & 25 links to a stone for a corner; thence
North 3° East over said Pettits run, 4 chains & 50 links to
a stone by the road in the said Benj. Smith's line; thence
along said Smith's line North 27° East 2 chains and 20 links
to beginning. Containing 3£ acres.

Witnesses : Joseph Yard, William Pierson, Isaac Ivens.1

The American Weekly Mercury , published at Philadelphia,
under date of September 5, 1734, contains this advertise-
ment:

" Lately set up at Trenton in New Jersey, a Planing and
Plate Mill by Isaac Harrow, an English Smith, who makes
the under named goods," — and then follows a long list of
dripping pans, frying pans, chafing dishes, broad axes, fall-
ing axes, knives, spades, shovels, ladels, pans, shears, saws,
coffee roasters, &c., " likewise also too, iron plates fitted for
Bell Making or any other Use."2

Isaac Harrow did not live long to enjoy, or otherwise, his
new industrial venture. His will, dated the 7 mo. 28, 1738,
was admitted to probate April 6, 1741, showing that he

1 N. J. Deeds, Liber E F, 446.
*N. J. Archives, XL, 355.

238 The Iron Industry in Trenton.

had carried on this enterprise less than seven years. By
this will he gave to his son James his wearing apparel and
ten shillings, and " no more of my estate." All the rest of
his estate he gave to his wife Temperance, naming her and
his friends Anthony Morris and William Morris, Executors,
whom he empowered to " sell my estate the better to enable
them to pay my debts." The will was witnessed by Henry
Carter, Josiah Appleton and John Yard.1

The New England Weekly Journal, Boston, March 19, 1733,
quoting doubtless from a Pennsylvania newspaper, gives an
account of great damages done by the breaking up of the
ice and consequent freshets :

" We likewise hear that the Freshes have done much
Damage at Trentown, that it carried away the Dam of the
Iron- Work, & the Dam of the Grist Mill, Bridge, & Dying-
House, with a large Copper was carried down the Stream,
& abundance of other Damage ."2

Temperance Harrow, Anthony Morris, Esq., and William
Morris, Esq., executors of Isaac Harrow, deceased, by deed
dated September 9, 1743, conveyed to John Coxe of Tren-
ton, Hunterdon county, Attorney at law, for the considera-
tion of sixty pounds, a tract situate in Trenton, bounded as
follows :

Beginning at a Lott of John Chambers on the East side
of the River Road and runs from thence along said Road
North four degrees East twenty-one links to a stake ; thence
North sixty-five degrees East three chains and sixty links to
a stake ; thence South eighty-six degrees thirty minutes East
one chain forty-three links to the corner of John Coxe's
Lott ; thence along said Coxe's Line two and one-half chains
to the corner of Dr. Patterson's Lott & so is bounded along
by the rear of said Patterson's Lott, David Cowells, Clot-
worthy Reeds, James Bell and John Chambers to place of
Beginning. Containing two Rodd and thirty-two Pearches.
Witnessed by John Clark and Alexander Chambers.3

1N.J. Wills, Liber 4, 277.
*N. J. Archives, Vol. XI, 308.
3 N. J. Deeds, Liber E F, 326.

The Iron Industry in Trenton. 239

The mill, however, was not included in this transfer, but
was advertised in the Pennsylvania Gazette, August 15, 1745,
as follows :

" To be sold, in Trenton, by publick Vendue on the 3rd of
September next.

" The Iron Plaiting Works, Smith's Shop, and all the Tools
and Molds, for making Frying-pans, Dripping-pans, &c., said
Works being now fit for Use : Also a good new Dwelling-
house, Lot and Outhouses, all of the Estate of Isaac Harrow,
deceased. The Conditions of Payment to be known of
Anthony Morris, in Philadelphia, or of William Morris in
Trenton."1

By the recitals in a deed dated September 17, 1762, from
Benjamin Yard to Owen Biddle and Timothy Matlack, it
appears that Isaac Harrow's mill property was sold October
17, 1745, to Joseph Higby, and that Higby sold it the next
day to Anthony Morris, who on November 1, 1745, sold it
to Benjamin Yard. The sale to Higby probably took place
at the auction sale above advertised.

William Yard was interested in 1748 in the iron works
on Black Creek, about half a mile from Bordentown.2 He
was probably a relative of Benjamin Yard, perhaps his
father.

In 1750 the British Parliament passed an act providing
that on and after the twenty-fourth day of June, in that
year, all " Subsidies, Customs, Impositions, Rates and Duties
then payable on Pig Iron, made in and imported from his
Majesty's Colonies in America into any part of Great Bri-
tain," should cease. The act further provided : " And that
Pig and Bar Iron made in his Majesty's Colonies of America,
may be further manufactured into this Kingdom, be it further
enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That from and after the
Twenty-fourth Day of June, One thousand seven hundred
and fifty, ISTo Mill or other Engine for Slitting or Rolling of
Iron or any Plating-Forge to work with a Tilt Hammer, or

1 N. J. Archives, Vol. XII, 269.
*N. J. Archives, Vol. XII, 457.

240 The Iron Industry in Trenton.

any Furnace for making Steel, shall be erected, or after
such Erection, continued in any of his Majesty's Colonies
in America; and if any Person or Persons shall erect, or
cause to be erected, or after such Erection continue or cause
to be continued, in any of the said Colonies, any such Mill,
or Engine, Forge, or Furnace, every Person or Persons so
offending, shall for every such Mill, Engine, Forge or Fur-
nace, forfeit the Sum of Two hundred Pounds of lawful
Money of Great Britain." The act also declared "that
every such Mill, Engine, Forge or Furnace so erected or
continued contrary to the Directions of the Act, shall be
deemed a common Nuisance," and made it the duty of the
Governor of any Colony to order and cause the same to be
abated within thirty days.

Governor Belcher issued a Proclamation September 15,
1750, requiring the " Owner or Owners of every Mill or
Engine for slitting or rolling of Iron, and of every plateing
Forge that works with a tilt Hammer, and of every Furnace
for making of Steel," which were erected before June 24,
1750, to transmit a particular account under their hands of
the situations of their respective works, etc.; also requiring
the Sheriffs of the several counties to notify him on or be-
fore the twentieth of October following, of the number of
such mills, etc., in their respective counties. In accordance
with this Proclamation, John Allen, Sheriff of Hunterdon
county, reported to the Governor that he had found :

One Plateing Mill Scituate in Trenton in the County of
Hunterdon said to belong to Benjamin Yard which to my
Certain knowledge was Erected before the said Twenty
fourth day of June Last past and is now in Use.

Also one Furnis for making Steel belonging to the above
sd Yard which Also to my own knowledge was Erected be-
fore the Twenty fourth day of June last past but is not now
in use. And after a strict Inquiry I can Discover no other
Mills or Engine for Slitting or rolling of Iron or plateing
forges which work a Tilt Ham'er or Furnaces for making
of steel within my County.

The Iron Industry in Trenton. 241

On November 10, 1750, Governor Belcher transmitted a
report to the Commissioners for Trade and Plantations,
setting forth his Proclamation and the report of Sheriff
Allen, and embodying in his own report, the substance of
such report.1

No other reference to any steel works in New Jersey has
been discovered, and it would therefore appear that Benja-
min Yard is entitled to the honor of having established the
first steel works in New Jersey, if not in America.

By deed dated September 17, 1762, Benjamin Yard ot
Trenton, blacksmith, and Ann his wife, conveyed to Owen
Biddle, watchmaker, and Timothy Matlack, merchant, both
of Philadelphia, for the consideration of one hundred and
fifty-five pounds, each an equal undivided one-half part of a
certain Lot of land in Trenton " Beginning at a stone stand-
ing on the Bank of the plating Mill race and bears South
West seventy-two degrees at twenty-eight links Distant from
the South West Corner of the Plating mill wall, and thence
South eighteen degrees West one chain and nineteen Links
to a stone standing in the Bank of the Run and is a corner
of the said Benj. Yard's plating mill Lott and from thence
runs North seventy-five degrees West two chains to a stone
standing in a line of land late belonging to Benj. Smith
deceased, and from thence runs along that Line North
twenty-six degrees East two chains and thirteen links to a
stone standing six links to the South of a black walnutt
tree & from thence runs South seventy-six degrees East two
chains & sixteen links to the First mentioned corner or place
of beginning." L>

Another deed appears on record dated March 29, 1768,
from Benjamin Yard of Trenton, Hunterdon county, black-
smith, and Isaac Yard of the same place, hatter, to Nathan
Dakes of the township of Trenton, yeoman, wherein and
whereby for the consideration of £111 the Yards convey a

1 N. J. Archives, VII., 558-570.
*N. J. Deeds, Liber S., 261.

VOL. XXXV. 16

242 The. Iron Industry in Trenton.

lot of twelve and nine-tenths acres in the township of Tren-
ton, Beginning at Nathan Dakes corner touching Nield
Levinstone line and Maiden Head Road, and also another
lot No. 6 in the plan, beginning at Benjamin Yard's corner
and bounding on Maiden Head Road, John Yard and Jethro
Yard's deceased corner, 8 acres ; also lot No. 7 of the plan,
eight and one-half acres. This deed recites that William
Yard, late of Trenton, inn keeper, deceased, became seized
of lands in Trenton or thereabouts, and by his will dated
February 12, 1742, devised all his lands in Hunterdon
county, to his five sons — Joseph, William, John, Benjamin
and Jethro, — the real estate to be equally divided among
them, &C.1

By another deed dated April 16, 1781, Benjamin Yard
of Trenton, Hunterdon county, conveyed to Nahor Yard of
the same place, the consideration being love of his son and
five shillings, a lot of land in Trenton : —

Beginning at a stone corner to a lot late of Joseph DeCou?
now belonging to Wm. Roscoe in Stanton's line, thence
running along Second Street North seventy-nine degrees
West forty-seven feet to a stone corner to other land of said
Benjamin Yard, thence along same Street South one hun-
dred and fifty-one feet to a lot now or late belonging to
Sarah Panier; thence along the same South seventy-seven
degrees East forty-eight feet to a stone for a corner in said
line of Hugh Stantin; thence along the same North one
hundred and fifty feet to place of Beginning.2

The last three conveyances seem to refer to the site of the
steel plant owned by Benjamin Yard in 1750.

The venerable Judge William S. Yard, of Trenton, has
been engaged for several years in delving into the history
of his ancestor's steel works.

Pettit's or Petty's run ran across West State street about
one hundred feet east of the New Jersey State House
grounds. It was diverted into a sewer many years ago.

1 N. J. Deeds, Liber E, 404.

2 N. J. Deeds, Liber A T, 188.

The Iron Industry in Trenton. 243

The exact site of the plant first mentioned above has not
been determined. It was probably west of the present
Warren street, lying on both sides of the Assunpink Creek.

It is to be regretted that we have no account of the
progress, decay and final abandonment of this earliest iron
enterprise in Trenton.

The forge was doubtless supplied with iron ore from up
the Delaware river, and possibly the records of the Durham
and other iron furnaces and forges may reveal transactions
with the Trenton works.

In August, 1772, there was uncovered the foundation wall
of an old building at the corner of Ferry and Bloomsbury
(now Warren) streets, in Trenton, which was octagonal in
shape, and about sixty feet in diameter. These walls were
composed of hard gray stone, two feet thick, and six feet in
depth, with four openings, each about three feet wide, facing
north, south, east and west. In the northwest corner was
the foundation of a stone and brick chimney, about six feet
wide and extending six feet deep below the surface. What
was this building? It has been conjectured that it was a
fort or block house built for the protection of the original
iron works, which is unlikely. No record has been found
of its erection, nor of the purpose to which it was devoted.
It is probable that it was one of the forts erected during
the French and Indian War, when the inhabitants of New
Jersey were under the apprehension of an Indian invasion
from New York and Pennsylvania.1

1 Proceedings N. J. Historical Society, Second Series, III., 61.

244

Notes and Queries.

NOTES AND QUERIES.

A COMMITTEE OF THE ALUMNI OF ALL DEPARTMENTS OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA is PREPARING A CATALOGUE to
contain all of the graduates and non-graduate matriculates of the Uni-
versity. We append a list of the Medical graduates of whom the com-
mittee has no information. Our readers will lighten not a little the
difficult labors of the committee in collecting data of these graduates,
if they send at once whatever information they may have to Dr. Ewing
Jordan, 1510 Walnut Street, Philadelphia.

Information is especially desired as to full names, full date and place
of birth and death; if married, wife's name; academic degrees received,
prominent positions held, and any printed reference to the men named.

CLASS OF 1823

Argyle, William Va.

Ayer, Cornelius Kirkland S. C.

Baum, Charles Pa.
Baum,

William John Christian Pa.

Biddle, Samuel Pa.

Bobo, William Johnson S. C.

Bradley, Carter Henry Va.

Brinton, George Henry Pa.

Buck, Isaac Newton Va.

Butler, Charles Grandison Va.

Butts, John Va.
Caruthers, William Alexander Va.

Carver, Robert M. Va.

Clark, Charles F. N.J.

Clarke, Ulrick B. S. C.

Cloud, Joseph Jr. Pa.

Collins, Stephen Md.

Collins, William Del.

Cox, Abraham Lidden Pa.

Cox, William Smith Pa.

Cropper, John Washington Va.

Currie, William M. Pa.

Davis, William Pa.

Dearborn, Ashael N.H

Drake, Alfred Pa.
Duncan,

Alexander Joshua Henry S. C.

Dunscomb, Daniel L. Va.

Ellerson, John Hanckel Pa.

Heineken,

John Frederick Diedrich Pa.

Ingram, John Va.
Johnson, Thomas Jefferson Va.

Johnson, Wood Tucker Va.

Jones, Aquilla Pa.

Laws, Belitha Del.

Lyle, James Va.

Lynch, Micajah T. Va.

McCaa, William L. S. C.

McClenahan, Morris Pa.

McDowell, Andrew N. Pa.

Marks, Frederick S.C.

Mebane, Alexander, W. N.C.

Milnor, William Jr. Pa.

Morton, George Va.

Page, Matthew Jr. Va.

Perkins, Frederick Va.

Powe, Thomas E. S. C.

Price, Joseph Pa.

Quigley, John Pa.

Read, Albert Gal latin Va.

Shanks, Lewis Va.

Simpson, Samuel P. S. C.

Skinner, John Adams N.C.

Smith, Joseph L. Pa.

Smith, Samuel Pa.

Sullivan, James Bailey Va.

Tate, Mitchell Va.

Thornton, Hudson A. Ga.

Notes and Queries.

245

Embree, Elisha

Ohio

Vaughan, Joshua Franklin

Del.

Faures, Lawrence

Pa.

Watson, Daniel

R.I.

George, Silas

Pa.

Watson, Loton G.

N.C.

Geyer, William Hartman

Pa.

Whiting,

Goodwin, John Minor

Va.

Charles Henri Dist Columbia

Greene, James Montgomery

Pa.

Worsham, Henry Cousins

Va.

Greene, Willis

Ga.

Wright, Marmaduke Burr

N.J.

Gwinner, Samuel C.

Pa.

Yerby, George T.

Va.

Hamlin, William

Va.

Young, James

Pa.

Harper, Thomas L.

Va.

Young, Jesse

Pa.

H asking, Aaron Burr

Va.

CLASS

OF 1824

Banks, John

Pa.

Morris, Nimmo

Va.

Briscoe, Warner

Va.

Morrison, Edwin A.

Va.

Cocke, Chastain

Va.

Myers, John J.

S.C.

Cook, Furman Sheppard

N.J.

Page, Matthew

Va.

Cralle, Alexander Ball

Va.

Paterson, John

Va.

Dent, Levi

Md.

Petersen, James B.

Ga.

Emerson, John

Pa.

Pfeiffer, Daniel Clark

Pa.

Fisher, John

Va.

Poole, William Cox

Pa.

Fithian, Hosea

N.J.

Porter, James Jefferson

Pa.

Gilliam, James Henry

Va.

Pratt, John T.

S.C.

Gilliam, Jonathan Peterson

Va.

Pressley, George W.

S.C.

Glenn, James R.

N.C.

Remington, Isaac

Pa.

Gregg, Richard

Pa.

Ridgley, Greenbury, Jr.

Md.

Grimes, Joseph William

Ga.

Ridgway, Charles

N.J.

Hatton, Edward

Va.

Rohr, Charles Henry

Pa.

Hay, James T.

Ga.

Scott, George Caile

Va.

High, Daniel

Pa.

Snow, Fisher James

Pa.

Holladay, James Littlepage

Va.

Speer, Alexander

Pa.

Hort, William Peter

Ga.

Standbridge, John C. B.

Pa.

Humphrey, Correl

N.Y.

Stone, John Richards

Va.

Hunt, Jacob

N.J.

Taliaferro, Roderick M.

S.C.

Hunter, David

Va.

Taylor, George B.

Pa.

Jackson, Alexander

Va.

Taylor, Robert

Pa.

Kennon, Richard

Va.

Thomas, Erasmus

Pa.

Knox, William Davies

Va.

Thompson, Samuel

Pa.

Lacey, Robert A.

Va.

Town, Richard

Pa.

Lewis, John Price

Pa.

Tuggle, Ransom

Ga.

Littell, Squier, Jr.

Ohio

Wallace, William S.

Pa.

Lloyd, Ephraim

N.J.

Warren, Joseph

S.C.

McDowell, Alexander

S.C.

Webster, James, Jr.

Pa.

Matthews, Caleb B.

Pa.

Williamson, George

Va.

Moberley, Eldred W.

Md.

246

Notes and Queries.

CLASS OF 1825

Abbett, Henry, Jr. Pa.

Beans, Silas Hough Pa.

Boyd, James P. N.Y.

Brinckerhoff, Isaac N.Y.

Brinckerhoff, John, Jr. N.Y.
Browne, Orris Applethwaite Va.

Campbell, Gustavus Brown Va.

Carey, Robert C. I. Md.

Claiborne, James B. Va.

Cobbs, John L. Va.

Comstock, Andrew N.Y.

Cox, James Pa.

Dennis, John E. Va.

Denny, William H. Pa.

Dickinson, James Philip Md.

Dillard, Thomas Va.

Doswell, Benjamin F. Va.

Dunott, Justus Del.

Fleming, George, Jr. Va.

Fox, Richard W. Va.
Frazer, Abraham Carpenter Pa.

Friend, Alfred Va.

Hahn, James Augustus Pa.

Hamilton, Edward W. S. C.

Harding, Charles G. Pa.

Harrington, William H. Pa.

Heston, Gilbert Pa.

Hetich, George Augustus Pa.

Hill, Richard Va.

Hill, Richard M. Va.

Holmes, James Ga.

Hughes, Isaac Wayne Pa.

James, Francis Marion S. C.

Jones, David O. Va.

Jones, Willie N.C.

Kern, Jeremiah B. Pa.
Kerr, Robert Ewing

District Columbia

Kerr, Samuel N.C.

Law, John Stevens Ga.

Leyburn, Alfred Va.

Lorain, Henry Pa.

Marselis, Isaac N. N.Y.

Martin, Jacob L. N.C.

Mercer, Leonidas B. Ga.

Miner, Thomas W. Pa.

Murphey, Andrews Del.

Oliver, William W. Va.

Parham, John G. Va.

Phillips, Dabney P. Va.

Ponsonby, William J. Va.

Powell, Llewellyn Va.

Price, Philip M. Pa.

Price, Smith M. Pa.

Ramsay, Joseph H. S. C.

Rankin, James Pa.

Redd, Robert Va.

Roane, Lawrence A. W. Va.

Sappington, John Md.

Scott, William J. Va.
Sharp, Jacob Sterne Thomson N. J.

Shaw, William Andrew N.C.

Simmons, Robert Plunket Pa.

Smith, John Win S. C.

Smith, Thomas Tacey Pa.

Speece, Charles Va.
Stephens,

Thomas Peter Goolsby Ga.

Stubbs, Randolph S. Va.

Turner, John A. Va.

Ward, John F. N.C.

Warren, William C. Va.
Watkins, Claiborne Andrew Ga.

Watkins, Thomas H. Va.

Webb, Silas N.C.

Wilkins, William W. Va.

Willis, Lewis, Jr. Va.

Willis, William Taliaferro Va.

Yancey, Charles R. N.C.

Yates, William S. C.

Adams, Thomas J.
Andrews, John
Barham, George A. C.
Baugh, Daniel, Jr.
Baughman, Jacob
Beckett, Edward M.
Bowman, David
Bruner, Isaac

CLASS OF 1826

Va. Moore, William B. S. C.

Ohio Moseley, Samuel Va.

Va. Nicholas, Joshua Va.

Pa. Overton, Thomas C. Va.

Pa. Park, Amasa F. S. C.

S. C. Pennypacker, Jacob Pa.

Va. Pleasonton, Samuel Del.

Pa. Prior, William R. T. B. S. C.

Notes and Queries.

247

Burrell, John W. Pa.

Carroll, Daniel J. N.Y.

Copland, Alexander Va.

Coryell, William N.J.

Craighead, John Boyd Pa.

Cunningham, John A. Va.

Davis, John Cox N.J.

Dickinson, Roger Quarles Ga.

Durant, Robert Reese S. C.

Faulcou, John N. Va.
Fauntleroy, William L.E.W. Va.

Gilliam, James Thomas N.C.

Glatz, Jacob Pa.

Gregg, John Pa.

Griffin, John Hook Va.
Groves, John R. Tenn.

Hall, Isaac N.C.

Hall, John Jefferson Va.

Hardaway, Peter Manson Va.
Hubbard, Hopson M. (A.B.) Ga.

Hudson, Edward Pa.

Hughes, Edward Ga.

Hunter, John Va.

Hutchings, George T. Va.

Ingles, John, Jr. Va.

Jones, William Duke N.C.

Jones, William Shaw Ga.

Keen, James Va.

Kollock, Phineas Miller Ga.

Lathy, Henry Kent Pa.
Lea, Willis Monroe (A. B.) N.C.

Lentz, Jacob Pa.

Luckett, Leven, Jr. Va.

Meaux, Thomas (0?) Va.
Meriweather,

Francis Thornton Va.

Mifflin, George Pa.

Ralston, Samuel Finley Pa.

Randolph, Charles Pa.

Reid, David Evander S. C.

Robinson, Manuel Eyre Del.
Sawyer, Matthias Enoch, Jr. N.C.

Seal, William Pa.

Sexton, Richard Del.

Shackelford, St. Pierre Va.

Shallcross, Joseph Pa.

Shepperd, James H. N.C.

Shultice, William Va.

Smith, William N.J.

Somerville, Walter Va.

Spark, William Alexander Va.

Squibbe, Thomas J. Del.

Stanbery, Edward Ohio

Sykes, George Augustus Va.

Taylor, William Robert Va.
Tennent,

Alexander W. (A.B.) Va.

Terrill, George Va.

Thomas, Joseph Del.

Thomas, Richard W. N.C.

Trevor, Joseph Pa.

Trimble, Isaac P. Pa.

Urquhart, Richard A. Va.

Walker, Levi N.C.

Walton, Harper Pa.

Watkins, James Frederick Ga.

Weems, Mason Locke Va.
Witman,

Alexander Hamilton Pa.

Willauer, Jonathan B. Pa.

Wilson, Hugh Va.

Woodward, Charles Pa.

Wright, Burton B. Va.

JOHN ASKEW TO JONATHAN DICKINSON, (Logan Papers)

LONDON, 23th ^0 1700/1
HONEST JNO &
KIND FRIEND

I reed thine ^ Randell Jeney ^ Capt Street who Arived here about
10 Dayes since but in 5 weeks to Silly where he staid a week I thank
thee for thy freindly and Intellidgeable Epistle I writt to the abt a month
since ^ one Capt Howe bound for Maryland but was unfortenately cast
away ab* 7 Inst. on ye Island Garnsey the ship and all ye Men and Pas-
sengers lost being about 75 in number Severall Passengers for Pensil-
vania was on Board in Pertigular Wm Robinson (Patt: soun) and his
wife Eliz Beasley

I see thy sister this week who is well and Lusty looks much better
than when in Jamaica Caleb had gott cold and was not very well else

248 Notes and Queries.

that was his excuse being not out of his bed at a 11 o'clock I generally
see him twice or three times a week at the Change or Coffee house I
have not yet seen Ann Price but thy sister told me she and her Children
are well ab1 a week since. Capt Rodgers is still here in town Prews
husband but I suppose has little Comunication wth his sister in Law
—Ere now noe Doute thou hast ye acct of thy Brother Gabishes Death
in Jamaica — here was a Report yl Capt Price was Dead but noe Con-
firmation to that

We have not yet had opertunity to spend thy Token by me I have
desired thy sister to Chuse her time & meathod and Judge goeing to
Grinadge would be a ps of devertion soe that ye first fine Day we are to
Imbark in a wherre & Dine there take a turne in ye Park and soe home
againe thy Cosens I think are well which are to accompany us and Ann
Price if she please

As to Publick News our New Parlement sitts 6th next month the
Duke of Anjoiu being Crowned King of Spaine pursuent to ye De-
ceased Kings Will occasions much talk of a Warr we and ye Dutch
against france and Spaine old Lewis stands stiffly for his grandson ye
sd Dukes Right and tis generally beleaved a warr is unavoidable

Puckle sails in a weeke or therabouts Wm trent & family comes in
him Allsoe Tho: Morrey & tis Reported they will bring 15000 pounds
of goods Trent 10000 and Tho: 5000 3 other ships of greater Burthen
are up for Pensilvania Dewell I suppose will follow Puckle You are
not like to want such nessasarys as England is Capable of furnishing
you wth at your own prices this I intend via New England but uncerton
shall enlarge ^ Puckle soe with Due Respects to thyself and wife sons and
all my Frds and acquaintance as thou seest meatt I remain thy Reall Frd

JOHN ASKEW

My love to thy neighbour Sam1 & Rochell, I have packt thy wife and
she each of yn a small Token of a Cheshire Cheese In order to come ^
Puckle

Corne wch is a great blessing to ye numerous Poor is at Present very
Cheap best wheate here at London on ye keys at 3/9d ^ bushell sold
last and this week

We had soundings in 24 days but through Contrary winds was 5
weeks to anker at Plymouth whence I with Tho: M and Another came
up by land as is my accustomed manner I was in my old trim at sea
keept my Cabbin most of ye voyage but we had seveare weather yett
through Mercy mett with noe Damage Considerable save loss of severall
of our sails.

J. A.
(Addressed)

To Jonathan Dickinson,

Mercht in Pensilvania,

these
via Boston.

LETTER OF MRS. R. BARCLAY TO MRS. DICKINSON. {Logan
Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania. ]

MY VERY DEAR COUSIN!

If the Sympathy of an affectionate Friend can in any Degree allevi-
ate thy Affliction, let it be my pleasing Task to pour the balmy Comfort
into thy troubled Mind — how often have my Thoughts flown o'er the

Notes and Queries. 249

great Atlantic, & how often has my Heart lamented the unhappy State
of the once peaceful Colonies! nor is the present only the Subject of my
Grief, my Mind anticipates yet more boisterous Storms which may spread
Devastation over the British Empire, but I wish not too long to con-
template the gloomy Scene, for tho we are afflicted, let us not despair,
if we make it our constant Endeavor, we dobtless shall obtain the Fa-
vour of that Almighty Power who can say to the troubled Waves, be
still, or grant us Faith to keep our Feet from sinking —

Do, my dear Friend, write to me very soon, make me a Partaker in
thy Suffering, if Suffering is yet permitted, however the world may
frown, I hope Affection will never cease to cement our hearts — I wish
to be informed how thy little Daughters pass'd thro that critical Dis-
order which carries numbers to their Graves — the Success which has at-
tended Inoculation pleads much in favour of the Practice, but bitter
Disappointment sometimes succeeds, of this we have lately had a most
affecting Instance in the Removal of the Daughter of Isaac Sharpless,
(a Friend eminent in the Ministry) as it was the young Woman's particu-
lar desire to undergo the Operation, her Parents at length gave way to
her Entreaties, & they were deprived of an amiable & only Daughter
who was the ch earful Companion of their declining Years.

My Husband desires me to acknowledge the Receipt of the Letter
which was inclosed in thine, & directs me to request thee to convey his
Respects to the Author, & to assure him, he shall make the best Use of
the Information contain'd therein & that he thinks it best at this Junc-
ture to postpone replying theretp.

We left our quiet Retreat a few Days ago & came to the hurrying
City where I have had an Opportunity of seeing our valuable Friend
Eliz Robinson, I intended a visit to Mary Leaver yesterday, but was in-
formed at her Lodgings of her Departure.

Perhaps it may be pleasing to thee to see a Copy of the Letter ad-
dress'd by a worthy Friend to the King on Ace* of the unhappy Com-
motions in America, the Author was desirous of believing it herself, but
an Interview on such an Errand being difficult to obtain, it was given
to one of the Secretarys of State, who informed a Friend, that he bad
authority to say the Letter was deliver' d.

I could say much more, but night approaches & my Epistle must be
concluded lest I loose the present Opportunity of sending it. Believe,
rny dear Cousin! that under every Trial I remain thy sincere Friend,
present my Respects & best wishes to thy Husband, make them known
to your tender Offspring when opening reason may teach them the mean-
ing of such a Salutation, — remember me in the kindest manner to thy
Aunt Betty & the rest of my Relations, — may you seek Shelter under
the Wings' of Omnipotence till these Calamities be overpast, then shall
you not be afraid of the Terror by Night nor for the Arrow that flyeth
by Day.

Once more let me tell that

I remain thy affectionate &

Sympathizing Frd

LONDON, 21st— 6th mo. 75. R. BARCLAY

My Brother John Lloyd is lately gone to Maryland, he intends being
at Philadelphia at your Yearly Meeting & I gave him a few lines ad-
dress'd to thee — I have many Fears on his Account, but I hope he'll
be preserved thro every Trial.

250 Notes and Queries.

LETTER OF JAMES PEMBERTON TO CAPEL & OSGOOD, [Logan
Papers Historical Society of Pennsylvania.] —

PHILADA, : Sepr : 19th : 1766.
ESTEEMED FRIENDS,

Your Letter of 13th Jane, last to my Kinsman, Isaac Norris Esqr
Deceas'd, has been rec'd, with his Acco T curr* Ballance in favoor of
his Estate being £111.. 17.. 3 Sterling, has been compared with the
Entrys in his Books, and appear right.

My Couzins Polly and Sally Norris informs me, that a few weeks
since, the rec1 of this Letter & Acco Curr1 was acknowledged on their
behalf, at the same time acquainting you of the affliction they were
under, by the Death of their affectionate & Honoured Father, on the
13th 7 in0 r July last, whose superior Qualifications, his Assiduity and
attention to the Interest of the Province in his Station as Speaker of the
assembly, for many Years successively, rendered him a serviceable mem-
ber to the Community, and his Decease justly Lamented, the Loss of
him particularly afflicting to his Daughters, his Relations and Family.

As he had not compleated his last Will, and Testament, they as his
only Children become Vested with the powers and Authority by Law,
for possessing his Estate, and have undertaken the Administration, and
their request, I herewith enclose you, their power of Attorney to Au-
thorize you on their Behalf to obtain a proper transfer of his Interest,
or shares in the Consolidated 3 ^ Cent Annuities, in the Bank of Eng-
land, from his Name into the Names of Mary and Sarah Norris, jointly,
& to receive for them the Dividends as they become due, and pass the
same to the credit of their Acco1 Curr1 with you, the power of Attorney
is Executed before Cap" Samuel Nuttle, of the Ship Success, now bound
for London, and his Mate David Hanly, who may be found at the
Pennsa Coffee House, to make proof of its being Executed in their
presence ; they intend another "& next Vessel, to be Executed before
some persons resident in Great Britain, if such should be found, going
from here.

Inclos'd is likewise a duplicate of the Letter of Administration,
from our Register General's office, for Probate of Wills &ca: — which our
Attorney General looks upon to be sufficiently Authentic to Establish
their power of Attorney to you.

Should these papers prove insufficient for the purpose, intended, I
desire the favour of you, to forward to me $ the first Packet, or other
suitable conveyance, particular information what mode will be neces-
sary in order to accomplish the Business ; Our Lawyers here appearing
to be at some Loss, for a perfect knowledge of the customary form of
prosecuting matters of this kind, at the Bank: of England, the transferrs
of Interest or Shares in the Stocks, and Constituting Attornies, or Fac-
tors, for that purpose, seldom occurring here.

My kinswomen desire you to undertake the management of this Busi-
ness, for them, & transmit me, as speedily as possible, an exact State of
their Dear Father's Interest (now theirs) in the Bank, & such further
information as to you may appear necessary, which will particularly
oblige them ; they desire their respects to you,

And I am, on their behalf

To Your respectful Fr'd

CAPEL & OSGOOD, Hanbury JAMS PEMBERTON

London

Notes and Queries. 251

LETITIA PENN TO HANNAH FISHBORN, 1702.
(Etting Papers)

WOR: ye— 18— ^0; 1702
DEAR HANNAH

I hope thou wilt excuse my silence since it has been for want of op-
pertunity sence I knew what to call thee or how to express myself; and
now readily accept this to salut & desier for thee all ye happiness yl
state can afford, and dout not but in order to it thou hast ye principal
verbe, a very honest and good Companion I should have tooke kindly a
few lines by this bearer and hope thou wilt sometime or other favour
me so far, this may tell thee through Mercy wee are all well and with my
Brother and Sister att poor Wornimghurst y1 1 have so often told thee of;
theire Children are fine forward Children & tho I say it very handsome
to; ye boy like my father as can be, & the guii not unlike, they designe
over in ye spring, & then I shall have a great loss, but not to cary both
ye Children, I hope this will find thee forward for a little one, & there-
tore something to putt it in may I hop not be unacceptable in order to
which I herewith send thee a small present shall be glad if it pleases
thee I am very senceable I am in debpt to thee for all thy kindness and
shall be glad if att any time I can be servicable on this side of ye
water, I am shure none shall be more ready yn her yl is with kind Love
to thy good parents to whom I lye under deep obligations & pray give
it also to thy husband with thy sweet self pray remember me kindly to
thy brothers & Cousins & all ye Hoskenses

Thy affectionate & engaged
friend

L. PENN

BRADDOCK'S DEFEAT. — In the Norris Papers are several Account
Books of the General Loan Office, bound in curious old wall-paper. In
one of these the following paper was laid, connecting it with the appro-
priation afterwards made, probably at Franklin's suggestion,

To the Overseers of the Poor :

There is several wife's and widdows I understand in town whose
husbands are wounded & killed in the late defeat, they are destitute of
all necessarys and many unable to support themselves & children — I
want to speak with some of you on this subject for which I ordered the
bearer to acquaint you yesterday

Yrs

WM. PLUMSTED.
8ber 4, 1755

(Endorsement)

I am of opinion that at the next meeting ot the Assembly, Money
may be allow'd for the Support of these poor sick women till they get
well, for they are I think more properly a Provincial Charge than a
City Charge.

B. FRANKLIN.

252 Notes and Queries.

LETTER FROM JAMES LOGAN TO JOHN PENN.

PHILAD* 17th Nov. 1729.
HONOURED FRIND,

Tho' I have wrote largely to thee jointly with thy Brothers by J. Steal,
in a letter fit for him to see I must give thyself another on some partic-
ulars in which I cannot be so communicative ; & my hints shall be very
short (for I really have not time to be otherwise) yet they may deserve
thy notice & remembrance.

James as I have said in that letter has really a sincere hearty zeal for
your interest &a good natural understanding, yet his Education did not
allow it to be so enlarged as it might have been by greater advantages
& therefor he may sometimes be short in Judgment— When he first came
into my businefs he could not well bear advancement & was like to
forget himself, but time & trouble (for he has been divers ways un-
fortunate) have brought him to a better sense which 'tis hoped he may
keep up to — Where he is a friend he is too much so, & and the same the
contrary way — few men in his eyes having both good & ill qualities, 'tho'
'tis the case of all mankind : Only I think he will do one the justice to
allow I can be a crof fellow. Howevr as he can & is disposed to serve
you to his utmost he therefore ought accordingly to be regarded. He
knows your Busenefs & you cannot at present do without him.

I must next mention your Gov1 which some believe will be considered
this next session of Parli1 If surrendered or taken, you should secure
your Property while you hold it, for tis a thing of value & all ensuing
Govrs should be laid under some direction to support it from unjust En-
croachmte — otherwise you may suffer — If there be an Act of Parliam' for
a Resumption that will undoubtedly vacate or repeal all Laws & Charters
for Frames & Models of Governin1 which the ministry will think neces-
fary tis feared in our Case : because our Annual Elections of Afsemblies,
Sherifs &c without any writt established by a Law confirmed by the late
Queen ; & indeed without such a Repeal the Crown would scarce hold
any Governm* here — But if that should happen 'tis a pity that Corpora-
tion Charters as for Philada & Chester, should be included, for that to
this City is really of very great Service to the Publick, & under the
Crown would prove much more necefsary.

Next, as to Paper Money agst which neither J. Steel nor I dare say
one word & I confefs I have never been agst it so long as it's value is
kept up by not exceeding in quantity. But I fear the popular Frenzy
that now reigns will never stop till we are in as bad Credit as they are in
New England where an oz of silver is worth 20 of their shillings, &
then an English Shg of your Quitrents will be about three pence — They
already talk of making more & no man dares appear to stem the fury ot
the popular rage. The notion is that while any man will borrow on a
good Security of land more money should be made for them without
thinking of what value it will be when made. They affirm that whilst
the security is good the money cannot fall & if the Exchange rises to
200 'tis only the sterlg money that rises for ours is still the same — I
hope therefore some more effectual method will be taken than a Letter
only from Seer? Popple — The Kings own hand should forbid the Govr
under the Penalty of his displeasure & the forfeiture of the Appointment
— But I hope you will not let even the last Act be abrogated for the
money being now out it would occasion the utmost distraction : & on

Notes and Queries. 253'

this head perhaps I may once touch again, tho' I shall now very speedily
decline all Public Businefs forever — But on the necefsity of putting a
stop to it I cannot say more, & I now give thee these hints as of the
highest importance to your Affairs.

I would also caution you agat private Applications — I am told some
of you [I think Thomas & Richard] upon such an one have promised
Cl: Plumstead a piece of land joining on A Hamilton's woh I formerly
took great pains to save for you, & Andw is much disturbed at it for had
he known how he would have got it himself — With what is your own
however you must do as you please — Pray consider & know what you
grant — perhaps others may be craving — You give you know not what —
It may be time enough to do it here on the spot.

If thou should name any Commifs" there (which I heartily wish you
not, for thou shouldst get full powers from thy Brothers & without delay
come thyself) I can think of none so fit as Sam1 Preston one of your
Trustees, Th : Griffitts (I. Norris' Son-in-law) who was in the last Com-
mifsion & either Petr Lloyd or Ralph Asheton. Peter is the better man
but Ralph is your relation & his Father was in the last. He should be
kept in your Interest in which some think him wavering, having busi-
nefs as a Lawyer from many of our Mobbish People — But Jas Steel will
think it strange & unkind if he is not also one. If so S. Preston & Th :
Grimtts shd be named before him at least & they two might have the
making of Returns, but if P. Lloyd be named then all those three. I
shd prefer Peter to Ralph on account of merit, if other considerations
are not to prevail — They shd have 2J if not 5 p'C' on all Sales of
Lands — divided amongst them all, excepting J. Steel who I think ought
to have 50 pds Ann. & 5 prCl besides on all Quittrents he receives, in
wob hitherto he has been much too negligent, or rather 7£ prCl for
Quittrents without the £50, but it is a troublesome businefs. The Col-
lectors formerly had 10 prCl but they took much more pains for it. I
say 2£ prCl amgst all the Commifs™ J. S. included— 5 prCl (as always)
to those that receive from & Settle Accts wth J. Steel & make returns, &
the allowance to Jas as before ; all other Charges & considerations for
travelling ought also to be allowed the Cominifsioners.

But all this will be best settled by thyself here, & on this head I must
crave leave to note what I lately read in an old Greek Sage who was once
accounted the greatest Genius that Nature ever produced; viz1, "that
the Strength of mind decays with Age equally with the Body, which he
uses as an Argum' agst Magistrates being continued for life" & this I
feel by sensible experience. Between 47 & 53 years of Age I have ob-
served most peoples Sight begins to fail, & I think always the memory
with the Sight tho constitutions exceedingly differ — I must therefore put
thee in mind that thou wilt now very shortly enter upon the best & most
vigorous ten years of life viz from 30 to 40 & I hope thou wilt not lose
them, than which I need say no more — I have now enlarged much be-
yond what I intended — Be pleased to communicate this Letter to my
worthy Friend your good Uncle S. Clement to whom I would gladly
write, but cannot, & I hope he will excuse it.

Thou art sensible how this is designed & I hope will be accepted
accordingly. I am with sincere Respect

thy Afsured Friend

JAMES LOGAN.

254 Notes and Queries.

OVER FIFTY YEARS MEMBERS OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF
PENNSYLVANIA. —

To answer the query, "How many living members have you, who
have exceeded fifty years of consecutive membership in your Society?' '
the following list was developed by the Librarian from the register of
the Society.

Alexander B. Carver, November 13, 1848;

Richard Ashhurst, March 12, 1855;

Richard Randolph Parry, September 10, 1855;

Sanderson R. Martin, January 12, 1854;

Dr. Isaac Norris, June 13, 1859;

Simon Gratz, July 25, 1859;

Hon. James T. Mitchell, November 14, 1859.

STATE HOUSE BELL, PHILADELPHIA. — In the account rendered by
Hugh Roberts to the Province of Pennsylvania, for sundry supplies to
the State House and its bell, the following items occur:

1752, 10 mo. ^4. A large file for the cracked bell .... 2s. 6d.

1753, 5 mo. 29. Oil for the bell 10

1753, 10 mo. 20. 1 very large brass Nob lock for Committee

Room 18.

The whole account was certified to by Edward Woolley, carpenter,
April 18, 1756, £73.17.—

JOHN ARBOE, of Bethlehem, Penna., whose death is announced in
Henry Miller's Staatsbote of December 22, 1772, was born in Soerup
Schleswig, in 1713, and came to Bethlehem in 1760, where he was agent
for missions and filled other positions. He died December 11, 1772,
after a short illness. " Er war," states the Staatsbote, " einer von dem
Commission Zur Klarirung den Delaware an die Americanische Philo-
sophia Society hatte ihn ohue sein vormissen in die zahl ihren Ehren-
mitglieden auf genommen."

FENSTERMACHER. — Among the Germans who came to Philadelphia
on the ship Friendship, Capt, Alexander Thomas, last from Rotterdam,
and qualified October 12, 1741, was Christian Fenstermacher. He was
born April 14, 1697, in Meysenheim, Zweibrucken. For six years was
butcher to Count von Daun, then went to Holland as a soldier, and on
his return home, was made a Burger and married his first wife. She
died at sea on the voyage to Philadelphia, where he settled. In May of
1749, he married second, Barbara, widow of Michael Leibert, and in
1762, removed to Lititz, Lancaster Co., where he died in 1768.

REGISTER OF MEMBERS AND THEIR CHILDREN, MORAVIAN CON-
GREGATION, Philadelphia, 1757. —

Alberger, Philip and Sophia Metz, Henry

Attwood, Mary Miller, Peter and wife

Bailey, Sally Moore, Thomas and Mary

Becker, William and Ann Mary Moore, Jenny

Notes and Queries.

255

Brockden, Charles

Buck, Elizabeth

Gassier, Ludwig and Christina

Creutz, Daniel and Margaret

Dasser, Paul

Dasser, Elizabeth

Fenster m ach er,

Christinann and Barbara
Franke, Jacob
Franke, Maria

Fritz, Sebastian and Elizabeth
Gilbert, Margaret
Goos, John Adam and Elizabeth
Guest, Henry

Halberstadt, and wife

Herrgut, John and Justina

Heuman, John and Catharine

Heyl, George and Susan

Heyl, Barbara

Heyl, Philip

Heyl, Thomas

Illig, John Philip and Amelia

Irvin, Anna

Johnson, Francis and wife

King, Anna

Kinzing, Abraham

Krause,

Loechler, George and Maria
Loechler, Elizabeth
Loescher, George
Loescher, George Jr.
Lock, Englebert
Lock, Catherine

Lyndall and wife

McCrackin,

Muenzer, Marx and wife
Muenzer, David
Muenzer, Mary
Myrtitus,

Christopher and Elizabeth
Parsons, Juliana
Parsons, Hannah
Peter, Christian and Johanetta
Peter, John and Elizabeth
Pfeiffer, Franz and Margaretha
Pfingstag, Michael and Rosina
Pfingstag, Jacob
Powell, Samuel and Martha
Redman, Martha
Schade, Matthew and wife
Shilling, Mary

Schlosser, George and Anna Maria
Schwarz, Conrad
Sturgeus, Cornelius
Shuttehelm,

John Adam and Margaretha
Shuttehelm, Peter

Sommer,

Sprogel, -

Sprogel, Mary

Stadler, Jacob and Mary

Stein, Jacob

Siissholtz, Adam

Tanneberger, John

Weber, Tobias and Margaret

Weber, Susan

Weiss, Jacob and Rebecca

Weiss, Bendict

Weiss, Ludwig and Christina

Weisinger, Jacob and Barbara

Children of Members.

Girh

Brockden, Charles
Gassier, John
Gassier, William
Gassier, Lewis
Creutz, William
Dasser, Henry
Franck, Daniel
Franck, Peter
Fritz, John
Herrguth, John H.
Heyl, John
King, Samuel
King, James
King, John

Alberger, Maria
Attwood, Elizabeth
Brockden, Mary
Creutz, Johanetta
Creutz, Maria
Creutz, Elizabeth
Franke, Elizabeth
Fritz, Elizabeth
Herrguth, Hannah
Herrguth, Christina E.
Heyl, Maria
Heuman, Johanetta
Heuman, Wilhelmina
King, Susanna

256 Notes and Queries.

Loesher, William Loechler, Anna E.

Loesher Franz Loechler, Justina

Loesher, George Moore, Martha

Loesher, Jacob Moore, Fanny

Loechler, Anton Muntzer, Barbara

Loechler, Henry Muntzer, Sarah

Loechler, John (I. Muntzer, Catherine

Metz, Conrad Pfeiffer, Margaret

Moore, John Peter, Juliana

Muntzer, Adam Peter, Elizabeth

Muntzer, Joseph Schlosser, Mary M.

Muntzer, William Schloeser, Anna M.

Muntzer, Englebart Schwarz, Susanna

Myrtetus, John A. Shuttehelm, Elizabeth

Peter, John Stadler, Mary

Schlosser, Ernst Tanneberger, Barbara

Stadler, Robert Weiss, Rebecca ]

Shuttehelm, Christian Weiss, Elizabeth >• Jacob

Shuttehelm, John Weiss, Anna j

Weiss, Jacob Weiss, Elizabeth (Benedict)

Weiss, Peter Weber, Elizabeth

Weber, Jacob Weber, Maria

Werne, William Weber, Anna

JBoofc notices.

SAINT JOHN'S REFORMED CHURCH OF RIEGELSVILLE, PA. Show-
ing the development and growth of the congregation from its organiza-
tion in 1849 to January 1, 1911, Privately printed for B. F. Facken-
thal, Jr., Riegelsville, Pa., 1911. 8vo. pp 221. Illustrated.

The Durham Iron works, established in 1727, gives the name to the
township in which the village of Riegelsville, Bucks county, Penna.,
known over a century ago as Shank's Ferry, is located. Saint John's
Reformed congregation, founded over sixty years ago, has very fortunately
a historian, whose delving among its archives, has resulted in showing
its development and growth, as well as adding a list of its pastors and
officers, and an alphabetical list of all its members, past and present,
with biographical notes. The founding of the Riegelsville Academy and
Public Library, with some account of the Union Cemetery, aid in
making the book a valuable contribution to local history. The illus-
trations are numerous and add interest to the text.

MAJOM. (SEMJEMAIL AH"TM

WAYNE

COM M AN DE R-l M-CH I E F OF THE ARMIES OF THE UNITED STATES
FROM THE ORIGINAL PAINTED IN 1795. BV HENRY ELOUIS

PRESENTED TO THE

HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA
BV MRS. JOSEPH W. DREXEL I9IO

THE

PENNSYLVANIA MAGAZINE

OF

HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.

VOL. XXXY. 1911. No. 3

ANTHONY WAYNE

PRESENTATION OF HIS PORTRAIT

TO

THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA

ON BEHALF OF MRS. JOSEPH W. DREXEL

May 9, 1910

BY CHARLES HENRY HART.

AT the annual meeting of the Historical Society of
Pennsylvania, held in its Hall on the evening of May 9,
1910, the President, Honorable Samuel W. Pennypacker,
read the following letter from Charles Henry Hart, Esq. : —

PHILADELPHIA, May 4, 1910.
HONORABLE SAMUEL W. PENNYPACKER,

President of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

MY DEAR GOVERNOR : —

It is with great pleasure that I am the medium for pre-
senting to the society, on behalf of Mrs. Joseph W. Drexel,
the important and valuable original portrait of General
Anthony Wayne, painted from life, in 1796, by Henry Elouis.
I learned that this portrait was in Washington, D. C., and
knowing how desirable it would be for the collection of the
Historical Society of Pennsylvania, brought it to the atten-
VOL. xxxv. — 17 (257)

258 Portrait of Anthony Wayne.

tion of Mrs. Drexel, who, in the most generous and charm-
ing manner, secured the portrait to hang upon your walls.
If agreeable to you I will make a formal presentation of the
portrait at your annual meeting on May 9th. I am, with
distinguished consideration, my dear Governor,

Faithfully,
CHARLES HENRY HART.

The President then introduced Mr. Hart, who said :

It is my high privilege and distinguished honor to present
to you on behalf of Mrs. Joseph W. Drexel, a lineal de-
scendant, in the third generation, from Thomas "Wharton,
the first Governor of the State of Pennsylvania, and a lady
of keen historical instincts and an intelligent love of art, as
rare as it is good, which are plainly evidenced by her gra-
cious gift to-night, an original portrait, painted from life, of
General Anthony Wayne, the most illustrious soldier Penn-
sylvania has given to the nation, and by leading authority
considered the most eminent general of the Revolutionary
War. This portrait was painted in the year that Wayne
died, by Henry Elouie, a French emigre, and its existence
was unknown to historical students until recently discovered
by me in Washington, D.C. When I first saw this canvas
it was in a deplorable condition, having been carelessly
painted over until the original was almost lost to view, but
all this foreign matter has been skillfully removed and the
portrait restored to its original state, until now we have the
most characteristic and interesting portrait of Anthony
Wayne that exists. The type of face is generally similar to
the portraits of Wayne painted by Charles Willson Peale,
in the State House at Philadelphia, and by Edward Savage,
in the New York Historical Society. But Peale and Sav-
age show in their portraits Wayne's obesity as predominant,
while the more artistic and deep seeing Frenchman has
preserved the strong and clear cut features that speak com-
mandingly for the man of force and action that we know
Wayne to have been.

Portrait of Anthony Wayne. 259

These three portraits of Wayne, by Elouis, Peale and Sav-
age, differ wholly and entirely from the commonly familiar
profile picture of him, in a cocked hat, called " the Trum-
bull portrait of Wayne/' But the authenticity of this last
named picture, as a portrait from life, is exceedingly doubt-
ful. The original is at beet a small miniature, about one
inch in height, in a crowded group of American officers, in
the painting by Trumbull, of the Surrender of Cornwallis,
in the Yale Gallery of the Fine Arts, at New Haven, Conn. ;
and consequently all the engravings and life size paintings
of Wayne, of this type, are merely enlarged copies of this
supposed portrait, vampered up to suit the taste of the copy-
ist, whether painter or engraver, and are, therefore, only
ideal heads. It is well to bear in mind in considering this
question, that there is no other and separate painting or
drawing known by Trumbull, of Wayne; that the so-called
Trumbull portrait of Wayne is found only in the grouped
historical composition mentioned.

The identification of the authorship of the present portrait
is most interesting. What may be called the scarcest en-
graved American historical portrait is a large mezzotint,
(17.14 x 13.13) by George Graham, that was published in
Philadelphia, June 1, 1796, by Freeman & Co. It is of
Anthony Wayne after this painting by Henry Elouis. Of
the only two known impressions of this print, one is in the
collection of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and be-
fore us to-night. In it Wayne is represented, as you will
see, at three-quarter length, standing, in full uniform, with
the order of the Cincinnati on the lapel of his coat. His
right hand rests upon a parchment, marked " TREATY,"
on a table, while in his left hand he holds his sword at his
side. Above the table is what appears to be a window or
base, with column and curtain, upon which is a garlanded
Indian pipe-of-peace. The canvas must have been painted
between Wayne's coming to the East from his Indian cam-
paign, in February, 1796, and his return to the North-west,
in June of the same year, to take possession, for the United

260 Portrait of Anthony Wayne.

States Government, of the posts at Detroit, Niagara and
Presque Isle, from which he never returned, dying at Erie,
Pa., on December 15, 1796. According to a certificate
written by Colonel J. J. Abert, U.S.A., dated March, 1850,
which is affixed to the back of the canvas, this portrait was
painted for Major Caleb Swan, who was appointed Paymas-
ter-General of the United States army a month later than
Wayne was commissioned Commander-in-Chief, and who
was very closely attached to Wayne. Major Swan died
Nov. 20, 1809, leaving a widow, who was Colonel Abert's
eldest sister, and one daughter. The widow Swan married
W. W. P. Bryan of Philadelphia and the daughter became
the wife of George Allan Magruder, U.S.N., when the por-
trait of Wayne was given to Colonel Abert, he having first
seen it in 1808, at his brother-in-law's house in Washington,
when seeking appointment as cadet to the U.S. Military
Academy at West Point. Colonel Abert died in 1863, and
the portrait passed to his son Mr. Charles Abert, who died
in 1897, and it was sold in the settlement of his estate. As
stated in the certificate, Colonel Abert did not recollect the
name of the artist who painted the portrait, only that he was
" celebrated "; and we learn who the artist was by his name
upon the engraving, by Graham, before us.

Jean Pierre Henri Elouis or, as he called himself in this
country, Henry Elouis, was born in Caen, France, January
20, 1755, and died there December 23, 1840. He was des-
tined for medicine but he sought art and studied under the
French painter Jean Barnard Restout, going to London in
1783, where three years later he won the Royal Academy
silver medal for drawing of the human figure. He exhibited
at the Royal Academy in 1785, 1786 and 1787 and at the
beginning of the French Revolution emigrated to America,
settling in Maryland, where Charles Willson Peale met him
in 1791, at Annapolis, and, calling him " Mr Loise," men-
tions that "he paints in a new stile," querying sharply, "if
this gentleman so cried up will do better than Mr. Pine

Portrait of Anthony Wayne. 261

whose reputation was equally cried up." l In 1792 Elouis
removed to Philadelphia and his name appears in the Di-
rectories for 1793, "limner 201 Mulbery;" for 1794, "por-
trait painter 106 No. Front;" and for 1799, " miniatures 1
So third." While in Philadelphia he gave instruction in
drawing to Eleanor Custis and painted miniatures of Wash-
ington and of Mrs. Washington. Unfortunately his minia-
ture of Washington is unknown to us, but a beautiful ivory
of Mrs. Washington, by Elouis, is in the unique collection
of miniatures belonging to Mrs. Drexel, your benefactor.
In this connection the following letter from Elouis to Wash-
ington, preserved in the Library of Congress (Vol. 79, No.
101), is of particular interest. It is written from " No. 9, 8th
Street at the Wax Works."

"PHILADELPHIA July 20, 1793.

" Perhaps, Sir, you do not recollect my name ? I teach
drawing to Miss Custis. I have been recommended by Mrs.
Stuart and I have had the honour last winter to take your
likeness in miniatur. It is not entirely finished having been
much disturbed and wishing to make a well finished picture
I shall wait till my mind is in a more quiet situation.

" P. S. If you are pleased to favor my petition (for $80),
I shall cease from that instant to receive the two guineas
per month that I receive for the lessons I give Miss Custis."

The answer to this application is found, under the same
date as the letter, in Washington's Household Account-
book, belonging to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania :
" Sent to Mr. Elouis by the President's order as a loan in
consequence of application $80."

Filled with a spirit for adventure, Elouis travelled over
the United States, Mexico and South America, making
many explorations with Humboldt, and in 1807 returned

1 Wharton's Heirloomi in Miniatures, p. 100.

262 Portrait of Anthony Wayne.

to France, leaving behind him a great many pictures,
" particularly at Havana and Philadelphia where he re-
mained the longest. At Philadelphia particularly, he
painted many of the illustrious persons of the Revolution,
among others the celebrated Washington."2 In 1811 he
was made Curator of the Museum of his native town, which
office he held until his death, at the age of eighty-five, a
term of nearly thirty years. His portraits were noted for
their simplicity and directness, qualities very apparent in
the portrait of Wayne. Doubtless the " new Stile" that
seems to have ruffled the equanimity of Peale was Elouis's
realistic boldness and ruggedness of manner which was in
strong contrast with Peale's somewhat mechanical smooth-
ness in painting.

The portrait of Anthony Wayne, by Elouis, is unquestion-
ably an original portrait painted from life, as it possesses
every quality and requirement of a life portrait. As will
be seen, it is of life size, in full uniform, but whether it has
been cut down from a larger canvas showing the figure and
details given in the engraving or whether the engraving is
an elaboration of the bust portrait by the engraver, a not
uncommon practice in making plates, we do not know, but,
from its unusual size, 20 x 25 inches, I am inclined to think
the former, particularly as the background, in the lower left
corner, shows some detail meaningless in a bust portrait
but which would be a part of the background of the larger
painting. However this may be there can be no doubt but
that the head and bust in the engraving are from this iden-
tical portrait and it can be accepted as the finest delineation
of the captor of Stony Point and victor at Fallen Timbers
that exists. One notable difference between the painting
and the engraving will be observed. That is the absence
of the order of the Cincinnati from the painting. A simi-

1 Notice sur M. Elouis professseur de dessin de PScole communale et
conservateur du musee de la villa de Caen. Par M. G. Mancel. Caen.
1841.

Portrait of Anthony Wayne. 263

lar difference will be noticed in Savage's painted and en-
graved portraits of Washington and of Wayne as also in
the portraits of some other Revolutionary characters. In
the permanent painted portraits the order is omitted, while
in the more ephemeral engravings it has been introduced.
I will leave the solution of this problem to others, and the
portrait of Wayne to you.

At the conclusion of the presentation the following reso-
lution was unanimously adopted:

Resolved, That the thanks of the Historical Society of
Pennsylvania be extended to Mrs. Joseph W. Drexel for
her important and valuable gift of an original portrait of
Major General Anthony Wayne painted from life, in 1796,
by Henry Elouis, and that in appreciation of said gift the
Council of the Society be recommended to elect Mrs. Drexel
an Honorary Member of the Society.

Subsequently Mrs. Drexel was elected an Honorary
Member of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania by the
Council.

264 Letters of James Logan.

LETTEKS OF JAMES LOGAN TO THOMAS PENN AND
RICHARD PETERS.

[The following letters of James Logan have recently been added to
the " Logan Papers' ' in the Manuscript Division of the Historical Society
of Pennsylvania.]

" JAMES LOGAN TO THE PROPRIETOR T. PENN, ESQ."

STENTON, 31 Aug. 1733
MAY IT PLEASE THE PROPRIET

This being ye day of the monthly Meeting both J. N. &
S. P. will probably be in town & therefore if they have due
Notice with the rest, the Comiss" may meet between 3 & 4
Aftern. before which time I propose to be in town. But I
Shall here previously observe, that Since I return'd home
from thence, I have more reason to doubt of my own ability
to undertake the expedition on my own part, for I find my
limb so extreamly weak that the least wrong motion very
much disorders it, & and getting into & out of a boat with
my being So long in it carries a good deal of danger wth it
of having me laid up again and this amongst Strangers.
But if there were a likely hood of my Presence being of
Service Sufficient to counterbalance the oddness of my ap-
pearance where there Seems no absolute necessity for it,
I would run any hazard that could rationally be accounted
for. Thou knows my first thoughts on this meeting, &
having mention 'd my Second on ye Apprehension of what
measures those of the other side might take, both I Nor., I
found, and A. Ham. think it impossible. I shall Say more
however when there, but pray Speak thy Self to A. Ham.
thou knows my opinion of the importance of that man, and
of the wrong Conduct of others as well as his : to rectify
all which ye utmost endeavours, I think, ought to be used.
My wife is in hope to be in time for ye Meeting

Thy faithful friend

J. LOGAN.

Letters of James Logan. 265

" JAMES LOGAN TO THE PROPRIETOR."
MAY IT PLEASE YE PROPR

The affair of Maryld wch has taken up our thoughts being
for ye present dispatch Jd that of the Indians will next require
them, and particularly the managem* of him at Conestogo,
woh I take to be of importance Since 'tis very probable the
others may send for him for information, and as we know
his Malice & Treachery & that he can speak to them with-
out an Interpreter, unless some precaution be used, he may
be mischievous. I began this morning to write a Lett' to
Lancaster on the Subject to be sent by a hand that is to go
in an hour or two, but found the method was but very little
to be depended on, and it might prove much more effectual
to have P. L. go up, yet I thought this should be concluded,
before the opportty of Sending were lost. My Chaise is out
of town otherwise I would have come up myself to thee.
I doubt my son mistook the Message.

Thy faithful friend

J. LOGAN.

18th Vbr

" JAMES LOGAN TO THE PROPRIETOR."

STBNTON 21st 10br 1733
MAY IT PLEASE THE PROPRIETR

I think it was the 9th Inst', when thy Self and A. Ham.
agreed here on a Lettr to be Sent to the Govr of Maryld,
and indeed I was in hopes he would have had it by this
time : but I now See it is as yet only in y" draught.

This I have read over, and as I doubt not but the manner
of bringing on the Subject has been well considered, I can-
not Say, but it is as well done this way and probably better,
than any other. I shall however make some few remarks,
pa. 1 near ye middle at this note 1 the words or their Posses-
sions without any restriction I doubt is too comprehensive,
for it may take in (in their Construction) Cressop and all
Such others, and I find it extreamly difficult to express the

2(>6 Letters of James Logan.

thought in any safe terms, but believe it might be thus —
disturbing yo" People in any of their Possessions or Settlem'*
made consistently with any Amicable Agreem* between the Pro-
prietors, or somewhat to that purpose.

line penult, at a greater distance from Mr Heath's Plantation.
I St. may Say & think so, but unless there be a real cer-
tainty in this I conceive tis unsafe to Say it here, notwith-
standing what follows in the last line : therefore what if it
were but, as it is affirmed, rather at a greater distance or some-
thing like this according to the degree of certainty that
there is of the fact. & Pray let ye words as I am well assured
it is in y9 last line be consider'd.

Pa. 2 1. 8. lying upon the Bay of Delaware. The words in ya
Ordr if I remember right are, on the Ocean and ye Bay and
River of Delaware and again the other half on the Bay of
Chessapeak, it might I think be proper here to insert the
very words, for they Seem to me to give us an Advantage,
but this is not very material.
Pa 2 In A H's interlineation, I should rather choose to

say which tis generally believed would extend- considerably

further

1. 12 the Interlineation or instead of informed because y'
word is used just before as far as I can learn I think Should
Stand

to line 15 might be added and this Restriction has of late
years been even inserted in our Warrts for Lands near Such
places, and if at any time any further excursions have been
made it was never with the approbation of this Glover nrnk.
This addition I take to be necessary and that all that fol-
lows may be left out to the words This with y* Agreem*
in lin. penult, for I have reason to believe that neither the
People nor our Surveyors have been cautious enough on
these heads And it may be of very ill consequence to lay
down a Rule in Writings on our own side, wch from real
facts they may be able to turn ag" us.

P3 1.6 instead of I am firmly perswaded, might it not be
We are fully perswaded here

Letters of James Logan. 267

P4 14 in the interlineation instead of about Conestogoe I think
on or near Sasquehannah would be Safer, for no Province
can be meant here but Maryland and it should never be
mention'd that they have any thing to doe with or can
come near Conestogoe.

I See Care has been taken, and perhaps thoughtfully, to
avoid mentioning that as there is no penalty incurr'd on
either Side, the Agreem* is Valid, and for Ought I know it
may be best to avoid it at this time, tho' I own I cannot
form a Judgem* on it, and therefore shall leave it. I should
certainly have given a broader hint of it, yet possibly it
might have been wrong. I well know that A H can judge
strongly in Such cases.

In the last Line but two, I think I should venture to say
as to have the Lines actually run, so as to render the bounds in-
disputable.

These few notes are what has occurr'd to me. I wish
heartily it were dispatched.

To run over the other Draught & Amendm*8 now, would
detain y9 bearer too long, therefore I choose only to Send
this by him. You left me when last here with a heavy
Cold on me, of woh I am at length got pretty well rid & my
nose has for some dayes been reduced to its former Size
and colour. Would this Weather continue 2 or 3 dayes I
would endeavour to come to town as I hope I shall ye fore
part of next week but that the Lettr will before that time
be dispatch'd. I refer what I have noted to consideration
hoping that nothing I have offer'd will occasion the deten-
sion of it one hour. My family are generally in health and
with all our due respects I am

Thy faithful frd

J. LOGAN.

"JAMES LOGAN TO THE PROPRIETOR."
MAY IT PLBASE THE PROPRIETR

Tho' I had lately for good reasons resolved to hearken to
no future Applications which some ignorant honest people

268 Letters of James Logan.

are still apt to make to me, that from my knowledge of
their case, I would recommend them. Yet I really thought
it incumbent on me, upon one from John Hore last 7th day,
to put the Govr in mind of what had pass'd on that head.
And as J. Steel Sent me John's Lett1 1 inclosed mine for
the Govr to him, that he might deliver it and receive his
Answr. The Request to me was, that as the favour de-
sign'd for John was grounded on the Proprietrs Direction,
the Application should be renew'd to thee, but as I thought
thy Lett1 left at Newcastle for the Govern' was sufficient, I
would not give thee any further trouble in it. Yet his an-
swer being different from what might have been expected,
I have now desired J. Steel who has my Copy of that Lettr,
to wait on thee with it, that if thou thinks thy Self at all
concern'd in what past, proper measures may be taken in it,
and there I entirely leave it.

And tho my Experience of the world has abundantly
taught me, what common Prudence should teach every man,
that no degree of Zeal will justify another's interposing in
Affairs (tho' tis extream hard to check a true Zeal for the
public Peace in an honest breast) any longer than he has
reason to expect it may be of Some Service, nor will any
goodness of Intention excuse the man who renders himself
disagreeable, yet I cannot forbear this once more to hazard
some censure, and observe that I had great hope, after our
Commissioners for the Division Lines had in Novr last Spent
near a fortnight at Newcastle not only with the most hearty
Zeal, but the greatest Unanimity to the best purposes in
their power, for yours and the Countrey's Service And the
Govr with those about him were Settled in their Authority.
We should all unite amongst our Selves, and for our own
Strength cultivate Peace and a good Understanding : in
order to which I advised to one Step with as much good
Judgem* I will venture to affirm, as was ever exerted, by
me at least, in any of those, the fruits of which these Gen-
tlemen have for Several years reap'd to their ease and

Letters of James Logan. 269

Advantage, could my Advice to them have taken the Same
place it formerly had done when it was believed & found
necessary. But on the contrary, it appears that instead of
such happy effects, that Step, as if it were wholly mine is
never to be forgiven me. Had it been otherwise, and could
my Wishes have prevailed, it would be needless now for me
to mention, that I understand the Govr is going this week
down to Newcast18 to meet the Assembly there, of which
A. H. is Speaker, and that I well know by many repeated
expressions, I have my Self heard, that some would be less
uneasie than they ought, to See things goe wrong, provided
they could load another whom they dislike with the blame
of it. How far A H may think himself under Obligations
to the G-ovr, others will judge, but of this I am well assured
that he heartily desires the peace of those Counties, and
that they may be Secured in yor Interest. And I as well
know that if the People there should take an unhappy turn,
it would not be in his power, tho he can doe a great deal
to prevent it. Nor, as I have formerly hinted more than
once, are any professions of the Populace, or marks of re-
spect once paid, to be at all depended on, not only history,
but common observation abundantly confirms this. But I
am very Sensible that those who hint their Apprehensions
of danger which afterwd appear not, are frequently but ridi-
cul'd for it Yet it have ever been a Rule with me, that all
who are intrusted with the powers of Governm* should care-
fully watch all possible dangers that may arise from any
quarter and guard agst them, and if they never happen, 'tis
well, the Caution did no harm, and was not the less prudent,
but if they should, without any Such provision the person's
want of Conduct will then infallibly be arraign'd. And for
my own part I have seen So much fickleness and Such hu-
mours prevail in those Counties that I shall never be with-
out apprehension of them, till they are effectually Settled.
Of A H thou fully knows my Sentim48 both wayes, and
they are not likely to alter he would gladly Serve thee I be-

270 Letters of James Logan.

lieve in an acceptable way, tho' he is but too often unhappy
at finding it, wch is to be imputed to the one Side of his
Character, while the better Still continues in its ful Strength.
Upon the whole thou wilt consider whether on this occasion
it will not be proper to enter into some open and free dis-
course with him, as also with the Govern*. I have not seen
Andr. Since we came together from Chester, but hearing
my Sister in law Pemberton is ill, and that a Ship is to Sail
this week for Lond I think to be in town to morrow. I am
with due respect

Thy faithful friend

J. LOGAN
STENTON 18th Mar. 173f

" JAMES LOGAN TO RICHARD PETERS."
MY GOOD FRIEND K. P.

I return thee my hearty thanks for the uncommon pains
thou hast taken to Serve my Overseer to day (in his 4th
Journey to town Since ye Propr was here) in that Small
affair of his Land, about which he has So long Since applied
to thee and am truly Sorry that Some others have taken it
into their head to render it So difficult, but as I presided
in those affairs my Self above 30 years, & may boldly chal-
lenge all mankind to give one instance of my partiality in
them, and I hope my Judgem* is clear enough yet, to form
just notions of them, if I am not widely misinformed in the
matter, I cannot, as it is now represented to me, compre-
hend where the Objection can lie. One Valentine, as I am
told, presumptuously enter 'd on ye Proprier's Land without
making any manner of Application for it & having possess'd
himself of it for Some time deserted it, & thereby left it
clear for the next comer, but the Propr before he grants it
away to another, desires according to the just rules he has
prescribed to himself, to be Satisfied whether any other pson
has an equitable claim to it, the Depty Survr Sayes Some-
body Spoke to him for it when he was last up there, the

Letters of James Logan. 271

Survr Gen1 Says, another who took out a Warr* for Some
Land in y* ftorks of Delaware cannot have it there, & this
place might Suit him probably in its Stead Wm Allen
thinks, N. Irish when he was last in town desired him to
apply for a Warr* for it but he forgot it & wishes the matter
might be deferr'd till he comes to town again to know
whether he really wants it, and it is not to be admited that
"W : A : would do any reasonable Service to oblige a person
he is in Borne other respects So deeply engaged with, any
more than it is strange that R Peters Should have all pos-
sible inclination to oblige So good a friend, but we both
know that Gent to be of too generous a disposition to desire
any partiality to himself that carries an injustice to another,
and R P. very well knows that Tho : Armstrong's applica-
tion to him was prior to all these and I also know that
upon his apprehensions that Some other might intervene
and disappoint him, about 3 months Since he requested me
to lend him as much money as might Serve to make the
first paym1, but that being a commodity very Scarce with
me at that time, for I would freely have advanced it to him
could I have by any means Spared it, I desired him to be
easy and I should take to Secure the Land for him, and
accordingly I Spoke to the Propr the next time that I Saw
him here, but was ans\vd that by an unalterable Rule in ye
Office nothing would purchase a Warr' but the Money down,
I then immediately Spoke to thy Self and had thy kind
promise to lay it down of thy own for him, but I fail'd in
my Duty I find in not mentioning it to J Steel but one
reason was that I had not Seen him for Sev1 Months, and
another, that I thought James only acted as Recvr in these
cases. Upon the whole, if I have Stated ye matter right,
as I have done it to ye best of my knowledge, I do not see
from all the experience I have ever had, that there can be
room left for any manner of Objection to the granting a
Warr1, and if there be none wch thou wilt Soon find on
Shewing this (wch I request thee to do) to y' Propr and this

272 Letters of James Logan.

will excuse thee from all further blame, on thy hinting it to
morrow evening to my Son, he will bring th«e the Money
or J St:'s or L Lardner's Receipt for it as also a Patent for
my Liberty Land, to wch I request thee to get the Proprs
hand. James made an objection to the Quitr1 of one penny
Sterl for those 50 Acres of Streiper's Land in right of his
5000 A's reduced to 1 Sh fethousd on pretence of the Law
for Quittrts. But as I not only drew that Act at first my
Self, but contested it by Paragraphs at Sev1 Conferences,
for that alone cost us in ye Council, where the burthen lay
Solely on me, more trouble than almost all the other 49
that were passed by that Assembly, I have good reason to
understand y' whole design of it, The whole qty of Libty
Land laid out in that Right is but 50 Acres without any
manner of Division being made in it, and as by y9 first
Concessions the Purchasers were to take only 500 A's in
one Tract without more families joyning for wch ye Quittr1
by Streiper's Purchase was only to be 6 pence, and in the
City Liberties only 50 Acres (for which I have the Pro-
prietors Ord' under his own hand) were allowed to that
Purchase as being Posteriour in time, there cannot possibly
be any pretence for insisting on more than in proportion to
the whole, besides since it is that Law only that gives any
colour for it, if the Enacting Paragraph (p. m. 73) preceed8
that Proviso in the Act be considered Such a Demand will
be found directly contrary to the express intention & even
the words of the Law But I have already Said more than
can be necessary on this head & therefore shall here close
with Sincere respect

Thy Assured ffriend

J. LOGAN

STENTON, Augst 15 — 41

In relation to that Act for Quittrts I must add that having
drawn it very different from what it now appears it was re-

Letters of James Logan. 273

turned to the Board with Such a number of Alterations
that I absolutely despaired of it but divers members of the
Council being then on ye Assembly they were unwilling to
let it drop & 4efore after very warm debates in 2 Conferences
we at length carried it as it now appears.

P S Aug5' 16th

Tho' I have reason to be offended with Ja: Steel, yet I
could heartily wish the Propriety unless he proposes in
Some little time to part with him altogether, would Shew
a greater, regard to his Circumstances for I know by long
experience that 200lbs a year which James mentioned to me
when here with his wife this day week as in Confidence to
his old true friend will not be Sufficient to maintain his
family with a Boarder who ought to be handsomely pro-
vided for and defray all manner of Expences besides Treat
comers and goers &c &c.

JAMES LOGAN TO ISAAC TAYLOR.

PHILADA S M 23-1724
MY FFRIEND ISAAC TAYLOR

This will Scarce give thee (I believe) the first acco* of my
Arrival here on ye 16th Inst1 exactly 9 months after I left
my own house. I have brought the Drugs with me which
lie here ready for thee.

The Bearer Jn° Garret applying to me for 100 Acres of
Land in Letitia's Mannr part he Sayes of a Lott of 500 I
have declined the Grant till I can learn from thee whether
it can be cutt off without any damage to the Remaindr, if
it may pray lett it be So divided but then he must immedi-
ately come for an Ordr of Survey and bring ye Pay wch I
have told him must be 45lbs in ready Paper. I am with
kind Love to thy Self & family

Thy real friend

JAMBS LOGAN
VOL. xxxv 18

274 Letters of James Logan.

JAMES LOGAN TO ISAAC TAYLOR.

PHILADTA 25th 7br 1724.
ISAAC TAYLOR

LOVING FFRIEND

Inclosed is the Bill of Parcels for the Drugs thou desired,
the advance in our Current Specie is 125 f! Cent, as we
generally sell I know not how Gold may be with you but it
is somewhat scarce with us and I have occasion for some at
present, particularly the Sum of £13:12:4 wch if thou
canst procure for me, I will pay thee in our best Paper
£15:6: 4} for it.

The over large quantity of .Paper Bills that have been
struck throw us into very great Inconveniencies wch I fear
will daily increase upon us, Yet we have here amongst us
parcel of unreasonable necessitous Creatures that are Still
for having much more of it, and at easier terms the conse-
quences of which would be the utmost Confusion, for be-
sides the Inconveniencies to ye Countrey that would ensue
if Such an Act Should pass It is most certain that nothing
of the kind for the future can be offered in Engld for the
King's Sanction, but it will inevitably be repealed, and then
if any of it should be issued we should be in ye utmost
Confusion

Yet we have no security against this but from the
Counties of Chester & Bucks at the ensuing Election!. I
very well know thy Interest in yours, and doubt not, but
thou wilt employ it to thy utmost even during thy Weak-
ness, to secure us from the dangers that threaten, I hear
some have thought of I. N. there, but are apprenensive that
he will be for charging foreigners wth a Duty on their Trade,
but in this case I dare boldly & will freely pass my word for
him, that he will attempt nothing of the kind. The elects
ing of him with 7 other Stanch hands with him would at
this time be of vast Service and I heartily wish thy state of
health & Inclinations would allow thee to make one of the

Letters of James Logan. 275

number. The business of this Assembly may be very soon
dispatch'd by proper persons. I most Seriously recommend
this to thee as a matter of very high Importance at this
Juncture. I cannot recover my strength yet but am now
in better hopes of it. I hear thy son will have some Rivals
for the Sherifs place but doubt not their Disappointing &
'tis to be hoped that the Members & Sherifs Tickets being
on different papers will be of Service if well managed. If
E. Gatchel is put up I could wish none of thy frds would
oppose him, for though he might mistake, I think he was
too severely corrected, & (all things considered) ought to be
a little Supported. I most earnestly request thy thoughts
A Application in what I have principally mentioned, and
am with respect to thy self good spouse & family

Thy faithful & Affectionate frd

JAMES LOGAN

276 The Diary of Joseph Heatly Dulles.

EXTEACTS FROM THE DIARY OF JOSEPH HEATLY

DULLES.

CONTRIBUTED BY CHARLES W. DULLES, M.D.

THE writer of this diary, Joseph Heatly Dulles, was born
in Charleston, S. C., February 7, 1795. His father, who
came to this country in 1779, and served in the defense of
Charleston in 1780, was a man of position, married Sophia,
daughter of Col. William Heatly and Marie Elise Courtonne,
of South Carolina, and removed in 1812 to Philadelphia.
He died in Charleston in 1818, while on a visit. His wife
died in Philadelphia in 1848. He first lived in the house
that stood on Locust Street close to the angle of Seventh
Street, next to the Friend's Meeting House. His brother-
in-law, Langdon Cheves, at the time when he was re-
organizing the United States Bank, built and occupied the
house now standing on the south-west corner of Seventh
and Locust Streets.

Joseph Heatly Dulles, at the time of writing this diary,
had just passed his examinations for graduation from Yale
College in the Class of 1814. He afterwards lived in
Philadelphia, though he spent part of almost every year
on a large plantation in South Carolina belonging to him,
which he managed in the most humane manner. The
Civil War separated his person, but not his heart, from his
native State. He died in Philadelphia, March 12, 1876.
He married, April 21, 1819, Margaret Welsh, daughter ot
John Welsh and Jemima Maris, who was born September
2, 1797, and lived until November 10, 1897.

The companion to whom the diarist refers was James
Potter, his classmate.

, Friday Morning, August l$th, At 9 we called on Mr
M to get some introductory letters he had been so kind as
to offer us. After sitting in the boat an hour waiting for
passengers we started at 10 in an open sail boat for the op-
posite shore of the Lake, after toiling all day against a head
wind, we at last arrived about 9 oclock at Plattsburgh.
After calling at 3 places we were received — I can not say

The Diary of Joseph Heatly Dulles. 277

accommodated, for the house was as wretched as the "Wife
of the Landlord, who wears the breeches, had left P. and
taken every article of furniture with her. There were but
2 spoons in the house. We soon retired to a miserable bed
after taking a bowl of milk.

Saturday August 13th, after breakfast I happened fortu-
nately to see the stage which had omitted calling at the house.
I hailed it and James and myself were soon seated in the
waggon which is called a stage. At 12 we stopped in
Chazy, which we were induced to do by the advice and ex-
ample of Dr Bruno, a surgeon in the army whom I had
seen at Ballston and Saratoga. We found here a much
better house than we had left. We had not stopped one
minute when there came on the most violent rain and Hail
storm which I have seen for some years. At 5 James and I
made an assay for the camp. We had an introductory letter
to Captain Hall of the Dragoons. We walked to the spot
where the Dragoons were encamped and asked for Cap1 H.
The Sergeant of the Guard demanded our names which we
gave ; these were sent to the Cap1. He sent word back to
know our business We then of course gave the letter and
orders were sent to admit us and we were conducted to the
Marquee of the Cap1, and were received very politely by
him. We were soon made acquainted with many of the
Dragoon officers, Col. Ball, Capt. Hopkins, Lieut. Wright
etc all Southerners. These all treated us with the greatest
attention. To meet so many Southerners was very pleasing
to me. The officers nearly all had servants, which made it
look still more like Carolina. Capt. Hall is from Virginia,
Capt. Hopkins from Kentucky, Col. Ball from Virginia or
Maryland. We staid about an hour in Camp, and returned
with a promise of breakfasting with our friends in the
morning. We met here two Southern naval officers who
invited us on board the fleet, offering to have a boat ready
for us. We agreed to be on the shore at 11. We met at
Home Drs Bruno who came up with us & Wheaton. Both

278 The Diary of Joseph Heatly Dulles.

of them sensible and intelligent men ranking high in the
Medical department of the army. I am now where there
is real service, every thing is military ; but I do not find so
many objects worthy of notice as might be expected. One
thing I could not but notice viz. the excessive profanity of
the officers scarcely an affirmation is made without its
attendant oath.

Sunday, Itf'1 August. We walked to the camp at 6, the
hour we were to meet our friends. We were obliged to
send to y* Capt. for admission. He was unwell but Capt.
Hopkins recognized our names and ordered the guard to let
us pass. Capt. Hall had received a severe bruize from a
fall he received yesterday occasioned by a horse's leaping
over him. Of late leaping has become an established exer-
cise or rather amusement of the troop. Capt. Hall at last
appeared at 7. We sat down to a better breakfast than I
expected to find in a camp so far removed from a well settled
country. A fine beefstake with Herrings, dry beaf, Tea,
Coffee, etc with very nice corn bread. All the officers of
the troop except the Col. wear mustachios which is no
addition to their beauty, tho' it may be to their ferocity of
appearance; the Whiskers meet the mustachios, some of
them make a strange appearance. Before breakfast we were
treated to a Virginia Julip by Col. Ball; this drink they
were surprised to hear was new to us. It is made of Ruin
water and a handful of mint pressed into it, and from the
taste the spirit must have exceeded the water, it is not
unpleasant. These gent, think a mint patch near an en-
campment, as a great treasure. I heard the story very often
told that the Col. had discovered a fine patch 3 miles from
the present encampment; for which the whole company
seemed much indebted to him. After breakfast we walked
a little about the camp saw Gen. Izard, Col. Drayton of
S. C., Capt. Hamilton with whom I was acquainted at home ;
he is Gen. I's aid ; Col. Pinckney and many others. At 10
we began our ride for the fleet it lies 3 miles distant at the

The Diary of Joseph Heatly Dulles. 279

mouth of Chazy river. We were in a waggon a most un-
comfortable vehicle ; we rode to the lake side and ordered
back our waggon, preferring a walk back to such a ride.
In a few moments a midshipman informed that a boat was
ready for us if we were the gent, who were to go on board
the Saratoga. We stepped into the boat and were soon on
our way. We found Com. McDonough on shore in a con-
ference with Gen. Izard; we declined giving our letter to
him untill he came on board. Lieut. Drury whom we had
met at the Camp, received us as we came on board and
handed us through a crowd of sailors in the midst of whom
not a little to my surprise <fe more to my pleasure I found a
clergyman preaching. We were soon placed in company
with the officers, all standing, the sermon was now delivering.
The preacher I soon recognized to be one of my fellow
boarders a Mr Elliot once Chaplain to Congress, now to the
army. His subject was against outward piety, not very ap-
plicable to sailors for they rarely profess to be pious ; he said
some suitable things however and I was not a little pleased
at having not passed a Sabath without a sermon. Before
he ended the Com. came on board; the greatest silence
and every apparent attention prevailed every eye seemed
fixed; I never saw any where a more attentive audience
than this appeared to be, "they dare not do otherwise"
said the Com. when I remarked this to him. We were after
a message sent to the Com. asked into his cabin where we
delivered our letter from Mr Mitchell. The Com. behaved
very politely, but spoke very little, he has a fine countenance
and what is much more is a most amiable man, not less
loved than esteemed by his officers and crew. I never heard
any officer spoken of by those under him as he is. the offi-
cers put the most unbounded confidence in his bravery and
prudence. He never uses any profane language, for which
even his profane officers and men esteem him, his manner
is all mildness. A decanter of wine was brought on the
table; a Midshipman came into the Cabin requesting the
Corn's company to day to dinner which he accepted. The

280 The Diary of Joseph Heatly Dulles.

Com. wrote a note to the ward room as I supposed and a
lieut. soon came requesting our company also to dine with
the " gentlemen of the ward room." We left the Com. and
parson to overlook the ship. We were politely attended by
IA Drury, there was nothing new or peculiar about the ship.
The Saratoga is a ship, the only one on the Lake carries 20
odd guns all carronades except 6, 3 on each side. She is
very low for her size and her appearance is deceptive ; she
is much broader than she appears, having fine quarters.
The sails had been unfurled to dry and we had the pleasure
of seeing them all furled again ; this was something new, in
an instant the whole ship appeared alive every rope seemed
to hang thick with men ; the business was soon over and
all again was quiet. Signals were given from our ship,
which were answered and in a few moments the whole fleet
had their sails completely furled. There are 3 large vessels
beside the Saratoga whose names and force I do not
recollect, 6 large and 4 small gallies ; the large gal lies have
a long 24 pounder in the head and a caronade in the stern,
has 60 men on board, is sharp each end; the small ones
have about 40 men and one gun. They have a large 4 sided
sail which is placed in the middle of the boat its length etc
I could not easily ascertain, their force is great and most
applicable to the lake service. The enemy must be drawn
into wide water or our large vessels will be of very little
use. The Com. could not persuade the Secretary of the
navy to build gallies instead of large vessels. He regrets
much that he is obliged to take a bad ground for the sake
of defending the soil of a most treacherous and ungrateful
set of people. He cannot move a few miles ever so secretly
from his Ship, but immediate information is carried to the
enemy; once he very narrowly escaped a party of Indians
brought on by Americans.

At last dinner was announced to be ready; it was past 3
some time. We were soon seated the Com. at the head of
the table 1st Lieut, at the foot. Com McD. gave the sig-

The Diary of Joseph Heatly Dulles. 281

nal for attention before grace was asked ; this motion of his
hand with his countenance was the most beautiful and ex-
pressive gesture I ever saw ; there was something peculiar
in his look and the waving of his hand, I cannot hit, tho.
the motion is still before me. This over we fell to eating.
We had a fine roast pig Roast fowls, Hashed fowls, fried
fish with some other dishes which made on the whole a
very good dinner indeed. We had desert and blackberries.
The Port wine was capital, the Madeira I did not taste. It
was time for us to start after enjoying a good long sitting the
Com. became more conversant and agreeable. The Parson
James and I left the Ship with kind invitations to revisit
the fleet, for wh we returned the best wishes for success.
We stopped and viewed one of the large gallies, they are
open boats; tents are used on them in rainy weather. We
landed and pursued our course on foot to the Camp, where
we took leave of our friends to whose politeness I felt not a
little obligated. We determined to night that if the weather
was fair we would try a walk to Plattsburgh, 14 nriles, the
road very bad. Watched till past nine for the gun fired at
9 oclock at Isle au Noix.

Monday 15th August. We were awake at daylight this
morning by the pouring of the rain on the shed. To make
short work it rained tremendously all day — a very cold raw
day, no wood in the house to make a fire ; we bore it as
well as we could. I read Dr. Clarkes travells in the East wh
I was fortunate enough to get from the Parson. At Dusk
it ceased raining and we engaged a private waggon to carry
us to Plattsburgh in the morning.

This evening Dr Wheaton gave me much amusement and
instruction ; I drew him on, to a subject which he well un-
derstands and as is usual with professional men loved to con-
verse on. One instance of Hydro-phobia twice cured by
eating salt simply ; the man is now at Plattsburgh. In one
of his fits he called for Salt ; a soldier near handed him a

282 The Diary of Joseph Heatly Dulles.

bowl of it, which he devoured most voraciously ; Boon after
fell into a sleep and awoke free from all madness. This some
time after was repeated. A large number of men last winter,
in the encampment at Burlington died of home sickness.
The Dr said, often he would see a man, with a thoughtless
countenance cutting a piece of wood or engaged in some
foolish business of that kind, he would ask them what was
the matter, the answer would be Nothing ; no pain ? no ; Do
you want to go home, his eyes would assume more expres-
sion, and he'd say, I would like. If the matter rested here
the man would in a day or two be found dead ; if the Dr
ordered an officer to get his discharge, the knife is put up
the stick thrown away and the man being deceived with the
fond hope a few days recovers. D* told of a man living 6
months on a bath of soup, being unable to receive nourish-
men within. A man being found often in a cook shop,
where he said he lived on the vapour of the food was sued
by the cook, for a theft was found guilty and condemned
to pay a certain fine which was to be paid by sounding it in
the ear of the cook.

Tuesday August 16"''. At 5 we were up and waited till
seven for our driver; he came at last and we were off. It
looked like rain but we had a covered waggon after riding
3 hours over a very rough and dangerous road we arrived
at Plattsburgh again. On the road are 4 or 5 fine stands
for a retreating army, nothing could be better, real passes
which a double force would be bold to attempt, A narrow
causeway on each side of which is an impassible morass at
the end of this is a firm ascent which commands the whole,
here the retreating army can use its whole force being
spread out, the enemy must be drawn up very closely.
These places were hinted at to me by Capt. Hall. At 11 we
arrived at Plattsburgh. A strong head wind no boat start-
ing for Burlington we took breakfast at Foquets a pretty
good one, — still a head wind. Plattsburgh is situated in a

The Diary of Joseph Heatly Dulles. 283

fine bay which is unfortunately very shallow near the shore.
It is overrun with grog shops and taverns. I know of no
place which has so little like gentility in it; all looks vulgar.
There is I am told a pretty good society of 10 or 12 families.
A church is now erecting ; the Court house is not an ill
looking building. A stream runs through the town called
Plattsburgh river ; a bridge is thrown over it a little below
the fall which is but a small one; a mill is situated at the
falls. The streets are very dirty ; on the whole its a pretty
dirty place as far as I can judge.

While we were waiting for a fair wind to take our pass-
age for Burlington, we walked about the encampment.
James would not go with me to deliver a letter to Gen.
McComb the commander here. The Gen. having left this
place for Champlain, he returned to the house and I walked
about. After seeing all I could from an external view I
was returning when a sergeant with two men walked up to
me and told me they had orders to take me. I was not
much surprised at this as I had observed that I was watched
closely. I of course complied and walked to the Guard
House ; the Sergeant of the guard here began to examine
me, but I demanded admittance to the Commander, as I
feared that their object was to insult me. I was then taken
to a Lieut, who began the same course. I told him that I
wished to see the Commander. He was Captain of the
Guard, to satisfy him I shewed him my letter to Gen.
McComb. He bowed very politely after having perused it,
made many apologies and proposed walking with me to
Col. Fenwick, the Com. of the forces here. As the centinels
had behaved rather rudely I hinted to the Capt. that it
would be well if it were necessary to be strict to be at the
same time civil, the centinels at Chazy were very civil. I
went immediately to the Col's Marquee where I found him,
engaged in conversation with several officers. I handed him
the letter to Gen. Me, stating to him that I had been taken
up on suspicion, while walking about the encampment. He

284 The Diary of Joseph Heatly Dulles.

read the letter, laughed the matter oft and requested me to
return after dinner and that then he would walk with me
over the fortresses ; I thanked him and made my exit from
the Camp. I began to think what proofs I could have
shown beside this letter. I had no trunk or clothes with
me, no papers in my pocket except a little book of expenses
in which the first thing that presented itself to my view was
two or three pages of sketches of forts which I remembered
to have taken at Ticonderoga ; this would have been suffi-
cient cause to have detained me untill I could have pro-
duced farther proof which might have taken some days at
least. I returned to dinner very well pleased with my es-
cape and the thought of having a full view of the redoubts
etc at this place. I have never yet seen any thing of the
kind except a few forts. At the dining place I found a
stranger who had yesterday been detained three hours in
confinement. We took at Foquets a very poor dinner and
I persuaded James now to accompany me to the camp. We
went to the Col's Marquee where after waiting some time
the Col. came. I mentioned frequently about my being from
Charleston and enquired about people from there. Col. Fen-
wick is himself from Carolina. We sat here some time, be-
fore we began our view of the fortresses ; — the Col. was fixing
up a drinking establishment, two or three kegs of liquor.
He walked with us over the redoubts which are no doubt
very strong, there are three forts which make a complete
cross fire on an attack made in any direction, they all have
deep wide ditches around them, which must be impassible
as long as any degree of resistance can be made. The forts
are built of wood, and are so positioned that the strongest
can command the other two if they should be taken posses-
sion of by the enemy; they have now been constructing
about 2 weeks and will be finished in a week or more.
There is a large body of militia at work on them with Gen.
Wooster at their head ; he is Captain of the vet exempts
who are at work here. If the enemy attack in front the town

The Diary of Joseph Heatly Dulles. 285

must I think be destroyed by our batteries. At 4 we ob-
served that the wind had changed we thanked the Col. for
his politeness and made haste for the wharf whence the Bur-
lington boats sail. They were all off, one of them not far.
I left James to pay our bill and ran to stop this boat which
I succeeded in doing ; James paid the bill but vexed me by
staying on the shore fearing to go near the centinels which
he must do to get at the boat ; after many signals I brought
him to the place, where we got into a large clumsy sail
boat. After sailing about 2 hours the wind died away and
we rowed the boat ashore at Peru a small village 8 or 10
miles from Plattsburgh it was nine oclock before we got
here and then very dark. After beating against the rocks
some time we forced the boat near enough the shore to get
to it dry. Near the shore was a boat in which were men
harpooning fish. In the head of the boat was a vessel con-
taining combustible matter ; a man stands by it with a har-
poon whilst one in the stern guide the boat; it seemed to
me like a wild goose chase, these men caught one salmon in
the course of the night. We found our way up to house
where we were told we might be accommodated;
roused the old lady & after a little parley she agreed to re-
ceive us. We made a hearty meal on bread and milk &
hominy and had a bed made on the floor which was very
acceptable to us.

Wednesday, 17th August. I spent a terrible night. Some
part of last night I was woke from my sleep by a rattling
on my head and face of some thing I could not tell what ;
the first idea was that a swarm of insects had poured down
upon me. I shook my head and inverted my position putt-
ing me feet to this place as the dropping still continued.
In the morning I found that there happened to be just over
my head the granary of the mice of the house, they had
ate a hole through the ceiling and were letting down on
me a shower of bran. Not a particle of wind this morning.

286 The Diary of Joseph Heatly Dulles.

At 8 we started with a light breeze which was as inconstant
as possible ; every now and then a breeze would carry us 2
or 300 hundred yards and then leave us or shift to another
quarter; what wind we had was directly a head we beat
about the lake all day untill 1 we passed Yalcour Island etc.
Met several equals, one of them very warm had nearly
capsized us; we had to let fly all sail, to save ourselves. We
thought it prudent to stop as the squals were becoming more
frequent. We put in on the East side of the lake at Bell's
Island, and thence to the main, where after a mile walk
through the woods we found a house, sent back for our
great coats and after eating some Hurtle berries and milk
determined to walk the rest of the way, which was 8 miles.
We paid our passage only fifty cents & sat out. At this house
were a dozen or more sick Children and women, it seemed
to be a resort for sick people and I was glad to get from it.
We walked 4 miles from Colchester point to Onion river
through a baren wood, but the walk was shady and pleasant.
We crossed the river in a boat and walked 4 miles farther
to Burlington, where we arrived about sunset not much
fatigued, though we had eaten nothing the whole day but
a few hurtle berries. After taking tea we called on Mr
Mitchell where we met young Webb an old schoolmate of
mine at Weathersfield. We spent a pleasant evening. Mr
M. regretted that his lameness prevented his shewing us
more attention.

Thursday, 18th August, 1814. After breakfast I obtained
direction to a cave near this place of which I had heard
something and got James to accompany me to it. We
walked to a house about 2 miles from Burlington where we
found a little boy who was to direct us to the spot. At a
little distance back we struck down a hill in a road which
when we had followed some hundred yards we left for a foot
path our guide proceeding on his road. We had to make
out our way as well as we could through this swamp by

The Diary of Joseph Heatly Dulles. 287

stepping on logs which have been laid here for this purpose
but are now complely decayed. About 200 hundred yards
brought us to the mouth of the cave which we could not
mistake as it was large and opened directly to the Cave.
This cave is I suppose a large one, and if it could be possi-
bly kept dry would afford a good retreat for a pretty large
body of men, its appearance is handsome. The floor is cov-
ered with water which is continually oozing through the
ceiling in every part ; with some difficulty I made a passage
with logs to the end of the Cave and took a measurement
of it as well as I could, as follows : the mouth is something
this shape [drawing made which has been crossed out] 10
feet at the upper width 3 at the narrowest and 12 at the
foot, there is a large rock at the mouth which nearly closes
the entrance — it is 54 feet long, 20 feet at its greatest
breadth which is at the opening of the cave where it is 30
or 40 feet high — this is a few feet from the mouth, the back
of the cave is only 10 feet high the lowest part of it is 7
which is a few feet from the back — at this spot it is 15 feet
wide just behind it are two recesses one of them 6 the other
9 feet back in the rock neither are very high, the width in
the rock at the back is the greatest. About 30 feet it is
perfectly light. Except in the two recesses at the back —
there is a hole in the top at the back about 18 inches
diameter the extent of which I could not discover, having
no long pole, the water is about a foot deep is clear and
very cold, of a good taste. The rock is what I take to be
quartz, it may be a hornstone or something of that kind,
the outside easily decays, there are no signs of stallactites
except a little incustation. I found on the road near this
place an Indian axe made of this stone, it was a large one
6 inches long by 4, I broke it for a specimen of the rock.
After gratifying our curiosity by a full survey of this singu-
lar object we returned through the bog; little has been
conjectured respecting the formation of these extensive
cavities in the firmest rocks usually they extend farther than

288 The Diary of Joseph Heatly Dulles.

means will allow to search them, ending in lakes. I could
see nothing about this which could lead to a supposition
of its being formed by any other means than creation, for
purposes which our short sighted views can not comprehend.
We returned very well pleased with our expedition being
better pleased than we had anticipated. We called on Mr M.
to request his aid in getting a view from the College Cupalo,
he gave me a note to a young man who lived there, on
whom with James and Mr Webb I called after dinner. We
got easy admission into this building which is now used as
barracks for our soldiers.

The view is very fine, a most majestic scene is formed by
the high mountains rising one behind another as far as the
eye can reach, before them is a fine sheet of water inter-
spersed with several islands which serve to increase the
beauty of the prospect ; this view is on the west, on the east
you have mountains which out reach the eye and are lost in
the Clouds. These are the Green mountains, so famous in
American Geography and History — this range of mountains
extends from West rock at New Haven as far as Onion river
and perhaps into Canada, the country here is all mountan-
ous, and highly picturesque. Burlington is a beautiful
harbour. The U. S. pay for the College building $6000 yr
and are to pay for all repairs and damages, this is a mon-
strous imposition, there are fine barracks in this place which
it is said have never been full. The building is a fine one
160 feet long, there are 48 rooms in it, which are not very
convenient for students ; they are now very filthy, it is 4
stories high, built of brick with a projection in front, in the
middle, in this part are the largest rooms which are appro-
priated to public use.

President Sanders was an indecisive character, and be-
sides was a Socinian, he would take no bright professors for
fear of displaying his own ignorance ; the professor of Ori-
ental languages is now Postmaster, priest and lawyer; this
letting the house it is thought will bring money enough to

The Diary of Joseph Heatly Dulles. 289

set the College on its legs again. James and I proceeded
to take a view of the falls of Onion river 2 miles farther.
They are pretty but not to compare with Glenns falls or
those of the Pasaic ; the bed of the river is a silicious stone
of a greyish colour ; the fall in nowhere high, in some places
very rapid. We extended our walk a mile farther to see
something of a curiosity ; the river is here compressed into
a narrow stream, by passing through a lime stone rock, the
top of which is perhaps 80 feet from the surface of the
water ; there is a bridge here from which the passage of the
river makes a singular appearance. We made our way
home by sunset engaged our seats in the stage for Middle-
bury to morrow, at 4 Oclock. We had sent our clothes out
to be washed they did not return at night when we wished
to pack our trunks I went to bed James sat up untill 12
when the Clothes arrived half dry only. I got up packed
them and arose at 4 Oclock.

VOL. XXXV 19

290 General Muhlenlcry's Orderly Boole, 1777.

ORDERLY BOOK OF GEN. JOHN PETER GABRIEL
MUHLENBERG, MARCH 26-DECEMBER 20, 1777.

(Concluded from page 187.)

HEAD QUARTERS November 28th 1777.

Such of the Troops as are not already Provided with
cooked Provisions for Tomorrow are to Draw & Cook it
this Night, at Day break a Cannon will be fired as a signal
for the whole Army to Parade ready to March when the
whole are Completely Formed. They are to Ground their
Arms but be ready to take them up again at a Minutes
Warning. If it should Rain or Snow the Men are not to
Parade.

HEAD QUARTERS November 29th 1777.

A Gill of Rum or Whiskey to be issued to Day to each
Officer, Soldier & Waggoner.

HEAD QUARTERS November 30th 1777.

Major General Greene

Brigadier Smallwood

Field Officers Col. Courtland Major Smith
Brigade Major . . . Learneds Brigade.

On the 25th November the Honble Continental Congress
passed the following Resolves Viz1 Resolved that Gen1
Washington be directed to Publish in Gen1 Orders that
Congress will speedily take into consideration the Merits
of such Officers who have Distinguished themselves by their
Interpidity and attention to the Health & Discipline of their
Men, & adopt such regulations as shall tend to Introduce
order & Good Discipline into the Army & to Render the
situation of the Officers & Soldiery with respect to their
clothg & other Necessarys more Eligible than it has hitherto

General Muhlenbergs Orderly Book, 1777. 291

been Forasmuch as it is the Indispensable Duty of all Men
to adore the superintending Providence of Almighty God
to acknowledge with Gratitude their Obligations to him for
Benefits Received & to Implore such Future Blessings as
they stand in need of, & it having pleased him in his Abun-
dant Goodness & Mercy not only to Continue to us the In-
numerable Bounties of his Common Providence but also to
smile upon us in the Prosecution of a Just & Necessary War
for the Defence of our Invaluable Rights & Liberties. It is
therefore recommended by Congress that Thursday the 18th
December next be set apart for Solemn Thanksgiving &
Praise that at one Time & with one Voice the good People
may Express the greatfull Feelings of their Hearts & Con-
secrate themselves to the service of their Divine Benefactor,
& that together with their sincere acknowledgments & offer-
ings they may join a Penitent Confession of their Sins, &
supplications for such further Blessings they stand in need
of. The Chaplains will properly Notice this Recommenda-
tion that day of Thanksgiving may be duly observed in the
Army agreeable to the Intentions of Congress. The Regi-
mental Pay Masters are to call upon the Pay Master Gen1
Tomorrow & Receive Pay for the Month of Septembr. Those
who have acknowledged their abstracts for the Month of
October may Receive for that month also.

HEAD QUARTERS December 1st 1777.

Major Gen1 Tomorrow ... Ld Sterling

Brigadier Irvine

Field Officers Col. Wisson L' Colonel Stoddard
Brigade Majr M'Gowen

Mr. Robert Duncan is appointed Pay Master to the 4th
North Carolina & is to be respected as such. A Gen1 Court
Martial is to sit tomorrow morning at 9 o'clock at the Tav-
ern near Col° Biddies Quarters for the Trial of all Prisoners
brought before them, Col. Ogden is appointed President of
this Court Ll Col° Sims, Majr Wallace, Majr North & a Cap1

292 General MuJilenberg' s Orderly Book, 1777.

from the 1st & 2d Pennsylv* Maxwells, Conways, Woodfords,
Scotts, Powers, Pattersons, & Larnards Brigd are to be
Members of this Court. The Officers are to make out their
Muster Rolls to December the lat. The Term of time which
the Men Inlisted for is to be Inserted in every Muster Roll.
The non Effectives is not to be Inserted a second time. Offi-
cers must pay strict attention to the Orders which have been
Issued with Respect to this part of their Duty.

HEAD QUARTERS December 2d 1777.

Majr Gen1 Tomorrow . . Baron de Kalb

Brigadier Muhlenberg

Field Officers . . Col. Bradford, Majr Tho"
Brigade Major Hitchcock

Returns are to be made early Tomorrow morning of all
Officers & Men in the sev1 Brigades & Corps who have not
had the Small Pox. Every officer Comd* Corps or Regi-
ments is to make an Immediate Return to the Pay Mr Gen1
of every Pay Master that has belonged to or done Duty as
such in any Regiment or Corps their place of abode & the
Time when they left the Servce.

After Orders.

Whenever the alarm is given by the firing of 3 Cannon
the whole Baggage & Provision of the Army (Tents included)
is to be put into the Waggons and off the following Roads
The Right wing of Both Lines by the North Wales Road,
& the road by Edgers Mill, & to proceed to the 24 Mile
stone on those Roads, unless further Orders are Received.
The left Wing of both Lines by the two Roads which lead
to the Old York Road at the 13 & 15 Mile Stones & pro-
ceed on to the 24 Mile stone untill further Orders. Whether
the Alarm guns are fired or not the whole army is to be
under arms at their Respective Posts at Day light Tomorrow
Morning & the lines properly formed by the Majr Gen1 in
their respective Commands.

General Muhlenb erg's Orderly Book, 1777. 293

D. 0. Not more than one man to be sent with each Wag-
gon & those the most unfit for duty among the Troops Each
Regiment is to be told off into Grand and Sub divisions &
the Officers posted as much amongst their own Men as
Possible. Those men whose Ammunition is not Compleated
to 40 Rounds are to be furnished as early as possible in the
morning after they are formed with that Quantity.

HEAD QUARTERS December 3d 1777.

Major Gen1 Tomorrow .... Sullivan

Brigadier Weedon

Field Officers . Col. Livingston's Majr Wills
Brigade Majr Mennis

A Gen1 Court Martial whereof Col. Grayson was Presi-
dent held the 26th 27, 28, 29th November last Majr Howard
appeared before the Court charged 1st with wound8 Captn
Lieut. Duffy with his sword, 2d Abetting and Riott in Camp
3d in front of his Men at his Request assemble attempting
the Life of Captn Duffy with a Loaded ffirelock & fixed
Bayonet, being entirely subversive of Good order & Dicipline.
The Court having considered the charge & Evidence are ot
oppinion that Majr Howard did not intentinaly wound Captn
Duffy & therefore acquit him of the Charge upon the 2d
charge they are of oppinion however justifiable the Motives
were by wch Majr Howard was first actuated his conduct in
that End was as such as tended rather to promote than sup-
press a Riot. They therefore sentence him to be repri-
manded in Gen1 Orders, with respect to the 3d charge the
Court- are of oppinion that it is- not supported by Evidence
& do therefore acquit him Captn Duffy appeared before the
Court charged 1st with aiding & abetting a Riot, 2d assault-
ing & abusing Majr Howard in the Execution of his Office
the Court having Considered the 1st charge & evidence are
of oppinion that Captn Duffy behaved with Warmth that
tended to provoke a riot & do sentence him to be repri-
manded in Gen1 Orders. Upon the 2d charge they are of

294 General Muhlcnb erg's Orderly Book, 1777.

oppinion that Majr Howard when Captn struck him had de-
viated from the Line of hia Duty & consequently was not in
the Execution of his office they do therefore acquit him of
the 2* charge, the above oppinions are approved by the
Commander in Chief the sentences of Reprimand appear
to be Pronounced with Great Justness on an Impropriety
of Conduct unbecoming the Characters of Officers whose
Duty it is to set Examples of Moderation, decency & order
& to suppress all riots & Tumults. The officers & Men of
the Company raised by the late Captn Calderwood are to
be annexed to Captn Nevinis's Company in Col° Malcolms
Regiment.

HEAD QUARTERS December 4th 1777.

Majr Gen1 Tomorrow .... Greene

Brigadier Woodford

Field Officers . Col° Tupper Majr Reed
Brigade Majr Stoddard

The Troops are constantly to have one day Prov8 on
hand ready cook'd, the officers are to pay a Particular at-
tention to this & consider it as a standing Rule that if they
are suddenly called to Arms their men may not be distressed.
Majr Gen1 Marquis De La Feyette is to take Command of
the Division lately Commanded by Gen1 Stephen.

HEAD QUARTERS December the 5th 1777.
Majr Gen1 Tomorrow . . . . Ld Sterling

Brigadier Maxwell

Field Officers Ll Col° Farmer, Majr Howard
Brigade Majr Claiborne

HEAD QUARTERS December 6th 1777.

Majr Gen1 Tomorrow De Kalb

Brigadier Huntington

Field Officers Col Wigglesworth L' Col° Nagle
Brigade Majr Nunn

The Comry Gen1 says he has put six Days Provision into
the hands of the Division & Brigade Commissarys, if there-

General Mublenberg's Orderly Boole, 1777. 295

fore the Troops want Provision it must be the fault of the
Latter, & this want will be attending with such Pernicious
Consequences that no Excuse will be admitted in behalf of
any Commissary who fails of Daily Supplying his Division
or Brigade but a severe Example will be made of him. The
Troops are to Ground their Arms at their Alarm Posts &
as soon as Possible draw & Cooke their Provisions for to-
day & Tomorrow & Immediately sit about the Best Pro-
vision they can of Wood & Hutta for tonight the officers
Commanding Brigades & Corps are again CalPd upon to
bring back from the Baggage sent off Yesterday every
Man who has Cloathing and shoes suff1 to enable him to
do Duty & to prevent the stroling & loss of Men the Com-
manding Officers of every Corps is to see that the Rolls are
called every Thursdays & know where every man is. The
Q. Mr Gen1 has Axes to supply such Brigades aa want them
the Brigade Qr Mrs of all to whom any are issued are to be
accountable respectively to those of whome they receive
them.

B. 0. Those Regiments who have not Provision agree-
able to G. O. are to draw & Cook it this night. The regi-
ments are to form an abbette in their Fronts with Brush
Immediately when this is done they may return to their
Old ground & on any alarm to return to their posts with
all Expedition.

HEAD QUARTERS December 9th 1777.

Majr Gen1 Tomorrow .... Lord Sterling

Brigadier Poor

Field Officers L< Col9 Ramsey Major Stubblefield
Brigade Majr Barber

The Tents are on the Sepack road & so many are to be
sent for & Pitched as are necessary for Officers & men that
have not Hutts, that will keep themselves & their Arms dry
but the Gen1 recommends that no more Tents be pitched
than are necessary to shelter the Troops, neither Officers or
men are to be absent from Camp on any Pretence whatso-

296 General Muhlenlerg's Orderly Book, 1777.

ever. A Capn & 2 Subaltraus are wanting for the Corps of
Invalids Commanded by Col° Lewis Nichol as Officers
disabled so as to be unfit for Field Duty who are desirous
of Engaging in that service upon being Properly Recom-
mended will receive Commissions thereof. The Gen1 Court
Martial of which Col° Ogden is President is to sit at the
usual place at 9 o'clock Tomorrow morning if any members
are sick or absent the Brigade Majrs are to warn other
officers of the same Ranks in their Room, an orderly Serj
frem each Division is to attend the Court an orderly Serj1
from each Brigade is to attend constantly at Head Quarters,
Brigade Returns are to be made to the Adjutant Gen1 To-
morrow morning at 9 o'clock all of the sick in Camp & at
Private Houses about the Country & the number of Wag-
gons necessary to Transport them to the Hospital, but the
surgeons are to return none for Waggons that are able to
March when their packs are carried for them otherwise
from the scarcity of waggons some of the sick will be left
in Camp. Each Brigadier or Officer commanding a Brigade
is to see that the surgeons duly comply with this Order
when those Returns are made the surgeons will apply to
Dr. McKnight at Col° Biddies Quarters for Waggons one
Carefull Officer from each Brigade is to be sent with the
sick to see them properly taken care of on their way to the
Hospital three days provisions is to be sent with the sick.
Each officer commanding a Brigade is to make a Return
tomorrow at orderly time of their killed, wounded & miss-
ing since Gen1 Howe's late march from Philadelphia & if
any during that Time lost of that sense of Duty have Infa-
mously deserted their names are to be added to the same
Returns.

HEAD QUARTERS December 10th 1777.

Major Gen1 Tomorrow De La Feyette

Brigadier Wayne

Field Officers Maj'r Murray Maj'r Byard
Brigade Maj'r Stoddard

General Muhlenlerg's Orderly Boole, 1777. 297

HEAD QUARTERS December 12th 1777.

Maj'r Gen1 Tomorrow . . . Sullivan

Brigadier Muhlenberg

Field Officers . Col. Lamb Major Scull
B. Major Williams

A careful subaltern from each Brigade to repair this day
to the last Encampmt of the Army to collect & take care of
the sick & Conduct them to Reading. These officers are to
apply to the Regimental Surgeons for Information whare to
find the sick of their Regiments every Motive of Duty &
Humanity requires the most Exact attention to this order
Dr Draper & Camel at Mr. Mitts will give assistance to this
subaltrens. The Commdr in Chief with Pleasure expresses
his approbation of the Beheaviour of the Penna Militia yes-
terday under Gen1 Potter. In the Vigorous opposition they
Made to a Body of the Enemy on the other side Schuylkill.
Daniel Climer is appointed Deputy Commissary of Prisoners
to act in the absence of the Commissary of Prisoners.

HEAD QUARTERS December 13th 1777.

Maj'r Gen1 Tomorrow Greene

Brigadier . Weedon

Field Officers Col° Ferberger Maj" Miller
Brigade Maj'r McClure

The Field Officers are without delay to examine the Arms
& accutrements of their Men & see that they are Put in Good
Order Provisions for Tomorrow & next day are to be drawn
& cooked. A gill of whiskey is to be served to each officer,
soldier & waggoner. The Weather being likely to be fair,
the Tents are not to be Pitched but the Axes in the Waggon
are to be sent for without delay that the men may make
fires & Hutts themselves for the ensuing night. The Army
is to be in readiness to March at 4 o'clock Tomorrow Morn-
ing. An officer from each Regiment to be sent to the En-
campment on the other side of Schuylkill to search that &

298 General Muhlenlerg's Orderly Book, 1777

the Houses & Bring in all Straglers to their Corps. All the
Waggons that are not yet over are to be sent for & got over
as soon as Possible. Mr Archibald Read is appointed Pay-
master to the 8th Pennsylvania Regiment & is to be Respected
as such. The Guards to Parade at the Gulph Mill at 3 o'clock
this afternoon. The Weekly Returns to be given in at
8 o'clock Tomorrow morning & a List of the Commissd
Officers of each Regiment.

HEAD QUARTERS December 14th 1777.
Maj'r Gen1 Tomorrow . . . . Ld Sterling

Brigadr Woodford

Field Officers Col° Biggelow L' Colonel Reed
Brigade Maj" McClintock

The Regiments of Horse are to draw Provision of any
Com'7 lodging most Convenient to them upon proper Re-
turns therefor, such of the Baggage as are not Absolutely
Necessary for the Troops & all the Commsy & other stores
are to remain on this side the Gulph.

HEAD QUARTERS December 15th 1777.
Maj'r Gen1 Tomorrow . . . De La Fayette

Brigadier Maxwell

Field Officers Col'SwiftjL1 Colonel Weisempels
B. Major Larnard B.

A Field Officer from each Brigade is to inspect Immedi-
ately all the Men of his Brigade now with the Waggons &
take to their Brigades every Man who is able to do Duty in
the Line. Maj'r Shead is to take charge of the Men till
further Orders. After this remaining with the Baggage
Guards, & report any who are left with the Baggage con-
trary to this Order.

HEAD QUARTERS December the 16th 1777.

Maj'r Gen1 Tomorrow De Kalb

Brigadier Yarnum

Field Officers L< Colonel Brooks Maj'r Gillilan
Brigade Major M°Gowen

General Muhlenlerg's Orderly Book, 1777. 299

In aid of the supplys of cloatliing imported by Congress
they earnestly Recommended to the Seve1 States to Exert
their utmost Endeavour to procure all kinds of cloathing
for the comfortable subsistance of the Officers & Soldiers ot
their Respective Battalions & to appoint one or more persons
to Dispose of Articles to the Officers & soldiers at such rea-
sonable prices as shall be assessed by the Cloathier Gen1 or
his Deputy & be in just proportion to the Wages of the
Officers & Soldiers Charging the surplus of the Costs to the
United States, Congress have also resolved that all the cloath-
ing hereafter to be supplied to the officers & soldiers of the Con-
tinental Army out of the Public Stores of the United States
beyond the bounty already Granted shall be Charged at the
like Prices the surplus to be defrayed by the United States.

HEAD QUARTERS December 17th 1777.

Maj'r Gen1 Tomorrow Sullivan

Brigadier Huntington

Field Officers Col° Chambers, L' Col° Carleton
Brigade Mj'r Day

The Commander in Chief with the Highest Satisfaction
Expresses his thanks to the Officers & soldiers for the forti-
tude & Patience with which they have sustained the fiatigues
of the Campaign, altho' in some Instances we unfortunately
failed yet upon the whole, Heaven hath smiled upon our
Arms & Crown'd them with signal success & we may upon
the Best Ground Conclude that by a Spirite Continuance of
the Measures Necessary for our defence, we shall finally
attain the end of our War for Independence, Liberty &
Peace, these are Blessings worth the contending for, at
every Hazd but we Hazard Nothing the Powers of America
alone duly executed would have nothing to dread from the
force of Brittain but we stand not wholy up on our own
Ground France yields every Aid we ask, & there are Reasons
to believe the Period is not very distant when she will take
a more active part by Declaring War against the Brittish
Crown, every Motive therefore urges nay Commands us to
a Manly preservence in our opposition to our Cruel Oppres-

300 General Muhlenberg's Orderly Boole, 1777.

sors to slight difficultys endure Hardships <fc Contemn every
Danger — the Gen1 wishes it was in his Power to conduct the
Troops into the Best Winter Quarters, but where are those
to be found shou'd we retire into the Interior parts of the
Country we shou'd find them Crowded with Yirtious Citi-
zens who Sacrificing their All have left Philadelphia & fled
Hither for Protection to this Distress Humanity forbids to
add, this is not all we shou'd leave a Vast Extent of fertile
Country to be dispoiled & ravaged by the Enemy from which
they would draw vast supplies & where Many of our firm
friends wou'd be Exposed to all the Mercies of the Most
Insulting & wanton depradation. A Train of Evils might
be enumerated but these will suffice. These Considerations
make it Indispensably Necessary for the Army to take such
a Possition as will Enable us most effectually to prevent
distress & give the Most extencive security & in that Possi-
tion we must make ourselves the Best shelter in our Power
with Alacrity & Diligence. Hutts may be erected that will
be dry & warm in these the Troops will be compleate, more
secure against the surprize than if in a divided situation, &
at hand to Protect the Country. These cogent Reasons have
determined the Gen1 to take a Post in the Neighborhood ot
this Camp & Influenced by them he Persuades himself that
the Officers & Soldiers with one Heart & one mind will Re-
solve to Surmount every difficulty with a fortitude ot
Patience becoming their P'session & the Sacred cause in
which they are engaged, he Himself will share in the Hard-
ships & partake of every Inconvenience.

Tomorrow being the Day set apart by the Honble Con-
gress for Publick Thanksgiving & Praise & Duty Calls us
Devoutly to Express our grateful Acknowledgements to God
for the Manifest Blessings he has Granted us the Gen1 Di-
rects that the Army remains in its present Quarters & that
the Chaplains performe Divine Service in their Sev1 Corps
and Brigades & Earnestly Exhort those who absence is not
Indispcnsible Necessary for to attend with Reverence the
Solemnities of the Day.

General Muldenberg's Orderly Boole, 1777. 301

HEAD QUARTERS December 18th 1777.

Majr Gen1 Tomorrow Greene

Brigadier Small wood

F. O. ... Col° Conner Ll Col° Sproat
Brigade Majr Hitchcock

Persons having Passes from Majr Clarke is to pass the
Guards. The Commdr in chief approves the following sen-
tences of a Gen1 Court Martial held 22d Novr of which Major
North was President Viz1 Adj' Ralston 1st Penna. Charged
with making a false Return, with ungenteel, unmanlike Be-
haviour, with disobedience of Orders & leaving his arrest he
was by the Unanimous Oppinion of the Court found Guilty
of making a false return & sentenced to be cashiered. The
Majors Gen1 & Officers Commanding Divisions are to ap-
point an active Field Officer in & for each of their Respec-
tive Brigades to superintend the Business of Hutting agree-
able to the Directions he shall receive & in addition to these
the Commanding Officers of each Reg1 is to appoint an offi-
cer to oversee the Building of Hutts for their own Regts
Such officers is to take his orders from the F. Officers of the
Brigade he belong* to who is to lay out the Percise spot
that every Hutt for Officers & soldiers is to be placed on.
That Uniform & order may be performed & Exact return
of all the Tools now in the Hands of Every Reg1 is to be
made Immediately to the Qr Mr Gen1 who with the adjutant
Gen1 is to see that they Together with those in store are
duly allotted to the Reg'1 overseers of the Work who are to
keep an Exact account of the Mens Names into Hands they
are Placed that they may be accountable for them. The
superintendants & overseers are to be exempt from all other
Duty, & will be moreover allowed for their Trouble. The
Col08 or Officers Commanding Reg18 with their Captains are
Immediately to cause their Men to be divided into Squadds
of 12 & see that each squad have their Proportion of Tools
& set about a Hutt for themselves. And as An Incourage-
m' for Industry & Art the Gen1 Promises to reward the

302 General Muhlenberg's Orderly Book, 1777.

Party in each Reg1 who finishes their Hutts in the most
Nicest <fc most "Workmanshiplike Manner with 12 Dollars
& as there is reason to believe that Boards fore covering
may be found scarce & dificult to be got he offers 100 Dol-
lars to any Officer or Soldier who in the Opinion of three
Genl" he shall appoint as Judges shall substitute some other
covering that may be cheaper & Quicker made & will in
every Respect answer the End. The Soldiers Hutts are to
be of the following Dimensions Viz1 14 by 16, each sides
Ends & Root made with last & the Roof made tight with
split Slabs or some other way, sides made tight with Clay
fire Places made with Wood & secured with Clay on the in-
side 18 inches thick. The fire Place to be in the Rear of
the Hutt the Door to be in the End next the street to be
made with split Oak slabs unless Boards can be Procured
the side walls to be 6J feet high. The Officers Hutts to be
in the side Rear of the Troops, one Hutt to be allowed to
every F. O., one to the staff of Each Division, one to the
staff of each Brigade, one to F. 0. of each Reg1, one to the
Commissd Officers of two Companies & one to Every 12 non-
Commsd Officers & Soldiers.

HEAD QUARTERS 20th Decr 1777.

Majr Gen1 Lord Sterling

Brigadier Weedon

F. 0. Lieutenant Col° Butler, L< Col° Davis K C.
Brigade Majr Mennis

The Guards to parade at J past 3 o'clock this afternoon
near the Park. The Maj'r Gen1 accompanied by the En-
gineers are to View the ground attentively & fix upon the
proper spot for Hutting so as to Render the Camp as strong
as Possible; the Engineers after this is to Mark the Ground
& Direct the Field Officers appointed to superintend the
Buildings of each Brigade where ever they are to be placed.
The Soldiers are in Cutting their ffirewood to save such
part of each tree as will do for Building 16 or 18 feet of

General Muhlenberg's Orderly Book, 1777. 303

the Trunk for loggs to rear their Hutts, in doing this each
Regemr will reap the Benefit of their Labour. All those
who have in consequence of the Orders of the 18th Ins4
Turned their thoughts to an easy & Expeditious Method of
Covering the Hutts are requested to communicate their
Plans to Majr Gen1 Sullivan, Green or Lord Sterling who
will cause Experiments to be & assign the proper Reward
to the Best Protection. The Qr Mr Gen1 is to delay no
Time but use their utmost Exertions to Procure large
Quantitys of straw either for covering the Hutts if found
necessary or for Beds for the Soldiers, he is to assure the
Farmers that unless they get their Grain out Immedtly the
straw will be taken with the Grain in it & Paid for as
straw only.

The Qr Mr Gen1 is to Collect as soen as possible all the
Tents not now used by the Troops & as soon as they are
Hutted all the Residue of the Tents & have them Washed
& well dryed & then laid up in store such as are good for
the next Campaign the others for the Uses as shall be di-
rected, the whole are to be carefully preserved. The Col08
& Officers Commanding Regiments are forthwith to make
Returns to the Qr Mr Gen1 of all the Tents belonging to
their Corps. The Army being now come to a fixed station
the Brigadiers or Officers Commanding Brigades are Im-
mediately to take Effectual Measures to Collect & Bring to
Camp all the Officers & Soldiers at Present scattered about
the Country all Officers are enjoined to see that their men
do not Wantonly or needlessly Burn or Destroy Rails &
never fire their Hutts or shades when they leave them.

304 Letters of Two Distinguished Penna. Officers.

LETTERS OF TWO DISTINGUISHED PENNSYLVANIA
OFFICERS OF THE REVOLUTION.

The following letters of Col. William Thompson, of the Pennsyl-
vania Rifle Battalion, raised under Act of Congress of June 14, 1775,
and Gen. John Armstrong of the Pennsylvania Line and Militia, will
be found in the Manuscript Department of the Historical Society of
Pennsylvania.

Col. Thompson's military services, although short, were marked by
training and efficiency. After the British evacuated Boston, before
which his battalion was posted on Prospect Hill, it was ordered to Can-
ada, where he was captured June 8, 1776, at Three River. He was not
exchanged until October 25, 1780, for Major Gen. Baron de Reidesel.
He died at Carlisle Penna., September 3, 1781, aged 45 years.

John Armstrong was appointed a Brigadier General in the Pennsyl-
vania Line March 1, 1776, and resigned April 4, 1777. He reentered
the service and was commissioned Major General of the Pennsylvania
Militia June 5, 1777, and commanded them in the battles of Brandywine
and Gennantown, — in the latter, the right wing of the army. His letter,
which follows, is interesting, as he gives an estimate of the commands of
his own and Gen. Potter, three days after Washington's army had reached
Valley Forge; that he had been given command of the Militia, operating
in the vicinity of Philadelphia, and the plans he had adopted to prevent
foraging by the enemy. Gen. Armstrong died at Carlisle, Penna.,
March 9, 1795, aged seventy years.

CAMP ON PROSPECT HILL, 25th Jany. 1775.
MY DEAR SIR

Yours of the 12th Inst is before me, and I rejoyce at the
appointment of the Officers for the five new Reg*' indeed
the exceed my highest expectations ; and you may depend
the Honour of Pennsylva is entirely safe in their Hands;
and when they get the Regts compleat the Liberties ot
America will be better Supported by them than ever it was,
or can possibly be, by the whole Troops Raised or to be
raised in the Massachusets.

As it is very likly that a great number of Troops will be
wanted in Canada next Campaign, and that General Lee
will command in that Quarter, I must beg for the Honr of
our Province and the Good of the Service that you enda-

Letters of Two Distinguished Penna. Officers. 305

vour to get our Troops sent there, and the whole to act to-
gether in one Brigade if they are sent to different places
and act sperately as they are new raised Reg" our Officers
will be commanded by every Damned fellow of this country
and never have it in their power to gain Honr to themselves
or the Country that sent them. I would write you very
fully on the Subject as I am now out of the Service and (I
suppose) may speak my Mind freely, but I hope to see you
very Shortly. Let me however return you my most Sin-
cere Thanks for your kind attention to my character and
Interest. I am only sorry that my name has been men-
tioned and my Friends put to so much Trouble on my
Ace*. What ever Name or Tittle Mr Fry passed by in this
Country before I came into the Service I know not, but
Sure I am he was not known in the Army when all the
Ranks of Officers were Settled last Aug* and it is not un-
likly but the Mistake is greater in appointing of him now
than leaving him out before. However I believe his Bri-
gade will be very happy with him, as it is reported he is a
very Peaceable Innofensive kind of a Man and has been
fully instructed in the Art of War by Gen1 Thomas.

I hope none of my Friends will blame me for leaving the
Service at this time. Be assured no Man has the Good ot
the Service more at Heart, nor with more chearfullnesa
would risque Life in Defence of American Liberty, but at
the same time my own Honr and indeed the Good of the
Service require my Resignation, for be assured if indavours
are made to keep Honour of preferment out of a Soldiers
reach the Army must in a Short time be Composed of Peo-
ple who only mean to get Rich in the Service. And thank
God I am not a Yankey.

You mention a Prospect of my being provided for to the
Southward. I should be extremely happy in going there
but there can't be the least occasion for my Services in that
part of the World as the have Men of Honr & understand-
ing enough to command the Armies in Virginia and Mary-
land. Give my best Complim13 to Col. Se Clair and tell him
VOL. xxxv. — 20

306 Letters of Two Distinguished Penna. Officers.

I would have Answered his Letter long er now but expected
to have Seen him at Philad* two Weeks agoe. For God-
sake keep our Troops together and keep them out of this
Damned Country if Possible.

As I am now at a little leasure to think of my Family I
have wrote to M" Thompson to come to Town, as I must
attend on our Assembly some Weeks, you'll therefore
please to forward her Letter by the very first oppy.

My best Complim*8 wait on my Brother George Bead and
all Friends and I am Dr Sir yours very Sincerely

WM THOMPSON.

P. S. No hopes of geting into Boston.

CAMP NEAR BARTHOLOMEWS, 22d Decr 1777
DEAR SIR

General Washington has requested me to write to Coun-
cil that the Same number of Militia may be kept up through-
out the Winter as are at present in the field, or as thro* the
Cource of the Campaign. Of these with me I look for a re-
turn this evening but Shall not detain the Express for it, I take
the number to be about Sixteen hundred, and wth Gen1 Potter
yet in Chester County, four or five hundred — of these a con-
siderable number will be free in the beginning of January.

I make no doubt but that my last letters will fully Sug-
gest to the Legislature of this State, altho' not immediately
address'd to the Representative body, as will the natural ob-
servation of both branches of Government, the much ex-
posed Situation of the Eastern parts of the State, but in a
particular manner, the extensive Country on this Side the
Scuylkill. The Winter possition of the Continental Army
at what is called the Forge or Valley Hill, will we hope
cheifly preserve the County of Chester with Several Other
good effects, whilst the attempt for the defence of the Coun-
ties of Philadelphia & Bucks appears to remain chiefly or
rather wholly with the militia of the State; an effort as
arduous as it is laudible, and if attended with only a partial
degree of Success, will be all that that the most Sanguine
reason can expect.

Letters of Two Distinguished Penna. Officers. 307

The Winter Arrangement on this Side Scuylkill the Gen-
eral has thought proper (at the same time adding his own
instructions) to commit to me. This I have digested in the
best manner I can which hath met with his Excellencys
approbation. The essential parts or outlines whereof are
none other than taking a variable Station on every leading
Road betwixt Scuylkill and Delaware of which I find there
are to the number of Nine, that may be called Capitol
Roads — the general Service on each can only be to compete
with Smaller partys of the Enemy, prevent Such from pro-
ceeding into the Country & intercept the business of Mar-
keting or any other intercourse of the disaffected with the
Enemy as far as circumstances will admit. Standing Pic-
quets must be placed on every road, and Patroles aided by
a few light Horse to preced as near the Enemy as may be
reasonable. This mode will necessarily throw the troops
into detachments, in that way they must be employed if
employed to any good purpose at all. This method will be
subject to its inconveniencies particularly feeding the Men,
Changing the Battalions when some are free, delivery of
Arms &c. but in a choice of difficulties, we have nothing for
it but the least. The general arrangement with particular-
instructions to the Commander on each Road is all that the
Season will permit me to do. The various movements &
lodgings, are already too hard for me and severer weather
must be at hand. General Potter says he can by no means
tarry the Winter And Some Head these people must cer-
tainly have & very Suddenly else all will go to confusion.
I had, therefore flattered my Self that from my letter by
Doctor Duffield, a new appointment wou'd have been made,
and the person ready for duty — a notice of this Sort I hope
Soon to be favour'd with & think it already on the road.

Having the Honr to be
Your Excellencies

Most humb1 Serv*
JOHN ARMSTRONG

308 Who Was the Mother of Franklin's Son.

WHO WAS THE MOTHER OF FBANKLIN'S SON.

An Inquiry demonstrating that she was Deborah Read,
wife of Benjamin Franklin.

BY CHARLES HENRY HART.

THIS important historical conundrum has been puzzling
historical students into three centuries, but heretofore no
answer worthy of serious consideration has been given.
Had investigators not stretched out their arms so far in the
search for the answer, they might have found it close within
their hand's grasp. At least this is the view we shall
present, for, as our title shows, it is the purpose of this
inquiry to demonstrate that Deborah Read, the common law
wife of Benjamin Franklin, was the mother of Franklin's
son and this explains the close intimacy that existed among
them and has been such a stumbling block to all writers
who have touched upon the subject. While the evidence
to sustain this view is necessarily circumstancial, it seems
unanswerable as the facts cannot be the subject of cavil.

To understand the situation, it is incumbent upon us to
present the circumstances that led up to Franklin's taking
Deborah Read to wife, as he expresses it, and the circum-
stances shall be related in Franklin's own words in his
autobiography, which, it must be remembered was written
for William Franklin, a very important point to bear in mind,
in this inquiry.

Franklin first saw Deborah Read on the day of his historic
entrance into Philadelphia, with " a roll under each arm and
eating the other." Shortly afterwards he became an inmate
of her father's house, as a boarder, and propinquity had the
usual effect upon two young persons of the opposite sexes, ot
putting them on more than friendly terms; as Franklin
describes it " I had made some courtship during this time to
Miss Read. I had great respect and affection for her and had

Who Was tlie Mother of Franklin's Son. 309

some reason to believe she had the same for me." But
their extreme youth " only a little above eighteen" and his
proposed visit to England, made a present marriage unde-
sirable. He therefore sailed away from Philadelphia on the
day before Christmas of 1724, setting foot on Philadelphia
soil again October 11, 1726, after an absence of two years
all to a fortnight beyond two months. He found that the
fair Deborah in his absence had married " one Rogers a
potter" with whom " she was never happy and soon parted
from him, refusing to cohabit with him or bear his name,
it being now said he had another wife. He was a worthless
fellow * * * got into debt, ran away in 1727 or 1728, went
to the West Indies and died there." *

Franklin now looked about him for a wife and his mind
turned most favorably to his old flame Debby Read. He
says " Our mutual affection revived, but there were now
great objections to our union. The match was indeed
looked upon as invalid, a preceding wife being said to be
living in England. But this could not easily be proved,
because of the distance and tho1 there was a report of his
death, it was not certain. Then tho' it should be true, he
had left many debts which his successor might be called upon
to pay." : " We ventured, however, over all these difficul-
ties, and I took her to wife, September 1, 1730. None of the
inconveniences happened that we had apprehended; she
proved a good and faithful helpmate, assisted me much by
attending the shop ; we throve together and have ever mu-
tually endeavor 'd to make each other happy. Thus I cor-
rected that great ERRATUM as well as I could."

Franklin was a master of the English language with a
perfectly honest mind absolutely free from subterfuge, and
from his chosen words it is plain there was no formal mar-

1 This mention of Rogers' death is of course not a contemporaneous
statement but a fact ascertained long afterward and incorporated into
the autobiography when it was written.

1 Upon what principle this could be, we are at a loss to know, but it
had its weight with Franklin.

310 Who Was the Mother of Franklin's Son,

riage ceremony performed to cement Franklin's union with
Deborah Read, as indeed there could not be, without liability
of prosecution for bigamy, when she had a husband who
might be living, and they agreed, therefore, to live together
openly as man and wife from that date until, by reputation
and cohabitation, time should make them one in the eyes
of the law.

Now as near as we can arrive at the date William Frank-
lin was born just about the time that Benjamin Franklin
took Deborah Read to wife. The only actual definite bit
of evidence on the subject is a letter from William Franklin
to his son William Temple Franklin, dated " London
July 3, 1812" in which he writes " My health, considering
I am in my eighty-second year is generally good".3 With
these facts before us how pregnant with meaning for
William Franklin, for whom his father was writing, is the last
sentence quoted from the autobiography " Thus I corrected
that great ERRA TUM as well as Icould." What other error
was there that the marrying of Deborah Read by Benjamin
Franklin, would or could correct, and no plainer language
was necessary to be used by a father to his son, who knew
the truth about his birth. But as potent as this is on the
point at issue it is only what may be called the prima fades
of the case, the evidence to support it has yet to come and it
does come unmistakably from Benjamin Franklin, Deborah
Franklin, William Franklin, Sarah Franklin Bache and
William Strahan.

As the chronological order of the testimony is not of the
slightest consequence, I will present the latest in date first,
as being the most important. Deborah Franklin died De-
cember 19, 1774, and five days later William Franklin
writes from Philadelphia to his father in London : " I came
here on Thursday last to attend the funeral of my poor old
mother, who died the Monday noon preceeding." Nor is this
an isolated instance of his calling Deborah Franklin by the

3 Catalogue of autographs sold by Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge
London, June 19 to 24, 1897, p. 24, Lot 285.

Who Was the Mother of Franklins 8<m* 311

honored name of " Mother." September 1, 1769, he writes
to his father: "I came to town with Betsy* on Monday
last in order to stand for my little nephew. * * * * Mr.
Baynton stood as proxy for you and named Benjamin
Franklin5 and my Mother and Betsy were Godmothers."
Again, we find him writing to William Strahan, April 25,
1763 : " My Mother is so entirely averse to going to sea,
that I believe my father will never be induc'd to see
England again." Here are three conspicuous instances
where William Franklin calls Deborah Franklin " MOTHER "
— a sacred name he would certainly not use toward the wife
of his father were she not in truth and in fact his own mother.

Nor does Deborah Franklin in any way disown him as
her own son. On the contrary she fully recognizes and
proudly claims him. On December 24, 1751, she writes to
William Strahan, in one of the few autograph letters from
her that exist: " My Son is gone to Boston on a visit to his
Friends." This was just about the time that he had reached
his majority, and she, with motherly pride on the occasion,
advises her English correspondent of the interesting event.
And Strahan, six years later, December 13, 1757, writes to
her : " Your son I really think one of the prettiest young
gentlemen seen here from America." Can it be imagined
or conceived that any wite would call her husband's illegiti-
mate child by another woman " MY SON," or would an
intimate friend and correspondent of the family compliment
her upon her husband's bastard child ?

Now what has the father to say on this momentous sub-
ject. January 31, 1756, Franklin writes to his wife : " Billy
presents his duty to you and his grandmother and love to his
sister." This emphasizes the relationship and carries it to two
other generations, " his grandmother " being old Mrs. Read,
the mother of his mother, while " his sister " was presumably
Sarah Franklin, then in her twelfth year ; while the archaic

4 William Franklin's wife.

5 Benjamin Franklin Bache, son of Sarah Franklin Bache, born August
12, 1769.

312 Who Was the Mother of Franklin's Son,

expression " his duty," by itself fixes it, for a child owed
" Duty " only to parents and grandparents. Two years later,
January 14, 1758, Franklin repeats to his wife almost
the same language : " Billy presents his duty to you and
mother and love to his sister" and on February 19, 1758,
he writes to her : " There is some music Billy bought
for his sister" On November 8, 1764, Franklin writes to
his daughter " Sallie ": " Give my love to your brother and
sister" This letter brings a new Richmond on the field, if
that masculine patronymic may be applied to the gentler
sex. That Franklin had a daughter, not commonly known,
who married John Foxcroft,6 Franklin's Assistant Post-
master, there can be no doubt, and she too may have been the
child of Deborah Read before length of time had made their
union as binding as a marriage ceremony ; or, it may be that
Franklin refers, in this instance, to William Franklin's wife
as " sister," he having married Elizabeth Downes, in
London, September 4, 1762. On December 9, 1764,
Franklin writes to his wife: "Love to our Children;" Octo-
ber 11, 1766, Id. to Id.: "My love to our Children;" Jan-
uary 6, 1773, Id. to Id. : "Love to all. Give mine to all that
enquire concerning me and a good deal to our Children;"
February 2, 1773, Id. to Id. : " My love to him and our Chil-
dren;" July 6, 1773, Id. to Id.: "Love to Our Children and
to Benny boy." What can be more conclusive on the
question under consideration than this constant, repeated
use of the plural « OUR CHILDREN" by Franklin
in these letters to his wife ? His special mention of
" Benny boy," Benjamin Franklin Bache, in the last
letter to her, shows that he did not include grand-
children in " Our Children," and can it be supposed that
he would insult his wife, for whom he showed always so
much consideration, by calling his illegitimate child by
another woman her child to her very face. It is idle and
absurd to attempt to give any other meaning to these words,

6 The True Benjamin Franklin, by Sidney George Fisher, p. 104.

Who Was the Mother of Franklin's Son. 313

than their natural and common one, for they will bear none
other than that Deborah was the mother of William as well
as of Sarah.

That this was well understood in the family circle and
that the relation of brother and sister actually existed be-
tween William and Sarah, we find Sarah Franklin writing
to her father, October 14, 1765, "I left my brother well."
And that she had the warmest sisterly feelings of affection
and regard for her brother is shown in a letter that she
wrote to his son, William Temple Franklin,7 October 1, 1782.
" My dear Nephew ; — It is a long time since I have had a
letter from you. When your dear father was in England
and a very gay young gentleman, he found means of writ-
ing to me very often and very entertaining letters. I should
hope the son had as much affection for me. I feel no less
for him than I did and now do for the father."

The only single item of contemporary writing with an ad-
verse trend to it, is found in the Diary of Daniel Fisher ot
Virginia, who visited Philadelphia, in 1755, and lived in
Franklin's house.8 Every other contemporaneous word
bearing on the subject has been injected into some scur-
rilous political diatribe against Franklin, who had a host
of enemies, of no more weight and no more worthy of
respectful consideration than are such attacks to-day.
After commenting upon Mrs. Franklin's turbulent charac-
ter and jealousy, Fisher says: "She suspecting Mr. Frank-
lin for having too great an esteem for his son in prejudice
of herself and daughter," adds, "One day as I was sitting
with her in the passage when the young gentleman came
by she exclaimed to me (he not hearing): 'Mr. Fisher,
there goes the greatest Villain upon earth.' This greatly

7 For the maternity of this young man examine Letters from Elizabeth
Franklin to Benjamin Franklin, August 16, 1776, Duane's Domestic
Correspondence of Benjamin Franklin, p. 70, and Benjamin Franklin to
William Temple Franklin, September 19, 1776, and September 22, 1776,
in Smyth's Writings of Benjamin Franklin, Vol. vi, pp. 467 and 469.
8 Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. xvii, p. 276,

314 Who Was the Mother of Franklins Son,

confounded and perplexed me, but did not hinder her from
pursuing her invectives in the foulest terms I ever heard
from a gentlewoman." The inference might be drawn from
Fisher's statement that no mother would speak in this manner
of her own son. To us, however, it seems from the character
given of Mrs. Franklin, by Fisher, that she would be equal to
saying anything when aroused, and that mere inference
from these words cannot overthrow the weight of the
numerous convincing expressions by father, mother, son and
sister that can have but the meaning contended for, and that
out of their own mouths it is proved the mother ot Franklin's
son was Deborah, wife of Benjamin Franklin.

This view, too, clears both Franklin and his wife of the
charges of loose morals often made against them by writers
who could not understand how she could bring up in her
own household the natural son of her husband by another
woman. On the contrary it shows the highest type of mo-
rality and sense of honor and duty in what they did. "What
else should they do but bring up their own child in their
household as one of the home circle ? Even if Franklin had
been able to marry with formal ceremony, it would not have
legitimated the birth of William, for this fiction of the law,
in Pennsylvania, is only a little more than half a century
old.9 In making this inquiry the writer has been guided
only by the desire to set wrong right by presenting this
avalanche of contemporary proof, that cannot be gainsaid,
in so important an incident in the life of one of the greatest
of Americans.10

9 Act of May 14, 1857, P. L. 507, sec. 1.

10 All of the letters cited in this monograph will be found either in one
of the editions of Franklin's Writings by Sparks, Bigelow or Smyth, or
in the Mss. Collections of the American Philosophical Society, except
when especially noted.

il

DAVID JAMES DOVE, Schoolmaster
Drawn by BENJAMIN WEST.

ORIGINAL IN THE WEST COLLECTION

OF THE
HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

A Pliila. Schoolmaster of Eighteenth Century. 315

A PHILADELPHIA SCHOOLMASTEK OF THE EIGH-
TEENTH CENTUKY.

BY JOSEPH JACKSON.

DAVID JAMES DOVE, for some years, during the middle
of the Eighteenth century, was one of the best known char-
acters in Philadelphia. In spite of his eccentricities, and
his inclination to flit from one political party to the other,
as the tide turned, or as he had worn out his welcome,
he was acknowledged an able schoolmaster and a man of
expedients. He was a many-sided person, and always was
ardently engaged in forwarding his own interests. In his
efforts in this latter direction, he brought into play some ot
his remarkable talents for caricaturing, and pamphleteering.
If he did nothing else, he seems to have kept the people
of Philadelphia amused by his own, and by answering
scurrilities, both of which kept the printing presses of
Steuart and Armbruster rather busy during the excitement
occasioned by the Paxton Insurrection and the elections
of 1764.

Very little appears to be known, or at least accessible to
the student, about this strange character, who taught the
three Rs to many of the sons, and to some few of the
daughters of prominent Philadelphians during the nineteen
years this city was his home. It is curious, that many of
the pamphlets in which he was attacked are to this day
attributed to him ! A little search among these old tracts
and pamphlets and caricatures, gives a very lively idea of
the general character of Dove, if it does not supply all that
one desires to know about him.

The date of his interment in the burying ground of Christ
Church is a matter of record, but the date of his birth is a
matter of speculation. A letter written by Franklin to his
old friend Dr. Samuel Johnson, under the date December
24, 1751, throws a little light upon this. " The English
master of the Academy and College of Philadelphia" wrote

316 A Phila. Schoolmaster of Eighteenth Century.

Franklin, " is Mr. Dove, a gentleman about your age, who
formerly taught grammar sixteen years at Chichester, in
England. He is an excellent master and his scholars have
made a surprising progress." It may be pertinent to ex-
plain here that Dr. Johnson was born in 1709, and con-
sequently if Dove were about his age, he must have been
born about the same year.

Before Dove came to this country very little is to be
learned of him, except the rather libellous statements about
his orgies which appear in the pages of that remarkable,
almost monstrous, book " The Life and Adventures of the
Chevalier John Taylor." The stories that the quack physi
cian, the " Chevalier" Taylor, relates may have been founded
upon fact, and may give some inkling of the causes that led
the excellent schoolmaster to leave Chichester and emigrate
to America. These volumes in which appeared the Adven-
tures of the Chevalier Taylor fortunately for him did not
appear until ten or eleven years after Dove had proved
himself to be an able teacher in Philadelphia. For the re-
mainder of his life, however, they proved the bane of his
existence, and kept him constantly denying the assertions
as " lies."

Dove came to Philadelphia in the latter part of the year
1750. The records of the Academy and College of Phila-
delphia, now the University of Pennsylvania, are the au-
thority for that assertion. He applied to the trustees of the
Academy, and was given a place as English master, and as so
little was known of his antecedents, except what he himself
had told them, he was placed on probation for a year.
At least, he was appointed for a year, at a salary of £150,
which, excepting that of Dr. Smith, later the Provost, was
the highest salary paid by the institution. This leads to the
supposition that Dove was no ordinary schoolmaster, and,
indeed, his actions while he was at the Academy showed
that he was a man of force, of restless ambition, and tireless
energy ; a good educator, and had a sharp eye open to the
main chance.

A Phila. Schoolmaster of Eighteenth Ceniwy. 317

If one may be permitted to speculate a little about Dove's
antecedents, it may be suggested that perhaps he was brother
to that Nathaniel Dove (1710-1754) who was master of a
school at Hoxton, near London, and who gained some
celebrity as a calligrapher, and as author of " The Progress
of Time." There is yet another Dove, who may have been
an ancestor of both these gentlemen. This is the Dove
who was the compiler of almanacs, during the Common-
wealth. There are several of these old publications in the
Historical Society of Pennsylvania's collection ; two of them
are " Speculum anni a partu Yirginis," etc., one for the year
1644 and the other for the year 1645. There is just the
faintest suspicion that this old almanac maker and the
David James Dove the schoolmaster and pamphleteer, be-
longed to the same family. In the Speculum the Dove ot
the Commonwealth attempts to predict the weather for the
seasons, and it may be certain that he always was successful,
for, of the spring of 1644, he says it will be forward and
warm, and for the following winter he predicts " the winter
is like enough to be cold," and he says that snow may be
expected. There is to be seen a great deal of the mounte-
bank that was to be found in David James Dove, and the
same feverish desire for the printed page. That this Dove,
whose Speculum was printed at Cambridge, for 1644, and
in London, for 1645, was the grandfather of David James
Dove, is offerered only as a suggestion, but it is likely to
have been the case.

The masterful character of our Philadelphia Dove speed-
ily became apparent to the trustees of the Academy. Dove
had scarcely entered the institution until he had announced
the launching of a private scheme. His scheme of life was
to hold a mastership, and to have at the same time a private
school, and a boarding house. So it will be seen had he
lived in these times, he probably would have headed a trust,
for he had all the ability for organization, and all the in-
sight to appreciate the importance of grouping together
under his single control all available money.

318 A Phila. Schoolmaster of Eighteenth Century.

At the same time he entered the Academy he kept
boarders, and one of them at least became a man of import-
ance. This was Charles Thomson, who at the time was
ready to enter the Academy as an instructor or usher.
Whether Dove assisted the young man, who subsequently
became famous as the Secretary of Congress, and also for
his translation of the Greek Testament, is not known, but
shortly after Dove had begun his work in the institution,
Thomson was his assistant. It was about this time that
Thomson desired to change his boarding house, but he had
heard that Dove was accustomed to speak freely and not
always truthfully about all persons with whom he came in
contact, and in order to forestall any scandal being circu-
lated after he left the Dove homestead, Thomson asked
both Dove and his wife to sign a statement that he had
conducted himself satisfactorily as a boarder while living
under their roof. Dove was taken unawares, and readily
signed the statement, and Thomson departed the next day.

Dove actually began his labors as Master of English in
the Academy in January, 1751, and in Angust of the same
year he announced in the Pennsylvania Gazette, that he
would open a school for young ladies, where the daughters
of Philadelphians " might be instructed in some parts of
learning, as they are taught at the Academy. Mr. Dove
proposes to open a school at said Academy, for young ladies,
on Monday next, in which will be carefully taught the
English grammar ; the true way of spelling, and proneunc-
ing properly; together with fair writing, arithmetick, and
accounts ; so that the plan recommended by the Universal
Spectator may be exactly pursued. Price ten shillings en-
trance and twenty shillings per quarter."

In view of the publicity thus given the plan, it is pre-
sumed that the trustees were agreeable to it. Certainly,
Dove by his ability built up the Academy, for in December
of the same year there were ninety pupils in the English
Department, and Dove was given another assistant, Mr.
Peisley. It was at this period that Richard Peters, Jr.,

A Pliila. Schoolmaster of Eighteenth Century. 319

nephew of Richard Peters, one of the trustees, and later
owner of Belmont, and a Judge of the United States Dis-
trict Court, was one of his students. He describes Dove as
a "sarcastic and ill-tempered doggerelizer, who was but
ironically Dove, for his temper was that of a hawk, and his
pen the beak of a falcon pouncing upon his prey."

Dove now had two assistants, and the trustees discovered
that the real reason for so much assistance was because the
English Master was spending virtually all his time instruct-
ing the young ladies in "the true way of spelling, and pro-
nouncing properly, together with fair writing, arithmetick
and accounts." It was found that Dove was accustomed
to leave his class at eleven o'clock in the morning, and at
four o'clock in the afternoon, so Mr. Franklin and Mr.
Peters were appointed a committee by the trustees to speak
to him about these unseemly actions.

There is just the least bit of humor to be found in the re-
port of the committee, which indicates that they were
powerless to bring Dove to their way of thinking. They
said he had acknowledged his actions, but "seemed desirous
of being indulged in that practice." This was the beginning
of Dove's end in the Academy. He persisted, as he always
did, for he was a law unto himself, and no board of trustees
ever was able to do anything with him. Wherever it was
tried it ended in failure, and in Dove retiring. He fought
the question out with the trustees, and insisted in maintain-
ing his private school, and in also continuing at the Acad-
emy, where he had trained two of the students to usher, and
had an assistant as well. Dove would not reform so the
trustees gave him a quarter's warning, after he had placed
the matter in the light of either accepting his terms or of
accepting his resignation.

Mr. Kinnersley took over the English Department in July,
1753, when Dove finally quitted the institution. And it
now appears that Dove started a private school of his own.
For the next seven years he seems to have been thus en-
gaged, when he was not siding against the Academy and the

320 A Phila. Schoolmaster of Eighteenth Century.

political party which it represented. For a part of this
period at least he maintained a school in VidelPs Alley, now
called Ionic Street, a small, narrow thoroughfare below
Chestnut Street, which runs from Second to Third. The
last generation probably remembers the street as Carter's
Alley, which name it bore for a good many years.

While he was here, we have another picture of the school-
master. Here, too, he had as pupils boys who became well
known as men. One of these was the memoir writer
Graydon. Although Graydon does not give the years when
he attended the instruction of Dove, it may be placed
as about 1759-60, for Graydon mentions that he was about
eight years old at the time, and he was born in 1752.

" It was his practice in his school," writes Graydon in his " Memoirs
of a Life," etc., "to substitute disgrace for corporal punishment. His
birch was rarely used in canonical method, but was generally stuck in
to the back part of the collar of the unfortunate culprit, who, with this
badge of disgrace towering above his nape like a broom at the masthead
of a vessel for sale, was compelled to take his stand upon the top of the
form for such a period of time as his offence was thought to deserve.
He had another contrivance for boys who were late in their morning
attendance. This was to dispatch a committee of five or six scholars for
them, with a bell and lighted lantern, and with this 'odd equipage,' in
broad daylight, the bell all the while tingling, were they escorted
through the streets to school. As Dove affected a strict regard to
justice in his dispensations of punishment, and always preferred a wil-
lingness to have an equal measure of it meted out to himself in case of
his transgressing, the boys took him at his word; and one morning
when he had overstayed his time, either through laziness, inattention,
or design, he found himself waited upon in the usual form. He imme-
diately admitted the justice of the procedure, and putting himself be-
hind the lantern and bell, marched with great solemnity to school, to
the no small gratification of the boys and the entertainment of the spec-
tators. But this incident took place before I became a scholar. It was
once my lot to be attended in this manner, but what had been sport to
my tutor was to me a serious punishment.

"The school at this time was kept in Videll's Alley, which opened
into Second street, a little below Chestnut street. It counted a number
of scholars of both sexes, though chiefly boys ; and the assistant, or
writing master, was John Reily, a very expert penman and conveyancer,
a man of some note, who, in his gayer moods, affected a pompous and
technical phraseology. He is characterized under the name of ' Parch-

A Phila. Schoolmaster of Eighteenth Century. 321

ment' in a farce written some forty years ago, and which, having at
least the merit of novelty and personality, was a very popular drama,
though never brought to the stage."

The " farce " alluded to was the comic opera called " The
Disappointment," written by Col. Thomas Forrest, who
himself was quite as much a " character " as was Dove.

After Dove left the Academy he seems to have devoted
his attention to his school. If he had any interest in poli-
tics, it seems to have been at first entirely incited by his op-
position to those in authority in the Academy.

For a long period of years, which roughly may be said to
have been between 1756 and 1765, there was the greatest
political excitement in the province of Pennsylvania. It is
difficult, if not impossible to picture this period in a phrase
or even a sentence. It would require a study of most com-
plicated conditions, yet the chief figures and in general the
parts they played may be indicated sufficiently for the pur-
pose here, which is only to show how Dove became a polit-
ical handyman and pamphleteer.

Affairs in the province were most unsettled in 1756.
There was a determined attempt to get rid of the Quaker
party. The war with the French and Indians was in prog-
ress, and in apprehension of an attempt on the capital city
of the province, or on some of the territory of Pennsylvania,
a Militia Law was passed, which while not compulsory, at
least made it necessary for the Assembly to vote supplies.
Naturally this placed the Quakers in a difficult position.
They were glad enough to have troops to defend their
property and their lives, but they did not intend to allow it
to be said that Quakers voted supplies for military purposes.
They did the only thing they could do under the circum-
stances, especially as they did not have the tact to admit
that conditions required that they should at least temporarily
lay aside their ideas and tenets which were at variance with
the voting of supplies for military purposes. They removed
themselves from their awkward position by declining re-
election. But they took the greatest care to send to the
Assembly men who would vote as they feared to do, and
VOL. xxxv. — 21

322 A PTiila. Schoolmaster of Eighteenth Century.

thereby gave to public life a man who had a remarkable,
but comparatively short career, Joseph Galloway. His
ability was of so high an order that Franklin immediately
selected him as his lieutenant, and when he went to Europe
to represent the province, Galloway was given the reins of
leadership of the Assembly party.

The Academy and College became identified with the
Proprietary Party, and the provost, Dr. William Smith,
became very active in its service. He not only defended
the party from the assaults made on it in and out of the
Assembly by the Quakers and their adherents, among whom
should be regarded the German element in the Province,
who were so much opposed to the meddling of the
English Society for Propagating Christian Knowledge
Among the Germans in Pennsylvania, which had for its
chief exponent here, Dr. Smith, that they almost instinct-
ively turned to the Quakers, whom they found also being
opposed by the Proprietary Party, which was principally
Church of England, and Presbyterian in its composition.
The Society mentioned had for its object the teaching ot
the English language to the children of the Germans, who
at this time had insisted upon remaining quite as much
German as they were before they came to Pennsylvania.
The Germans resisted this attempt to denationalize them,.
for it must be understood that they had no interest in
America other than that of being allowed liberty of con-
science. Also at that time, there really was nothing of
what later has been alluded to as the American institutions.

Dr. Smith wrote a libel on the Assembly, and it had him
arrested and placed in jail for his temerity. About the
same time Judge William Moore, of Moore Hall, Chester
County, a magistrate who had great wealth and great in-
fluence, was arrested for arraigning the Legislature for
cordially entertaining of a petition asking for his removal
on account of his tyrannous practices. He denounced the
action as " virulent and scandalous." It was very generally
rumored that Dr. Smith was the real author of this arraign-

A Phila. Schoolmaster of Eighteenth Century. 323'

ment of the Assembly. Moore lay in prison for many
months, but Dr. Smith managed to be freed. The earliest
specimen of Dove's political pamphleteering belongs to this
period. It is a broad, vulgar, but intensely comic caricature,
entitled, " Labor in Vain ; or, An Attempt to Wash a Black-
Moor White." Although J. Francis Fisher, in his " Early
Poets of Pennsylvania," said that he did not know of a single
copy of Dove's caricatures remaining, there is a copy of this
rare print, which is an etching by Dove, in the Historical So-
ciety of Pennsylvania's collections. It is said that Dove to sell
these prints hung them up in taverns, barber shops and other
public places. There is no need to occupy much space with
any consideration of Dove as an artist. In this role he is only
a talented amateur, and it is more than probable he called
to his aid some other and more practised hand to make the
designs on the copper plates. The prints always have been
attributed to Dove, but it should be understood that none
of them bear his name, and there is no other evidence than
contemporary rumor that he really etched the plates himself.
In this connection it may be remarked that it is probable
Dove suggested the designs, and may even have roughly
sketched his ideas on paper, but that some engraver finished
the work. There is, however, an individuality about these
old caricatures that shows their inventor to have been some-
thing of a genius in this line, but they are so broad that
Rowlandson becomes tame by comparison, and Gillray suit-
able for a child's album.

From later developments, it would seem that soon after
Galloway entered the Assembly, he became acquainted with
Dove. Whether this acquaintanceship was sought by the
leader or by the schoolmaster, makes little difference, but
it seems certain that Galloway appeared to believe that
Dove might be useful to his party. It may have been that
Dove hurled his venomous prints and pamphlets at the Pro-
prietary party, and at the Academy and College, out of pure
vindictiveness, which spirit he is known to have had well de-
veloped, and gratitude may have prompted Galloway to
make use of this handy thunderbolt against his political

324 A Phila. Schoolmaster /of Eighteenth Century.

enemies. But speculations such as these where there is so
little of fact to substantiate them, may be unprofitable.

Certain it is that Dove never during these times neglected
an occasion to rail at the administration of the Academy
and College. In 1758, when the Academy had announced
a lottery to raise a sum said to be $3000, Dove wrote and
published a pamphlet entitled: "The Lottery. A Dialogue
between Mr. Thomas Trueman and Mr. Humphrey Dupe."
Copies of this little tract are very rare, and the one in the
collection of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania has en-
dorsed upon its title page " 31 December 1758. This was
bought by C. Moore of Dove's Housekeeper, who says he
sold them publickly." There is no name of printer or pub-
lisher, as was customary in those days in the pamphlet war.
but it is probable that this, like others assigned to Dove and
his side in the controversy, was from the press of Andrew
Steuart, although it has been assigned to the Germantown
printer Christopher Sower. " The Lottery" consists of 16
small octavo pages, the last four being filled with two dog-
gerel poems, one entitled " The Lottery," and the other
" The Academy Garland."

The author writes very bitterly about the morality of lot-
teries in general, but, in view of the estimate placed upon
his moral character by his opponents, it is uncertain whether
Dove wrote from conviction or from, which seems more
likely, a desire to avenge himself on the authorities of the
Academy and College. Trueman, in the dialogue says that
lotteries are manifestly no better than public frauds and im-
position, " solely calculated to enrich the Proprietors at the
expence of those who are silly enough to adventure in them,
viz, the Credulous and the Covetous.1"

Of course, it is the duty of Humphrey Dupe to defend the
lottery scheme, who argues that " Our Lotteries is far dif-
ferent; they are designed to support a noble seminary of
Learning, where a knowledge of the languages and every
species of science and Philosophy are skillfully taught and
explained; where youth are trained up in Virtue and Piety ;
fitted by the Precepts, and fired by the examples of their

A Phila. Schoolmaster of Eighteenth Century. 325

Tutors to perform all the duties of civil, social and domestic
Life; where zeal temper'd with Charity and Meekness,
Love of Truth, and Liberty, Benevolence to Mankind in
general, public Spirit, Gratitude to benefactors, Fidelity
to Friends, Honour, Humanity, good breeding and polite-
ness in every circumstance of conduct and carriage, are so
effectively impressed upon their tender minds, as to render
them when grown up, the strong pillars and shining Orna-
ments of their Country."

The " Garland" and the song about the Lottery, which
was announced as " An excellent old ballad in the Tune of
Furbelowes 0, etc.," there is no suspicion of real poetic
feeling. It is doggerel, but at least not below the standard
of political arguments in verse of the period. If Galloway,
and the Quaker or Anti-Governor's party did not inspire the
tract, it may be imagined that they were not indifferent to
its success. It may have been a purely private venture of
the schoolmaster, or it may have been a work that was sub-
sidized by opponents of Dr. Smith and the Academy.

It was about this time that the Germantown Academy
was created, and it is now very well understood that that
institution was in the beginning aimed at the successful
Academy and College of Philadelphia. Galloway and
Thomas Wharton were closely identified with the begin-
nings of the Union School in Germantown, as it was origi-
nally called. The Germans and the Quakers, while not
holding anything in common but a common enemy, had on
several occasions worked hand in hand. Both were lined
up against the rapidly growing influence of the Governor's
party, and seemed to feel that together they could withstand
its inroads upon the things both Quakers and Germans held
most dear.

When the Germantown Academy, and we may call it by
that name, although it was not until nearly forty years later
that it was so known, was opened Dove received the ap-
pointment as English Master. There were two departments
in the Germantown institution, one the German School,
whose first Master was Hilarius Becker, and the English

326 A Phila. Schoolmaster of Eighteenth Century.

School, under Dove. The Academy was opened in the
summer of 1761, and Dove was placed at the head of the
English department at a salary of one hundred pounds a
year.

Dove once more showed that he was only ironically Dove,
almost as soon as he was warm in Germantown. He drove
one or two assistants from the school by his ungovernable
temper, and was soon in the thick of a dispute with the
good German burghers, because he insisted on running the
school in his own way, and in sending his students on private
errands. He also showed that he still had an eye to the
main chance by immediately contracting for the erection of
a boarding school beside the Academy. It is plain that the
good Germans were sadly unequal to the task of coping
with Dove. He paid no attention to their requests, nor to
the demands of the trustees. No sovereign on a throne was
more unconcerned about what his subjects thought of him
than was Dove of the opinions of the Germantowners. It
was plain that the relations could not remain as they were.
Even the party which was supporting him, and which owed
something to his support, could not stand the strain forever.
Galloway soon retired, and it is doubtful if even he would
have been able to smooth over matters with the burghers.

There is something intensely comic in the picture of the
good people of Germantown being walked over roughshod,
of being ignored in their own school, of having their au-
thority regarded as of no account, and Dove, all the while
superintending the erection of his private school next door
to the Academy. Under the circumstances, it may be as-
sumed that Dove's ability as a tutor must have been very
great, to have enabled him to continue at the Academy.
But there comes a breaking point, and even in Germantown
this point was reached, after a series of rebuffs entertained
by the trustees from their English Master.

Early in 1763, there was presented a " Remonstrance " to
the Trustees signed by a large number of Contributors.
At the time the Trustees were acting on this remonstrance
which had to do with the excessive charges for tuition, they

A Phila. Schoolmaster of Eighteenth Century. 327

placed themselves on record as having informed Dove he
must not send boys on errands and that he must not engage
any more boarders. Dove at the time had twenty boarding
pupils lodged in his house, and some of the washing and
ironing was done in the Academy rooms. Dove appeared
to look upon the whole institution as an enterprise run
principally for his benefit, and as things went he was very
successful financially.

Finally in June, 1763, the trustees adopted a minute
setting forth that Dove had publicly declared that he would
not obey the resolutions of the Board any longer than until he
had his building finished. So it was unanimously resolved
to remove the English Master. But here again they showed
their ignorance of Dove's method. He listened, but he did
not attempt to move. He continued to hold the fort, even
after the Trustees, having advertised, had secured a new
schoolmaster, who proved later to be a man of eminence, —
Pelatiah Webster, the man who is credited with having
been the architect of the Constitution of the United States.
Webster was appointed, and was ready to take charge in
September, of 1763, but Dove refused to budge. In this con-
nection some interesting light on the situation is found in
a letter in the Wharton Papers in the collection of the
Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

There is no need to quote the whole of this letter, which
already has been printed in the pages of this magazine. But
it may be mentioned that it bears the date of September
26th, 1763, and is signed by eight of the contributors of Ger-
mantown Academy. It is evidently addressed to Galloway
and informs him that a meeting has been held to devise a
way of getting possession of the schoolhouse, which, it ap-
pears Dove held, and advising Galloway and Wharton that
they are expected to meet the committee the following day
at 10 o'clock. The letter concludes : " We pay so much
respect to your citizens that we are determined to do noth-
ing in the present affair without you which we cannot sus-
pect should prove cowards in the day of battle. Until which
time we shall subscribe your real friends." The letter is

328 A Phila. Schoolmaster of Eighteenth Century.

endorsed probably as an answer by Galloway, saying that
he will wait on Wharton the next day and both will go out
to Germantown, " and convince those Gent, at Germt. we
are not cowards."

The upshot ot the matter was that Dove retreated under
fire. He went to his own schoolhouse next door, and he
took with him " an ax, a saw and a list of scholars" much
to the chagrin of the trustees. The matter remained open
until August of the following year, when some understand-
ing seems to have been arrived at. Whether Dove had re-
tained these valued possessions because of some unpaid
account, or because he desired to be spiteful, cannot now be
learned.

Dove's school in School House Lane, Germantown, ap-
pears to have been successful for some years. Certainly he
remained there until 1767, when he returned to the city,
and for some time seems to have been in retirement.

Just after he had retired from the English Mastership of
the Germantown Academy, the Paxton boy disorders began
to menace the peace of the Province, and Dove once again
was in his element. He now had had his quarrels with both
parties. He had been forced to leave the Academy and
College of Philadelphia, and as a consequence had become
its most determined hater, and likewise the determined op-
ponent of the political party its authorities were understood
to represent. Now, having gone over to the Quakers and
the Germans, he had fallen out with them, and the only al-
ternative left for so ardent a politician as Dove, was to im-
mediately attach himself to his old love. It was simply
impossible for a man of Dove's calibre to play politics as an
independent, for he had no following. He was an able
schoolmaster, a good, lively pamphleteer, but he had no
following. He played politics but he was not a politician.

The action of the Quakers in the Paxton troubles came
at an opportune time for Dove. It gave him an excellent
theme, and he applied what was called his scurrility as vig-
orously against the Quakers as ever he had against their
enemies. It is more than probable that on that eventful

A Pliila. Schoolmaster of Eighteenth Century. 329

Sunday morning when Franklin, Galloway, Benjamin Chew,
and Thomas Wharton went out to Germantown to meet the
determined backwoodsmen, and had that conference that
influenced the Paxton Boys to return, without attacking the
city, Dove was a spectator. The Paxton Boys halted not
more than six hundred feet from Dove's school, and an
energetic, curious person of his stamp would scarce let pass
such an opportunity to gain information that would prove
useful in his campaign.

Soon after there appeared a pamphlet entitled, " The
Quaker Unmask'd, or, Plain Truth : Humbly Addressed to
the Consideration of all the Freemen of Pennsylvania."
The imprint gives Philadelphia as the place but omits the
name of the printer, who is said to have been the unfort-
unate Andrew Steuart, an Irishman, who printed in Penn-
sylvania and in North Carolina, some controversial literature.
That this little tract was written by Dove rests upon the
inscription of a copy found in Bethlehem, which assigns
the authorship to him. Heretofore it had been regarded as
a work by Franklin. It pictures the Quaker as a very shifty
person, and says the Frontier inhabitants have been both
loyal and peaceable members of society and that the Quakers
were glad to have these " Back Inhabitants " removed by
the Indians, as "lessening a growing party against them."

These were very stirring times both in Philadelphia and
throughout the Province of Pennsylvania. There was no
dearth of pamphlets and caricatures. Dove himself, seems
to have been the author of a few, but was the victim of many
more. Looking at the conflict of this paper war down a vista of
acentury and a half, it will appear to the unprejudiced student
that Dove seems to have had the best of the argument. All
the pamphlets that are known to have come from his hand
show a very clear and able understanding of the situation,
and he was able to deal some powerful blows at his opponents
in a generally legitimate manner, when he was not drawing
caricatures. On the other hand the retorts against Dove
were aimed solely at him, and only inferentially at the party
he was supposed to serve. They were directed at his re-

330 A Phila. Schoolmaster of Eighteenth Century.

puted immoral character, and in the light of present day
usage, this is not an answer to an argument.

The majority of the pamphlets aimed at Dove were the
work of Isaac Hunt, the father of Leigh Hunt, who had
just retired from the Academy and College without his
degree, because of his activity as a political pamphleteer.
They are intensely comic, and a trifle indecent at times, but
they show a wonderful power for satire and invective. Yet
they are not argument. One of these productions is a
broadside, headed " The Authentic One/' evidently the
work of Hunt, although, strange to relate, it has been over
and over again catalogued as the production of Dove. This
attack is in the form of an invocation to the Devil, whose
majesty Dove is believed to worship. It is a clever bit of
writing, but apart from its humor of a kind, could have
had very little weight in the " war" then proceeding.

One of the most extended series of attacks of this kind
leveled at Dove, was also the work of Hunt. This was a
series of eight tracts with various titles, the first being
entitled, " The Substance of an Exercise had this Morning
in Scurrility Hall." These were issued in 1765, and the only
complete set known to the writer is in the Historical Society
of Pennsylvania. The work is generally in the form of a
dialogue, and represents Dove asserting that he will arise
Phoenix-like and turn their arms against the scoundrels
who have given currency to the lies told of him in the
book of Chevalier Taylor. Franklin throughout is iron-
ically referred to by Dove as the " Great Man," and his son
William Franklin as " My Son," and as " Tweedle." The
first number announces that it "is to be continued occa-
sionally."

During the election of 1764, Hunt wrote a broadside of
verses aimed at Dove, and the sheet was headed by a view
of the old Court House at Second and Market Streets. The
engraving seems to be the work of Dawkins. The sheet is
entitled " The Medley." There is an answer to this, said
to have been the work of Dove, entitled " The Counter
Medley," in which a similar view in engraved. This is

A. PTiila. Schoolmaster of Eighteenth Century. 331

described as " a proper answer to all the Dunces of the
Medley and their abettors."

In a letter to William Strahan, William Franklin wrote
under date of May 1, 1764, that the provinces of Pennsyl-
vania and Maryland seem to be in a state of anarchy. The
elder Franklin was vigorously attacked by Dove, now in the
employ, or at least attached to the Proprietary Party, and
his attacks became so annoying that William Franklin, in
a letter to Strahan, which will appear in the October num-
ber of this Magazine, wrote that the Proprietary Party being
unable to reply to the lashing they received by an answer to
their ridicule by Hughes, they " employed one Dove, a
fellow who has some talent, for the lowest kind of scurrility,
to publish a print, with some verses annexed, villifying my
father & some of the most worthy men in the province.
By way of revenge some writer has attack' d them in their
own Way, & turn'd all Dove's verses against Mr. Allen, he
being the Head of the Proprietary Party. This has enraged
him excessively as those Verses & the Print had cost him
upwards of £25. You will probably have seen before this
reaches you, the Advertisement, Answer & Reply, as they
were printed in Mr. Hall's Newspaper, & therefore I send
you the enclosed Pamphlet, which is likely to put a stop to
that kind of writing here for the future, as was the inten-
tion of the author."

This pamphlet, is that entitled " An Humble Attempt at
Scurrility In Imitation of Those Great Masters of the Art,
the Rev. Dr. S — th, the Rev. Dr. Al — n, the Rev. Mr.
Ew — n, Esq., the Irreverend D. J. D — ve, and the
Heroic J — n D — n, Esq. Being a Full Answer to the
Observations on Mr. H — s's Advertisement. By Jack
Retort, Student in Scurrility, Quilsylvania ; Printed, 1765."

So far as can now be determined, this pamphlet did end
the " war." Or it may be that all interest in the constant
exchange of abuse had ceased to exert any influence. If
any similar publications were issued after this time they are
not now very easily identified, and it may be concluded
that the Stamp Act, and its attendant excitement removed

332 A Phila. Schoolmaster of Eighteenth Century.

the attention from the local politicians to those higher up
in England.

Dove, as has been noted, retired from his school in Ger-
mantown in 1767, and came to Philadelphia to live in
retirement. It would appear that either he found retire-
ment irksome to one of his energies, or that he found him-
self in need of more money. At any rate, in the columns of
the " Pennsylvania Chronicle," for October 26 — November
2, of that year he published an advertisement announcing
that at the " repeated solicitation of many gentlemen and
ladies, whom Mr. Dove has formerly had the honor of in-
structing, he purposes, God willing, to open a school at his
house in Front Street, near the corner of Arch Street, on
Monday, November ninth, where youth of both sexes in
separate apartments will be taught to read, cypher, and
speak their own language according to the exact rules of
grammar."

How long Dove kept this school may not now be known
but from the language of his will it would seem that he was
conducting it up to the time of his fatal illness, in February,
1769. His will bearing the date of February 5, 1769, notes
the fact that he is sick, and indicates that while not in
opulent circumstances, he at least had some small fortune.
He bequeaths to Sarah Warfield, widow, £100, and to his
faithful assistant, Joseph Rothwell, £10. To Dr. Kearsley,
he gives his air pump " of Sir Isaac Newton," and his " rolin
cone oppera glass and prism, and his diving bell." To
his godson, William Jenkin, he leaves £10 in trust, and he
releases his servant, Matthew McGuire, from his indentures.

The executors under the testament are Benjamin Condy,
and Paul Isaac Voto, and to them he bequeaths £50. The
residue of his estate is left to the children of his sister,
Mary Meadows. The will is witnessed by Matthew Dill-
worth, and Allen McLean. There is a codicil dated March
1, 1769, in which the testator's books are left to Dr. Glent-
worth. It is witnessed by Joseph Rothell. Dove died a
month later, and was buried in the burying ground of
Christ Church on April 4, 1769. His will was admitted to
probate the following day.

Orderly Bool 2nd Penna. Cont. Line. 333

OEDERLY BOOK OF THE

SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CONTINENTAL LINE
COL. HENRY BICKER.

At Valley Forge, March 29,— May 27, 1778.

EDITED BY JOHN W. JORDAN.

The dates of the birth and death of Col. Henry Bicker
have not been ascertained, but it is known that he was mar-
ried, as two of his sons, commissioned officers, served with
him in the Third Pennsylvania Battalion of Infantry, Col.
John Shee. His surname is found among the early Pro-
vincial residents of the city of New York. In 1755, he was
commissioned Lieutenant of Captain William Skinner's
company of Col. Peter Schuyler's New Jersey regiment,
raised for one year of service for the defence of the frontiers.
He was promoted captain, captured at Oswego, and was
kept a prisoner of war for fourteen months. After his re-
lease, he was appointed Quarter Master of General Gage's
regiment and served to the close of the war. In 1766, he
was a resident of New Brunswick, N". J., where for a time
he was in business as a hatter and later proprietor of the
" Tree of Liberty," a favorably known inn of the town.

On the breaking out of hostilities between the Colonies
and the mother country, Henry Bicker offered his services
and was commissioned January 4, 1776, Major of the Third
Pennsylvania Battalion of Infantry, Col. John Shee, re-
cruited under the resolution of Congress, December 9,
1775, authorizing the raising of " four battalions more in
the colony of Pennsylvania." The officers were principally
Philadelphians, but the companies were filled up by recruits
from Pennsylvania and the neighboring colonies. On June
llth, Congress ordered the battalion to New York, where
it was assigned to the brigade of Gen. Thomas Mifflin, and
began the construction of Fort Washington, under the

334 Orderly Boole 2nd Penna. Cont. Line.

direction of Col. Rufus Putnam. Here they remained until
the battle of Long Island, when they were ordered to New
York, reaching there in the afternoon after the battle was
over. The following day they were transported to the en-
trenchments at Brooklyn. On July 30th, they returned to
New York, and later to their old encampment at Fort
Washington. Walter Bicker, then Adjutant, and Henry
Bicker, Jr., a Second Lieutenant of the regiment, were taken
prisoners on the surrender of the fort. About three weeks
prior to the investment of Fort Washington, Major Bicker
was transferred to the Tenth Pennsylvania Line Infantry,
Col. Joseph Penrose, and after a short service in this regi-
ment, was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and assigned to
the Sixth Pennsylvania Line Infantry, between the time
Col. Magaw was a prisoner of war and the appointment of
Col. Josiah Harmar to the command of the regiment. On
June 6, 1777, Lieut. Col. Bicker was promoted Colonel of
the Second Pennsylvania Line Infantry, and was in com-
mand of the regiment at the battles of Brandy wine, German-
town and Whitemarsh, in which it lost heavily, and at
Valley Forge, where it was in the First Brigade, Col. James
Chambers commanding, of Wayne's Division Pennsylvania
Line. The Executive Council of Pennsylvania having re-
solved to incorporate the Thirteenth Regiment with the
Second, Col. Walter Stewart was appointed to the command
July 1, 1778, Col. Bicker became supernumerary, and his
name disappears from the service.

John Irvin, Adjutant of the Second Regiment Pennsyl-
vania Line, entered the service January 20, 1776, as Ensign
in the First Pennsylvania Battalion, Col. John Philip De
Haas. At the expiration of his term of service he was com-
missioned First Lieutenant, Second Pennsylvania Line In-
fantry, and at the affair at Paoli was badly wounded. Pro-
moted Captain-Lieutenant January 1, 1779, and Captain
May 16, 1780, uice-Capt. Jacob Ashmead resigned. He was
also Commissary of the commanding general and staff
at New Windsor on the Hudson, New York, in March of

Orderly Boole 2nd Penna,. Cont. Line. 335

1781. Captain Irvin died at Pittsburgh, Penna., May 11,
1808, and was buried in the church-yard of the First Pres-
byterian Church.

The Orderly Book was presented to the Historical Society
of Pennsylvania by the late Joseph E. Gillingham. It is in
very good condition, with the original covers, and the fly-
leaf is filled with autographs and writings, among them
Capt. John Bankson, of the Second, and Lieut. Andrew
Lytle, of the Fifth Pennsylvania Line, and these notes :
"John Irvin, Adjutant, Orderly Book," and "Living at
this date, June 29, 1816, of those mentioned in this book:
" Ensign Bloomfield, . . Go v. of New Jersey,
" Marquis de la Fayette, . in durance vile,
" Major Linnard, . . . Q. M. Gen. U. S. A."

ORDERLY BOOK.

LANCASTER Febry 26th 1778.
Garrison Orders.1

The same reasons which prevented his Excellency the
Commander-inChief from determining on the Sentences of
the Court Martial ordered by the Marquis de la fayette,
Major Genl. &c., apply against the proceedings of the Court
Directed by Gen1 Wayne in the Case of Lieuts. McMichael 2
and Dickinson.3 His Excellency having return'd the order
of Gen1 Wayne for holding said Court, has been pleased to
Direct that L*. McMichael & Dickinson be tryed by the Gen1
Court Martial now sitting at this place, of which all persons
concerned, are to take Notice.

lrThe "Garrison Orders," Lancaster, although preceding, has evi-
dently no connection with the Valley Forge orders ; the handwriting is
not that of Adjutant Irvin.

2 For biographical sketch and diary of Lieut. James McMichael, see
Penna. Mag. Hist. & Biog., Vol. xvi, p. 129 et seq.

3 Richard Dickemon, Ensign 6 North Carolina Line April, 1777 ;
Lieutenant Oct., 1777 ; transferred to 1 North Carolina June, 1778 ; dis-
missed Nov., 1779.

336 Orderly Boole 2nd Penna. Cont. Line.

His Excellency having been pleased to approve of the order
of — Directing that not more than one Ration pr. Diem be
Issued to Any officer either of the line or Staff, and that no
back Rations be paid up in provisions. The Issuing Commis-
sary is therefore, to pay the strictest attention to this order,
the least Deviation from which will be taken Notice of.

So soon as the returns for the Clothing are compleat,
which must be done with the greatest exactitude, they shall
be brought to the Commanding Officer that the Articles
may be drawn from the Clothier General and distributed to
the Soldiery. The Officers Commanding Detachments are
to pay attention to the men under their command to pre-
vent them embezzeling their Clothes.

Geo. Gibson Co1. 4
Commdg.

LANCASTER 28th Febry. 1778.

The Hon'ble the Supreme Executive Council of this
State, having deliv'd their instructions to the Officers sent
by His Excell'y, the Commander-in-Chief, for the purpose
of recruiting men to compleat the regiments from this State
on the Continental Establishment — It is expected the offi-
cers will immediately repair to the Stations appointed them
& exert themselves in the prosecution of this important
business, the necessity for which must be so obvious to the
Gentn Officers, as to render any further recommendation on
this Head unnecessary.

A Garrison Court Martial to sit this day for the Tryal of all
the prisoners now in confmem* in the Guard house. The Court
will refer the tryal of any prisoners they may find guilty of
Capital offences to the General Court Martial now sitting, re-
porting the names & crimes of all such persons so to be tryed.

4 George Gibson was commissioned Feb., 1776, Captain First Virginia
Line, promoted Major Fourth Virginia March, 1777 ; promoted Colonel
First Virginia State Eegiment June, 1777, which he commande. to
January, 1782. Colonel of the Pennsylvania and New Jersey Levies in
1791 ; mortally wounded Nov. 4, 1791, in a fight with Indians near Fort
Kecovery, O. (Sihot.Clair's Defeat), and died Dec. 11, following.

Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Cont. Line. :;.'I7

LANCASTER, March ye 6th, 1778.

Such soldiers as are employed by the mechaniks of this
Town not Absolutely in the Continental Service, are or-
derd to repair immediatily to the Adjfc. at the Hospital in
order that they may be put to work for the Continent. The
Issuing Comisary is to apply to Fredk. Anspack and Mr.
Adam Reigart5 for Beef, who will supply him with such
Quantities as they can spare for the use of the Troops. A
Subaltern's Command to hold themselves in readiness to
march, to be furnished with 5 days provisions.

The Officers who have the care of the Detach'd Corps in
this Town, are requested to make enquiries after the Soldiers
alluded to in this order, as there is the greatest want of
Tailors and Shoemakers to furnish Clothing for the Army.

GEO. GIBSON Coln.
[Valley Forge.]

Exercise previous to Guard mounting, Major Wallace,6
Brigade Inspector in Gen1. Woodford's Brigade; will com-

»

5 Adam Reigart, for many years proprietor of "The Grape," Lancas-
ter, Pa., was Lieut. Colonel of the First Battalion Lancaster County
Associators, Col. George Eoss, and served in the campaign in the
vicinity of Amboy, N. J. He was elected Assistant Burgess of Lan-
caster in 1777, and a member of Assembly in 1780. From 1789 to his
death, in the summer of 1813, he was Treasurer of the Union Fire Com-
pany, of which he had been a member since 1764. "The Grape," one
of the notable hostelries of Lancaster, and the Whig headquarters during
the Revolution, was located on Queen St. near the Square, and during
1775 the Committee of Observation and Supreme Executive Council
met there. It was here, too, that the lots were drawn to determine
which one of the British officers, prisoners of war, should suffer death
in retaliation for the killing of Capt. Huddy ; the lot fell upon Capt.
Sir Charles Asgill.

6 Oustavus Brown Wallace, Captain 3 Virginia, February, 1776; Major
15 Virginia, October, 1777; Lieut. Colonel, March, 1778, regiment des-
ignated 11 Virginia six months later; taken prisoner at Charleston, S. C.,
Mayi4, 1780; transferred to 2 Virginia, February, 1781, and served to
close of the war.

VOL. xxxv. — 22

338 Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Cont. Line.

mand and is to have two Adjutants of that Brigade to assist
him. On Sunday at 10 o'clock in the forenoon, all ye Bri-
gade Inspectors with officers and non commisd officers, who
are to mount Guard on Monday, are to attend at Head
Quarters, where the Inspector Gen1 will instruct them in
what is to be done the next day.

Baron Stubane [Steuben] a Lieut. Gen1 in foreign service &
a gentleman of great Military experience having obligingly
undertaken to exercise the office of Inspector Gen1 in this
army; the Commd.-in-Chief till the pleasure of Congress
shall be known, desires he will be Respected and obeyed as
such, and hopes and expects that all Officers of whatsoever
rank in it, will afford him every aid in their power in the
execution of his Office.

Lieut. Col. Davis,7 Brussells & Barber8 & Mr. Tenant, are
appointed Sub Inspectors, the three former maintaining
their rank and station in the Line. The importance of es-
tablishing a uniform system of and useful manuvers & reg-
ularity of discipline, must be obvious ; the deficiency of our
Army must be to, the time we shall probably have to intro-
duce the necessary retormation is short; without the most
active exertions of Officers of every class, it will be impos-
sible to devise the advantages proposed in this institution,
which are of the greatest moment to the success of the en-
suing campaigns. Arguments sure need not be multiplyed
to render the zeal of officers in another of such consequences
to their advancement of their own honour and prosperity
of our Arms.

7 William Davies, Capt. 1 Virginia Line, September, 1775; Deputy
Muster Master General of the Flying Camp, October, 1776; Major 7
Virginia Line, March, 1777; Lieut. Col. commandant 14 Virginia Line,
April, 1778; Colonel, March, 1778, regiment designated 10 Virginia in
September; transferred to 1 Virginia, February, 1781, and served to
close of the war.

8 Francis Barber, \ Major 3 New Jersey Line, January, 1776; Lieut.
Colonel, November, 1776. Wounded at Monmouth, at Newtown, and
Yorktown. Transferred to 1 New Jersey Line 1781. Accidentally
killed by the falling of a tree February 11, 1783.

Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Cont. Line. 339

Brigade Orders.

Adjutant of Day from the 10th Reg* An officer from each
company in the Brigade to refit the Men's Huts and see
that all the intrenching tools and Axes, Spades & Shovels
wanting handles he collected and delivered to their respec-
tive Quartermasters, except such as are employed by the
Camp Colormen, who is to have them carried to Gen1
Patterson's Brigade and delivered to the Gen1.9 A Fatigue
party of 30 men to turn out to-morrow at 8 o'clock, prop-
erly assien'd to work on the line.

JAMES CHAMBERS,™

Col. Commdg.

Detail of F.

s. a P.

1 : 0 : 6.

HEADQUARTERS, VALLEY FORGE, March 29, 1778.

Brigadier for tomorrow . . Varnum,
Field Officers . . . L* Col. Harney,11
Brigade Major Ogden.

9 Gen. John Patterson's brigade consisted of the Massachusetts Line
regiments commanded by Cols. Marshall, Brewer, Bradford and Tapper.

10 Col. Chambers commanded the First Brigade of Wayne's Division,
Penna. Line, composed of the 1, 2, 7, 10 Regiments of Infantry. He
was a member of the well-known family of the name in Cumberland Co.,
Penna., and recruited his company there in June of 1775, which was
attached to the First Penna. Eifle Battalion, Col. William Thompson.
He arrived before Boston August 7th. Promoted Lieut. Col. March,
1776. From March 12-April 1 assigned to the 10 Penna. Commis-
sioned Colonel 1 Penna.; retired from the service Jany. 1, 1781.
He participated in all the principal battles of the war prior to retiring,
and at Brandywine received a Hessian bullet in his side, which gave
him much trouble in after years. He died at Loudon Forge, Franklin
Co., Pa., April 25, 1805, aged 56 years. -

uSelby Harney, Major 8 North Carolina Line, Nov., 1776; Lieut.
Col. 2 North Carolina, Nov., 1777; taken prisoner at Charleston, S. C.,
May 12, 1780; retired Jany. 1, 1783.

340 Orderly Bool; 2nd Penna. Cont. Line.

As the stormy weather prevented the Brigade Inspectors
ye meeting this day, agreeable to yesterday's orders, the Sub
and Brigade Inspectors with the officers and Non Comms'd
Officers who were to have assembled this day at 10 o'clock,
will attend at said time & place.

The following officers are appointed Brigade Inspectors
and are to be obeyed and respected as such in their several
respective Brigades : Col. Tuper 12 in Gen. Patterson's
Brigade ; Lt. Col. Sprout,13 in Glovers ; Major Wallace, in
Woodford's; Major Cabell,14 in Weedon's ; Major Hull,15 in
Larned's, and Major Fish,16 in Poor's; Major Bloomfield,17
in Maxwell's; Major Hillings,18 in late Conway's; Cap1
Smith, in Yarnum's ; Cap1 Converse,19 in Huntington's ;
Cap1 Eng [?], in Mclntosh's; Cap1 McGowen,20 Second
Pennsa; Cap1 Walker21 of Col. Livingston's Reg1, is ap-
pointed Brigade Major P. F. and is to be obeyed and
respected as such.

lz Benjamin Tupper, Major of Fellows' Mass, regiment May, 1775;
Lieut. Col. Continental Infantry, Jany., 1776; to 2 Mass. Line, Nov.,
1776 ; Colonel 11 Mass. July, 1777 ; transferred to 10 Mass. Jany., 1781 ;
transferred 6 Mass. Jany., 1783, and served to June 12, 1783. Died
June, 1792.

13 Ebenezer Sprout, Captain in Cotton's Mass, regiment 1775; Major
3 Continental Infantry 1776 ; Lieut. Colonel 4 Mass. 1777 ; Lieut. Col-
commandant, 12 Mass. Sept., 1778, transferred to 2 Mass. Jany., 1781.
Brevet Colonel Sept. 30, 1783. Died Feby., 1805.

l* Samuel Jordan Cabell, Capt. 6 Virginia, March, 1776; Major 14
Virginia, Dec., 1777 ; regiment designated 10 Virginia, Sept. 14, 1778;
Lieut. Col. 8 Virginia, Dec., 1778; transferred to 4 Va., July, 1779;
transferred 7 Va., Feby., 1781. Taken prisoner at Charleston, S. C.
Died Sept. 4, 1818.

15 Later Brig. -General, U. S. A., and cashiered for surrender of Detroit.
Died Nov. 29, 1825.

16 Nicholas Fish, Captain in Malcolm's regiment; Brigade Major
Scott's Brigade, Aug., 1776. Served to June, 1783. Died June 30,
1833. Ancestor Hon. Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State, in cabinet
President Grant.

17 Joseph Bloomfield, Captain 3 New Jersey, Feby., 1776; Deputy
Judge Advocate General 1776-1778 ; Major 3 New Jersey, Resigned
Oct. 29, 1778. Brig. General U. S. A., March 27, 1812; discharged
June 15, 1815. Governor New Jersey 1801-1812 ; died Oct. 3, 1823.

Orderly Bool: 2nd Penna. Cont. Line. 341

Detail for Guard:

C

:

Sub:

8:

C:

P.

1st

Reg'

0

0

1

1

11

2

do

0

0

1

1

5

7

do

0

0

1

1

6

10

do

0

0

1

0

7

Total

0

:

0:

4:

3:

29.

Fatigue.

i

i. t l

( •

Si

C:

P.

1st

Reg4

0

1

0

3

2

do

1

0

0

2

7

do

0

0

0

2

10

do

0

0

0

3

1

1:

0:

10

Weeks Command.

Sub: S: C:

1st

Reg1

0

0

0

1

2

2

do

0

0

0

0

1

7

do

0

0

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do

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6.

lsJohn Hidings, Captain 2 Penna. Battalion, Col. St. Glair, Jany.,
1776; Captain 3 Penna. Line, Jany., 1777; Major Aug., 1777; be-
came supernumerary July, 1778.

19 Thomas Converse, Ensign in BurralFs Connecticut State Regiment,
Jany., 1776; left behind sick on retreat from Quebec, April, 1776;
Lieut, and Adjutant 7 Conn. Jan., 1777; Captain Nov., 1777; trans-
ferred 2 Conn. Jany., 1781 ; Brigade Inspector. Retired Jany., 1783.

20 John McGowan, Third Lieut. Rifle Battalion Penna. Col. Samuel
Miles, Aug., 1776 ; Adjutant of Battalion ; promoted Captain Oct., 1776 ;
Brigade Inspector 2d Brigade Penna. Line; Capt. 4 Penna. Line, Oct.,
1777; wounded at Germantown ; transferred to Invalid Corps 1781.
Died Nov., 1805.

21 Benjamin Walker, Lieut. New York Line ; Major and Aide-de-
Camp to Baron Steuben, 1778; Lieut. Col. and Aide-de-Camp Gen.
Washington, 1782. Died Jany. 13, 1818.

342 Orderly Boole 2nd Penna. Cont. Line.

Division Orders, March Wth 1778.

Discipline being the very soul of all Army's ; so it ought
to be the pride and study of all Officers, to introduce it
into their respective Corps ; in valour man to man are equal
throughout the World, but it is discipline alone which gives
the opportunity in the Field ; and as the Gen1 hopes to rival
the Britons in that, he also wishes to bear the [faded] from
the other part of the Army. For which purpose he re-
quests the Officers to the example they set the other day,
and which gave the highes1 pleasure to his Excellency and
met his warmes* approbation in manouvering themselves as
well as men. As there is no Greater or surer mark of
discipline than Cleanliness, so there is nothing more con-
ductive to health and spirit; it introduces a laudible pride
which is substitute for almost every virtue ; the Gen1 there-
fore, in the most pointed terms, desires the Officers to oblige
their men to appear clean & decent at all times and upon
all occasions: Even punishing that Soldier that appears
dirty whether on duty or not.

The Officers will compel the men to wear their Hatts in
one way; in the most soldier-like position, and oblige to
mend their old clothes so as to make the best appearance
possible ; the Gen1 expects a sufficiency of Hatts with some
other clothing for the men every hour; he has also ordered
Co1 Bayard to Lancaster, to provide the Officers clothing
and the Drums and fifes belonging to this Division.

Anthony Wayne, B. G.

March 30th 1778.
Regimental Orders.

Muster Rolls to be made out immediately by the Commdg
Officers of companies (Agreeable to the former in the hands
of the Adjutant) for the month of March, in order to the
Reg" being mustered on the first Day of April next.

Henry Bicker, Co1 Commd'g.
(To be continued.)

Selections from Diary of Christiana Leach. 343

SELECTIONS FROM THE DIARY OF CHRISTIANA
LEACH, OF KINGSESSING, 1765-1796.

CONTRIBUTED BY ROBERT H. HINCKLEY.

[The original manuscript diary of Mrs. Leach is still preserved, but
unfortunately a few leaves prior to 1765 were destroyed by a descendant,
who was unacquainted with the German language, in which it is written.]

1765. Feb. 23. — Received the first letter from my brother
in England, stating that he was well received by the King
and Queen and sometimes conversed with them for two
hours about all kinds of curiosities.

Nov. 2nd. — Born, our son Henry at 1 o'clock, and daugh-
ter Catharine at 3 o'clock in the afternoon (twins) in the
sign of the waterman.

1766. November 3rd. — My brother William returned
from London with Captain Marshall, happy with the title
of Botanist to the King and Queen, to our great joy.

November 23rd. — My brother left Philadelphia for Caro-
lina.

1767. April 1st.— Myself, John and the whole family
moved again to Kingsessing to fathers.

January 13th. — My brother departed from Carolina for
London with many barrels filled with plants.

March 20th. — Born, our son, Joseph Leech, at 12 o'clock
at night, in the sign of the goat.

November 6th. — My brother arrived well and hearty from
London.

November 17th. — My brother left Philadelphia for Caro-
lina to get more plants.

1769. March 3rd. — My brother arrived again from Caro-
lina after a voyage of twenty-nine days, well and hearty,
with 19 boxes filled with plants and roots of great variety.

Nov. 5th. — My brother sailed with Captain Falconer for
London with many casks and boxes filled with plants.

344 Selections from Diary of Christiana Leach.

1770. Aug. 26. — My brother arrived from London well
and hearty.

1771. April 16th. — All our children were vaccinated by
Dr. Paschal; Billy, John, Max, Henry and Joseph got over
it very well, but Betsey had a sore eye, and Katy got the
inflammation in her mouth, and an abscess eat away her
chin and lips, and all her teeth fell out, and while she got
well, she is disfigured.

Nov. 13th. — My brother sailed again with Captain Falconer
from Philadelphia for London, with a quantity of plants.

1772. Sept. 17th.— My father bought of Samuel Powell,
40 acres of woodland for £400, cash.

December 30th. — My brother and his wife, whom he
brought from England, arrived here safe and sound to our
great joy.

777#. June 6th. — My sister, Catharine, married Jacob
Hoffman.

August 6th. — My son, William Leach, said farewell to us
all, to go with Captain Rudolph's Kingsessing Militia to
Amboy. God keep him safe !

August 13th. — My son, John Leech, and my brother-in-
Law, Jacob Hoffman, said farewell to us all and have gone
as Militia with Captain Gibson to Amboy, at 50 shillings a
month. God be with them ; the Lord's will be done !

September 17th. — All our dear ones came back from Camp
safe and sound. God be thanked !

7777. May 1st. — Born, my nephew, William Hoffman,
at nine o'clock in the evening.

May 15th. — My son, William Leech, went in the Militia
with Captain Young, to Bristol. God be with him !

July 8th. — My son, William Leech, came back from Camp
well and healthy, he was sick in Camp for six days, but is
well again; — Thank God!

September llth. — In a battle between our army and the
English at the Brandywine, our army was defeated and had
to retreat.

September 26th. — The English entered Philadelphia.

Selections from Diary of Christiana Leach. 345

October 4th. — A bloody battle was fought near German-
town between our army and the English; although our
men fought well, they lost the field leaving their dead.

October 16th. — An English General, named Burgoyne, was
captured with his whole army by our brothers at Saratoga.

October 21st. — In a battle at Red Bank, a Hessian Gen-
eral named Donop was killed.

November 21st. — My dear Mother, Elizabeth Young, de-
parted this life at 4 O'clock in the afternoon, aged 66 years,
and buried Sunday, the 23rd in Kingsessing, in our burial
ground, in a troublesome King's time.

1778. March 18th. — A party of English soldiers came
into our house at 10 o'clock, at night, and took my brother-
in-law Hoffman and my two sons, William and John, pris-
oners to Philadelphia, and put them into the new prison, to
our great fear. A sad and troublesome time, but God will
protect us.

March 28th. — A party of rascals came to our house, sent
by Galloway, and took our cattle and plundered the house,
and also took father with them to the old prison. Our loss
is at least £400. My sister and I have passed many anxious
hours.

April 16th. — Father was released from prison on parole,
to remain in town.

April 25th. — Jacob, Billy and John, came from prison
home. John sick and miserable.

June 18th. — The English have gone from the city to
Jersey. Father came home.

June 30th. — Battle at Mon mouth, between our army and
the English.

August 15th. — My son, John, apprenticed to a wagon-
maker for one year and ten months. I must furnish clothes
and a suit at the end of the time.

October 9th. — Born, my nephew, Jacob Hoffman, at one
o'clock in the afternoon.

1780. June 15th. — My son, John, home from his appren-
ticeship, and began to work on his own account.

346 Selections from Diary of Christiana Leach.

October 15th. — My son, Maximilian, apprenticed to a Black-
smith for four years, his Master to furnish clothes six months
and a suit at the end of the apprenticeship.

1781. March 6th. — Born my niece, Betsy Hoffman, two
o'clock at night. Peace is established this year between
England and America. God be thankful for this peace.

1784,. April 4th. — My son Henry is apprenticed in town
to a Blacksmith for two years and seven months. I have
to furnish clothes and a suit at the end of his apprenticeship.

October 15th. — My son, Maxy, ended his apprenticeship
and remains with his Master as journeyman.

December 6th. — My son, William, departed for Carolina
over-land.

1785. March 16th.— My brother, William Young, was
drowned in a river called Gun Powder Falls, ninety miles
from his home. He remained seven weeks three days in
the water before he was found, and was buried on the bank.
And this was my brother's end, he died honorably in pursuit of
his botanical business, aged 43 years. God's will be done !

April 13th. — Born my niece, Katy Hoffman between
eight and nine o'clock in the morning. My dear and only
sister, Catharine Hoffman died in childbirth, aged forty
years. She was buried on the 15th in our family burying
ground, wept for and mourned by all the friends and neigh-
bors of the family.

May 28th. — My dear and worthy father, William Young,
died between three and four o'clock in the afternoon. He
exchanged the earthly life for an eternal rest, aged 73
years. He became sick May 15th, but remained about and
died in his clothes from apoplexy, and was buried the 30th,
accompanied to his rest by many friends at Kingsessing, to
the family burying ground.

August 16th. — John and Max departed for Gun Powder
Falls to find my brother's grave.

September 12th. — My son John and my brother's wife de-
parted in a carriage with a driver and three horses for Gun
Powder Falls, to bring back my brother's body, which they

Selections from Diary of Christiana Leach. 347

did on the 16th, and we buried him also in our family
burying ground.

1786. June 15th. — My son John Leech has bought the
place at Kingsessing, belonging formerly to my brother, for
£175, to be paid for in six years, and has moved on it with
his apprentice.

July 1st. — My son Joseph bound to John to learn his
trade for two years and nine months. I am to furnish his
clothes and suit at the end of his apprenticeship.

July 9th. — My brother's widow sailed from Philadelphia
for Dublin, Ireland, with her second husband, whom she
married three weeks ago, named Mathias Newton Smith,
an Irishman, born in Londonderry, a sailor of the ship,
Lady Hill, Captain Campbell.

July 27th. — Maxy leased a lot on John's place in King-
sessing for fifteen years, at £3 a year, and built a blacksmith
shop on the Street, and worked in it for the first time on
this date.

September 26th. — My son Maxy celebrated his wedding
with Betsy Haest. May God guide them in wisdom and
that they may walk in. His ways !

October 12th. — My son, Maxy, moved with his dear wife
to Kingsessing into his grandmother's room.

November 7th. — My son Henry completed his apprentice-
ship with Jacob Egfelt, and went on the 17th to his brother
Maxy to work as journeyman at six dollars a month, in-
cluding breakfast.

1787. April 2nd. — In the afternoon between 4 and 5
o'clock, was born my first grandson and Mary's first son.
We gave him the name Isaac Leech. God grant that he
may grow up to fear Him and walk in His ways !

1789. March 21st. — My son Joseph Leech finished his
trade, and engaged with his brother John Leech as journey-
man wagon-maker, at $5.00 per month.

March 30th. — All of our children became sick with mea-
sles and by the 12th of April they were all well again. My
sister's children, Maxy Leech, his wife and child also had

348 Selections from Diary of Christiana Leach.

the measles at the same time, but are now all well again.
Thank God !

1789. May 9th. — John Leech began to keep house again
with Lucy as his housekeeper.

August 13th. — My daughter, Betsy Leech, celebrated her
wedding with John Furlong, an Irishman. God be with
them and give them wisdom and understanding, so that
they may live according to His will, and that they may be
saved in the life eternal !

August 20th. — Betsy, with her husband, John Furlong,
moved from here to their own place in Maple Township,
Chester County, accompanied to their home by all the rela-
tives, neighbors and friends.

1790. August 28th. — Born my first grand-daughter and
Maxy Leech's first daughter, between 7 and 8 o'clock in
the morning, and named Christiana Leech. God grant
that Christiana in name, may be Christian in deed, and
become a worthy follower of Christ !

December 9th. — Born, my grandson, John Furlong, my
daughter Elizabeth Furlong's first son, between seven and
eight o'clock in the evening. May God give him wisdom
and understanding to enable him to study the Heavenly
Philosophy and that he may become a child of God !

1791. May 5th. — My son, John Leech, celebrated his
wedding with Polly Blum, youngest daughter of George
Blum, of Philadelphia, and on the 10th day of May, John
came after his wife and was accompanied to his place in
Kingsessing by all his friends. Among them were all my
children and my three grandchildren. God bless them with
wisdom that they may live in His honor !

October 9th. — Born my grandson, John Smith. May he
be protected by God the Father !

1792. August llth. — Born, John Leech's first son, who
died, having lived only 24 hours. We buried him in our
family burying ground at Kingsessing.

September 8th. — Born my grandson, Thomas Furlong, at
3 o'clock in the morning.

Selection* from Diary of Christiana Leach. 349

December 26th. — Born my granddaughter, Molly Leech,
Maxy Leech's second daughter. I wish her a virtuous life,
that she may grow up to honor God !

1793. September 9th. — My eldest son, William Leech, died
at 7 o'clock in the morning, of yellow fever, at the age of
37 years and two months, after a sickness of five days.
Many people in the town died of this disease.

There died in the town of Philadelphia, between the 1st
of August, and November 9th, 4031 people of yellow fever
or pestilential fever; it bears a great resemblance to that
dreadful disease, the plague. 17,000 inhabitants moved out
of the City, and at Bush Hill was the Hospital; over 300
children lost father and mother, and were placed in one
house to be cared for.

November 27th. — Born, my grandson, William Leech, son
of John Leech. God guide him in his troublesome pil-
grimage !

1794' March 2oth — My son John Leech moved from
his home in Kingsessing to Elbow lane in town, to keep
tavern.

April 3rd. — John Furlong sold his home in Maple for
£300 cash, and bought a house and lot in town for £160
and moved into the same.

September 30th. — My son, Joseph Leech, has gone with
the Blockley and Kingsessing Militia under Captain Smith,
to the western counties of Pennsylvania, after the whiskey
rebels as they call them. God be with him !

November 29th. — Joseph Leech has returned home from
the Western counties well and hearty.

1795. January 18th. — Born my granddaughter, Deborah
Leech, Maxy Leech's third daughter. May God be her
guide and lead her into his ways !

1796. March 24-th. — My son, John Leech moved away
from town back to his home.

May 10th. — My son John Leech moved again into town
on Market Street to keep a tavern at the sign of the Black
Horse, at a rent of £300 a year.

350 Isaac Wilson, Head-Master.

ISAAC WILSON, HEAD-MASTEE.

BY CHARLES H. BROWNING.

IT may not be generally known, but the University ot
Pennsylvania, indirectly, was the pioneer of " higher educa-
tion" west of the Alleghenys, as may be seen from the
following items concerning one of her sons, Isaac Wilson,
who matriculated at the Philadelphia College in 1768, and
graduated in 1771.

Twelve years before the " Dark and Bloody Ground"
became the State of Kentucky (in 1792), the settlers at
Lexington petitioned the Virginia Legislature, in 1780, for
a charter for an " advanced school" in their town. They
had only a primary, " three R," school at that time at Fort
Lexington, the teacher being a Pennsylvania man, John
McKinney, who, by the way, was the original " John Gray"
of Allen's " The Choir Invisible," and the hero of the
alleged encounter with the wildcat in the school room.
The petition was granted, and the school, endowed by Vir-
ginia, was incorporated, in 1783, as the Transylvania Sem-
inary, but was not formally opened, in a double log cabin,
until 1788.

" The first teachers of the town (Lexington) took early
opportunity to lay off and reserve ground for a Latin and
English school, and this encouragement brought to Lex-
ington, in 1786, Mr. Isaac Wilson, of the Philadelphia
College, who established the Lexington Grammar School.
He informed the citizens, in his advertisement, in the Lex-
ington Gazette, that 'Latin, Greek, and difficult branches
of science, will be carefully taught.' ' Price of tuition four
pounds, payable in cash, or produce, and boarding on as
reasonable terms as any in the district.' " *

1 Ranck's History of Lexington, p. 40. Also see Filson Pub. No.
11, p. 37.

Isaac Wilson, Head-Master. 351

"In 1787, [1786] Isaac Wilson from Philadelphia, estab-
lished the Lexington Grammar School." 2

"In 1788, Transylvania Seminary was opened in Lexing-
ton, and from this day forward schools accumulated, gaining
for the city an enviable fame throughout the country. Mr
Wilson's Grammar School was merged, in 1789, into the
Transylvania Seminary * * * * The scope of the grammar
school of the Transylvania Seminary was enlarged on 6th
June, 1789, with Isaac Wilson as Master, at a salary of one
hundred pounds sterling per annum, settled upon at this
date." 3

1786. It seems that a Mr Michael was the first appointed
" Grammar Master" of the Seminary, but only temporarily.

1788, Oct. 15. He was succeeded by Mr Elias Jones.

1789, April 15. Mr Isaac Wilson was appointed " Gram-
mar Master," in place of Mr Jones, removed, and taught for
two years, or till

1791, Oct. 12, when a Mr Moore succeeded him, who
lasted till

1794, when he was succeeded by a Mr Toolmin.

" When the Transylvania Seminary opened, it had a Mr
Michael as 'Grammar Master.' But he did not attract
students, and was replaced by a Mr Elias Jones, and he
was no more attractive, and the trustees saw it was a mis-
take to compete with Mr Wilson's Lexington Grammar
School, which was flourishing. Therefore, on the 15th ot
April, 1789, Mr Isaac Wilson was appointed * Grammar
Master,' the second who was honored with that position,
after the departure of Mr Michael, in 1786. Mr Wilson
had come to Lexington from Philadelphia in 178 — , and
had already established there what he called the < Lexing-
ton Grammar School.' The gentlemen who had in their
keeping the welfare of the Seminary, must have perceived
it was a mistake by employing Mr Elias Jones, in 1788, to

2 Collins' History of Kentucky, p. 183.

3 History of Fayette County (Ky.), p. 291.

352 Isaac Wilson, Head-Master.

place it in rivalry with Mr Wilson and his enterprise, it
was therefore resolved to employ Mr Wilson's services,
and in that way unite the two schools of learning. They
paid him £100 a year. [He was the only instructor who
was paid a salary.] He was a man of consequence in his
calling, and is believed to have been at a later period one
of the teachers of the Rev. R. J. Breckenridge, D. D.
Affairs fell out favorably during the second session of the
Seminary at Lexington.' Finances were moderately easy,
and the favor of the public bestowed."

It was daring Prof. Isaac Wilson's mastership of the
Seminary, at the close of his first session, that the novel
commencement exercises took place, which are thus de-
scribed in the Kentucky Gazette, 26th April, 1790 :

" Friday [Saturday ?] the 10th inst., was appointed for
the examination of the students of Transylvania Seminary
by the Trustees in the presence of a very reputable audi-
ence. Several eloquent speeches were delivered by the
boys, and, in the evening, a tragedy was acted, and the
whole concluded with a farce. The several masterly strokes
of eloquence throughout the performance obtained general
applause. The good order and decorum observed through-
out the whole, together with the rapid progress of the
school in literature, reflects great honor on the President." 4

In the same year, 1789, that this Philadelphia school boy
took charge of the Seminary, another Philadelphia!!, John
Bradford, assisted in opening Lexington's first public
library, with about 400 books, which he brought from
Philadelphia, by the Wilderness Road. He had been here
several years, and established the first job printing office,
the first bookstore, and the first newspaper, the Kentucky
Gazette, west of the Alleghenies, in Lexington, Kentucky.

" At the close of the [next] session, it was unhappily
discovered that Mr Wilson had no scholars," — in the Gram-
mar Department of the Seminary. " This is attributed to

4 Life of Judge Caleb Wallace, Filson Pub. No. 4.

Isaac Wilson, Head-Master. 353

Indian incursions into Kentucky which kept the pupils
at home." 5 This might have been true of the year before,
when 1500 persons were either killed or carried off by In-
dians, 20,000 horses stolen and £15,000 in property de-
stroyed in Kentucky, here and nearby; but peace with
the Indians was fairly well assured in 1790-1.

However, Mr Bradford records in the Gazette, 12 April,
1791, that "the number of students in the grammar school,
had in the course of the year, been reduced from thirteen
to five. Mr Wilson was therefore dismissed," and " on the
12th of the succeeding October [1791], the Rev. James
Moore was appointed the Grammar Master.1'

Mr Wilson apparently did not take this as a reflection on
his management, as his name continues for several years as
one of the trustees of the Seminary.

In Oct., 1790, " a committee was appointed to examine into
the state of the Grammar School now taught by Mr Isaac
Wilson." Reported : " Under the charge of Mr Wilson, the
young college appears to have been somewhat resusitated." 6

It is possible that Mr Wilson was not in accord with the
religious belief of the majority of the Board of Trustees,
and for this reason he was superseded as Headmaster, for it
was not long before the Board became publicly divided on
doctrinal matters. In 1794, " while Isaac Wilson was a
member of the Board of the Trustees of the Seminary, at
a meeting the vote was taken to put Mr Toolmin in place
of Mr Moore, as Headmaster, when Mr Wilson was one of
the nine members voting against seven, whereupon, the
Presbyterians, greatly dissatisfied, withdrew from the Semi-
nary Board, and at once began the organization of an
opposition concern, called the Kentucky Academy." 7

This is the last " documentary evidence" I have found
concerning this Philadelphia!!, and the Fayette Co. (Ky.)

•

5 Life of Judge Caleb Wallace, Filson Pub. No. 4.

6 Filson Publication No. 11, p. 41.

7 Filson Pub. No. 4, p. 125.

VOL. XXXV. — 23

354 Isaac Wilson, Head-Master.

records, prior to 1812, were accidentally destroyed by fire
and I have been unable to follow his career further.

In aid of the new Kentucky Academy 8 a subscription
was taken in the East, and on 2 June, 1795, the following
were among the contributors : —

George Washington, president, $100.
John Adams, vice-president, $100.
James Wilson, Judge, &c. $300.

As Judge Wilson was the largest subscriber in Philadel-
phia, it may be, presuming that Isaac Wilson became in-
terested in the Kentucky Academy, and that the Judge was
moved to this, either by kinship to Isaac, or because Isaac
was educated at the College of Philadelphia, where Judge
Wilson had been a tutor and lecturer.

Nor have I been able to identify this Isaac Wilson on the
pedigrees of several more or less prominent Wilson families
in and about Philadelphia, in Bucks and Chester Counties,
wherein there are several Isaac Wilsons. Nor does it ap-
pear on the extant records of the University of Pennsyl-
vania who his father was, and it is not known if he married,
or had issue. Nor is it known to me where he was, or how
employed after he left the Philadelphia college in 1771, till
he came to Lexington, about 1785-6. It may be he was
originally attracted to Lexington 9 as a place to make a liv-
ing by the fact that the chief man of the town was another
Pennsylvanian, Robert Patterson, who settled there in 1775,.
and owned nearly all the land upon which the city ha&
grown, and was the founder, it is claimed, of the city ot
Cincinnati.9

Mr Patterson, like Mr Wilson, also had an unpleasant ex-
perience with " religion" in Lexington. He was the first
promoter, or founder of the first church (Presbyterian) in
Lexington, 1784, and induced a minister to come from

8 Joanna Peter's His. Transylvania University, Filson Pub. No. 11,.
p. 62.

9 See "Our Forefathers," by John H. Patterson.

Isaac Wilson, Head-Master. 355

Virginia. But the reverend gentleman and the trustees,
(Mr Patterson at their head), soon quarrelled. He wanted
only David's Psalms sung by the congregation, and Patter-
son insisted on Watt's Hymns, so the minister departed, and
the little congregation was long without a pastor.

Major Bluford Wilson, Springfield, 111., and Maj. Gen1
James H. Wilson, U. S. Army, taking interest in this Isaac
Wilson, send me the following items which may, or may
not, have concerned the founder of the first Latin school
west of the mountains.

Isaac Wilson, sergeant in Capt. Augustine Tabb's com-
pany, in 2d Va Reg. Col. Wm Brent, enlisted for three years.
He was on the pay rolls March-No v. 1779.

From Land Office Records, Richmond :— 1783, June 24.
(Council Chamber, Doc. No. 2287), " I do certify that Isaac
Wilson is entitled to the proportion of Land allowed a
Sergeant of the Va Line for three years' service.

Tho. Merriwether."

Frankfort (Ky.) Land office records: — Virginia Grants
Book, No. 13, fo. 216. " Patentee : — Isaac Wilson, 416 acres.
Surveyed to him 24 March, 1785, in Lincoln Co. (Ky.) on
Rockcastle River. Patent dated 18 Sep. 1787."

In same, Book Virginia Grants, No. 13, fo. 226 :— " Pat-
entee: Isaac Wilson, 300 acres in Lincoln Co. (Ky.), on the
Rockcastle. Surveyed 29 March, 1785. Patent dated 18
Sep. 1787."

Virginia Land office, Military Land Warrant: — " To layoff
in the Military Land, Kentucky county, for Isaac Wilson, 200
acres, in consideration of his three years service as a Ser-
geant in the Virginia State Line. Dated 26 Jan. 1784."

Frankfort (Ky.) Land office : — " Above Warrant for 200
acres, Ky. Co. was satisfied in a grant to William Reynolds
for 1,000 acres, to whom Isaac sold & assigned his Warrant."

It is possible that these Land grants were to one of the
Isaac Wilsons of Culpeper Co., Virginia, as there were sev-
eral of this name in Virginia at these dates.

356 Tombstone Inscriptions, Cape May C. H., N. J.

TOMBSTONE INSCRIPTIONS IN THE BAPTIST GRAVE-
YARD AT CAPE MAY COURT HOUSE, N. J.

COPIED BY MRS. EMMA G. ADAMS.

Abrans, Abigail, wife of Joseph S. Abrans. Died Nov. 13, 1897, aged

49 years.

Imogenie, daughter of J. S. and A. Abrans, died Nov. 8, 1888,
aged 10 years.

Allen, Nellie L., daughter of James R. & M. E. Allen. Died Jan. 23,
1897, aged 3 years.

Alrich, Eliza Lockard, daughter of L. L. & E. B. Alrich, Born Sep. 4?
1871, Died Apr. 11, 1876.

Anderson, Harry, son of J. L. & A. E. Anderson. Died Oct. 7, 1903,
Aged 3 mo's & 10 days.

Anold, Infant son of Mame Anold, aged 4 mo's.
Bateman, Darius, Died Aug. 30, 1900, aged 72 years.

Beatty, Hannah P. wife of James Beatty, Died Feb 12, 1858, aged 50
years.

Beesley, Thomas, Died Oct. 16, 1877, in the 63rd year of his age.

Catharine Ana, wife of Thomas Beesley, died July 28, 1890,

in the 70th year of her age.

Ashmead, only child of Thos. & Catharine A. Beesley, Died in the
16th year of his age.

Benezet, A. J. ("Our Babe").

Benezett, Alonzo S., son of Daniel & Jemima Benezett, died Feb. 1,
1844, aged 2 years, 4 months and 12 days.

Benezet, Anthony, died Nov. 20, 1882, aged 70 y'rs, 8 mo's & 2 days.
Caroline H., born Nov. 15, 1833, died July 4, 1896.
Julia A., Died March 20, 1886, aged 71 years, 7 months & 12

days.

Julia R., born Nov. 2, 1850, died April 11, 1901.
Mary H. born July 5, 1844, died Sept. 8, 1903.
Samuel, born Jan. 13, 1824, died July 17, 1901.

Tombstone Inscriptions., Cape May C. II., N. J. 357

Bennett, Aaron, born Feb. 5, 1800, died July 31, 1870.

Mary, wife of Aaron Bennett, born May 16, 1807, died Aug. 1,

1870.
Aaron, son of Aaron & Mary Bennett, died Aug 10, 1845, in the

17th year of his age.

Cornelius, died Feb. 14, 1895, aged 73 years.
Eliza, died Apr 22, 1900, aged 78 y'rs.
Danniela, daughter of Cornelius & Eliza Bennett, born Nov. 17,

1850, died May 9, 1885.
John E., son of Cornelius & Eliza Bennett, died Sept 4, 1864, aged

9 years, 11 mo's. and 14 days.
Hannah, wife of Cornelius Bennett, died Feb. 24, 1829, aged 28

years.

Joshua, died Oct 29, 1879, aged 86 years, & 2 mo's.
Emily, wife of Joshua Bennett, died March 9, 1834, aged 35 years,

I mo. and 26 days.

Mary, wife of Joshua Bennett Sr., born July 5, 1815, died Feb.

23, 1886.
Walter, son of Joshua & Mary Bennett, died Nov 13, 1864, aged

II years, 7 mo's & 10 days.

Emma A., wife of Stephen Bennett, bora April 21, 1839, died
April 18, 1888.

Brehm, Mary P. 1854-1903 (Sister to Elizabeth Robinson 1844-1875).

Buck, Margaret, died Aug. 6, 1877, in her 71st year.

Mary, wife of Samuel J. Buck, died Nov. 2, 1851, aged 26.
Mary, daughter of Samuel J. & Mary Buck, died Dec. 24, 1851,

aged 11 mo's.
Sarah H., wife of Crawford Buck, died Jan 31, 1877, aged 79 years.

Burke, Harry L., infant son of Parker B. & Rachel R. Burke, born
Mar 21, 1885, died July 20, 1885.

Camp, Wesley, son of L. V. & V. Camp, born Sept 5,1893, died Aug
27, 1894.

Carey, Charles R., died Feb. 18, 1899, aged 72 years.

Carpenter, Richard L. born Aug 4, 1851, died Feb. 15, 1904.

Hannah R., wife of Richard L. Carpenter, bora April 21, 1851,

died June 18, 1903.
Infant clau. of Richard & Hannah Carpenter, died Dec 1875.

Champion, Joseph, son of Joseph and Phebe Champion, died Apr. 29,
1864, aged 15 months.

358 Tombstone Inscriptions, Cape May C. It., N. J.

Walter, son of Joseph and Phoebe Champion, died July 11, 1865,

aged 8 mouths.
Percy, infant son of Charles L. & Lizzie Champion, died Mar. 30,

1891, aged 3 months.
Chance, Leven, died Aug 18, 1873, in the 76th y'r of his age.

Cochran, John E., Late 1st Serg't. Co D. 72nd Penna. Vols. died Nov.

21, 1904, aged 67 years.

William H., late of Co I, 61 Reg. Penna. Vols., died Oct 20, 1897,
aged 52 y'rs.

Conover, Jemima L., wife of Benjamin Conover, died March 20, 1872,

in her 57th year.

David, aged 4 months ("Our Son").
Johnnie (" Our Son") aged seven years.

Cooper, Joseph Fifield, son of Ealph V. M. & Louisa F. Cooper, born
Dec 15, 1840, died July 11, 1842.

Corson, Amy, died Sept. 21, 1901, in her 95th year.
Charles W., born July 29, 1823, died Feb. 5, 1898.
Levi, born April 7, 1797, died Oct. 14, 1873.
Levi, died Sept. 17, 1859, in his 84th y'r.

Martha, wife of LeVi Corson, died Dec. 5, 1860, in her 80th y'r.
Lizzie, wife of Alonzo Corson, died May 2, 1883, aged 34 years,

7 mo. & 18 days.

MacBride, died May 11, 1871, aged 79 yrs.
Madeline, died on Easter Sunday 1896, aged 76 years.
Miles, son of Capt. Stihvell and Elizabeth Corson, born Mar. 17,

1843, died Oct. 18, 1887.

Smith, born Apr. 25, 1822, died Jan. 3, 1897.
Rhoda, wife of Smith Corson, born Oct. 25, 1824, died Feb 12,

1882.
Alvin, died Apr. 27, 1874, aged 11 mo. 9 els. ("Smith Corson"

on rail around plot.)

Mary L., dan. of Smith & Rhoda A. Corson.
Angeline, dau. of Smith & Rhoda A. Corson.
Sarah Somers, dau. of Constant and Sophia Somers, and widow of

William Learning and of Nicholas Corson. Born Oct. 11,

1795, died July 28, 1866.

Courtney, Elizabeth, died Jan. 23, 1855, in the 91st year of her age.

Craig, Dorathey, wife of Josiah F. Craig. Died Oct 22, 1861, in her

43rd year.
Josiah F. died Dec 29, 1881, in the 64th year of his age.

Tombstone Inscriptions, Cape May C. 11., N. J. 359

Harriet, dau. of Josiah & Dorothey Craig, died July 28, 1860, aged

3 mos.
Isaac M., son of Josiah & Dorothey Craig, born Jan 27, 1857,

died Nov 10, 1858.

Crawford, Charles, died Sept, 9, 1866, in his 45th year.

Deborah, wife of Charles Crawford, died Oct. 24, 1873, in her 48th

year.

Lottie, wife of Fred. F. Crawford, born Sept. 30, 1855, died Dec.
14, 1884.

Roland, son of Fred. F. and Lottie Crawford, born Dec. 16, 1882,

died Dec. 14, 1884.
Sarah, died March 10, 1843, aged 81 years. (Monument erected

by her son Joshua Crawford.)
Joshua, died Jan. 12, 1859, in his 75th year.
Sina, wife of Joshua Crawford, died Feb. 25, 1834, aged 68 years.
Priscilla, dau. of Joshua & Mary Crawford, died Feb. 28, 1857,

aged 19 years, 8 months, & 17 days.

Cressee, Alena, born Oct. 24, 1859, died January 7, 1897.

Cresse, Daniel, Sen., died Apr. 12, 1859, in his 75th year.

Hannah, widow of John Holmes and of Daniel Cresse. Born Apr.

2, 1782, died Aug. 6, 1871.

Huldiah, wife of Daniel Cresse, Jr., died March 12, 1826.
1 'Our Babe," dau. of G. & H. Cresse.

Israel, died Jan. 22, 1836, aged 55 yrs. 11 mos. & 21 days.
Sarah Sloan, wife of Israel Cresse, died Nov. 12, 1871, aged 53 yrs.

7 mos. & 6 days.

Humphrey S., born May 27, 1828, died Apr. 22, 1892.
Jeremiah H., who was accidentally killed Oct. 15, 1858, in the

58th year of his age.

John, died Aug. 3, 1878, in his 72nd year.
Adaline, wife of John Cresse, died January 2nd, 1884, in her 75th

year.
Maggie, wife of Daniel B. Cresse, born Feb. 13, 1842, died Sept.

10, 1877.
Horrice, son of Daniel B. and Maggie Cresse, born and died Aug.

30, 1868.

Rachel, died Mar. 5, 1829, aged 73 years, and 27 days.
Philip H., died Dec 18, 1879, in his 64th year. (Our Brother.)
Rhoda, died Apr. 23, 1840, in her 22nd year. (Our Sister.)
Richard, died Feb. 11, 1864, aged 59 years, 4 months, & 19 days.
Abigail, died Jan. 28, 1890, aged 85 years, 10 mos. & 22 days.
Sophia, aged 4 years, ;> months & 15 days.

Crick, John, 1840-1900.

360 Tombstone Inscriptions, Cape May C. H., N. J.

Oroioell, Cornelia F., born Nov 29, 1819, died Dec 6, 1874.
James, died Mar. 21, 1876, in his 65th year.
James, son of J. & L. Crowell, died July 1, 1898, aged 47 years.
Mary F., dau. of J. & L. Crowell, died May 21, 1872, aged 25 years.
Joshua, died Jan. 29, 3842, in his 51st year.
Mary, wife of Joshua Crowell, and daugh. of Humphrey & Mary

Hewitt, born Apr. 13, 1807, died Jan. 27, 1856.
Eliza, dau. of Joshua & Mary Crowell, died Jan. 17, 1837, in her

8th year.
Hetty H., dau. of Joshua & Mary Crowell, died July 8, 1842, aged

13 mos. 17 ds.

Curran, Isaac, died July 29, 1884, aged 86 years.
Matthew, died Aug. 20, 1885, aged 68 years.

Davis, Sarah, wife of Virgil M. Davis, Esq., and formerly widow ot
James R. Learning. Born April 14, 1793, died December 11,
1860.

Denges, Emma, daughter of P. & H. Denges. Bom Sept. 12, 1873,
died Mar 8, 1880.

Dickinson, Dr. John, died Sept. 16, 1834, aged 75 years, 11 months &

5 days.
Mary, wife of Dr. John Dickinson, died Sept 29, 1839, aged 77

years & 14 days.

Sarah, died January 21, 1866, aged 82 years, 9 months & 12 days.
Susan, died May 20, 1874, aged 80 years, 4 months & 8 days.

Douglass, Abigail, wife of Alexander Douglass, Jr. Born Nov 4, 1872,

died Jan 2, 1904.

Amos, Born Jan. 31, 1817, died Mar. 17, 1899.
Elizabeth M., wife of Amos Douglass, born Oct 27, 1815, died

Jan. 8, 1891.
Achsah, H., daughter of J. & M. W. Douglass. Died July 31,

1874, aged 6 ms. & 22 ds.

Gideon H., son of Joseph & Mary W. Douglass, died Jan. 19,

1892, in his 22nd year.

John, died May 13, 1839, aged 57 years and 3 days.
Rachel, wife of John Douglass, born Sept 3, 1793, died June

24, 1865.
Charles, son of John & Rachel Douglass, born Nov. 27, 1826, died

Mar. 20, 1828.
Kezia, daughter of John & Rachel Douglass, born Feb 10, 1835,

died May 20, 1837.

Tombstone Inscriptions, Cape May C. II., N. J. 361

Rachel, daughter of John & Rachel Douglass, born June 30, 1812,

died Feb 13, 1822.

Kezia, died May 23, 1826, aged 65 years, 8 months & 14 days.
Son of John and Cornelia Douglass, died Mar. 28, 1849.
Son of John and Cornelia Douglass, died Feb. 2, 1851.
John Y., son of John and Cornelia Douglass, died Sept 11, 1853,

aged 17 months & 2 days.
Elizabeth, daughter of John & Cornelia Douglass, died Jan. 2, 1863,

aged 5 weeks, 2 days.
Justina E., daughter of A. & M. M Douglass, died Jan. 25, 1876,

aged 18 yrs. 3 mos. 18 ds.
Luther M, died Jan 26, 1899, aged 27 years.
Mara A., wife of Sam'l E. Douglass. Born May 7, 1842, died

Oct. 18, 1886.

Marion S. Born June 1, 1865, died June 5, 1904.
Shamgar H., died Dec 23, 1861, aged 37 yrs 6 ms 14 ds.
Infant son of Shamgar & Clarissa Douglass, died May 23, 1851.
Elizabeth, died Mar. 28, 1896, in the 75th year of her age (Mother).
Thomas, died June 5, 1892, in the 78th year of his age (Father).
Joseph I., son of Thomas & Elizabeth Douglass, died Aug. 22, 1857,

aged 10 mos.

William, died Nov. 8, 1861, aged 44 years.
William died Mar 9, 1869, in the 86th year of his age.
William, died Oct 1, 1824, aged 40 yrs 3 mos. & 28 days.
Marcy, daughter of William & Mary Douglass, died Jan 15th,

1837, in the *27th year of her age.
Achsah, wife of William Douglass, died Nov. 6, 1873, in the 74th

year of her age.

Dunn, Orilla H. Creese, wife of Gilmore Dunn, Born Sept 4, 1863,
died Oct 29, 1890.

Edwards, Enoch, died Jan. 2, 1892, aged 77 years.
Hannah, died Aug. 22, 1897, aged 82 years.

Egolf, Carrie C., daughter of Win. H. & M. C. Egolf, born Nov. 30,
1893, died Sept 17, 1897.

Eldridge, James, died Oct. 17, 1887, in the 74th year of his age.
Lydia, wife of James Eldridge, died May 22, 1885, in the
73rd year of her age.

Eldredge, Jason, son of Jacob N. & Harriet Eldredge, died Oct 4, 1863,

aged 6 years, 7 mos. & 15 days.

Melissa, daughter of Jacob N. & Harriet Eldredge, died Oct. 18,
1863, aged 5 years, 1 mo. & 26 days.

362 Tombstone Inscriptions, Cape May C. H., N. J.

Samuel, son of Jacob N. & Harriet Eldredge, died Oct. 11, 1863,
aged 2 years, 3 mos. & 20 days.

Eldridge, Julia, wife of Ezekiel Eldridge, died Apr 1, 1904, aged 5G
years.

Eldredge, Nathaniel, died Jan 5, 1850, aged 63 yrs, 1 mo. 29 days.
Rachel, wife of Nathaniel Eldredge, died Jan 23, 1855, aged
74 years, 10 mos, & 5 days.

Eldridge, William, son of Nathaniel and Rachel Eldridge. Born Sept
18, 1820, died Aug 28, 1877.

Eldredge, Samuel, died Feb. 11, 1860, aged 64 years, 1 month & 1 day.
Roxanna, wife of Samuel Eldredge, died Jan 26, 1888, aged
89 years, 2 mos. & 22 ds.

Ellison, Mary, died Oct 23, 1889 aged 74 years.

Endsor, Maggie, wife of Capt Henry Endsor, died Nov 5, 1875, in the
45th year of her age.

Erricson, William, died May 24, 1897, in the 84th year of his age.
Fannie, died Nov. 19, 1896, in the 18th year of her age.
Barkley, died Aug 12, 1875, aged 8 months.
Ruth, died July 31, 1875, in the 4th year of her age.
Julia, aged 7 mos.

Peters, born Feb 14, 1818, died Nov. 30, 1901
Nathaniel N, son of P. & E. N. Erricson, born Nov 21, 1853, died

Nov 19, 1885.
Eliza Newton, wife of Peters Erricson, horn Dec 12, 1820, died

Apr. 6, 1901.

James, born July 5, 1825, died Feb. 23, 1902.
John K. Lost at sea Feb 26, 1885.
Kate S., born Mar. 1, 1833, died Feb 14, 1879.

Errickson, Alvvilda C., born Feb. 20, 1872, died Dec 3, 1890.
Murtie M., bora May 11, 1868, died Jan. 11, 1890.

Stone marked A. F.

Foster, Mary E., wife of Edmund Foster, died May 2, 1883, aged 43

years.

Edmund, died Jan. 25, 1900, aged 62 years.
Lillian W., wife of George P. Foster, born Sept 7, 1858, died Aug

2, 1901.
Hannah, wife of William H. Foster, born Oct. 19, 1832, died Nov

23, 1905.

Tombstone Inscriptions, Cape Nay C. II., N. J. 363

Henry, died May 20, 1853, aged 46 yrs, 10 ms & 18 ds.

Rebecca Y., wife of PI. Foster, died Apr 5, 1875, aged 68 yrs.

2 ms.
John M., son of H. & R. Y. Foster, died Nov 28, 1864, aged 17

yrs, 9 ms.
Charles H. son of H. & R. Y. Foster, died May 20, 1853, aged

9 yrs, 15 ds.

Lavy, died July 31, 1831, in the 50th year of his age.
Elizabeth, wife of Lavy Foster, died Feb. 29, 1832, in the 48th

year of her age.

Matthias, born May 5, 1809, died July 8, 1887.
Charlotte, wife of Matthias Foster, died Mar. 17, 1880, in the 69th

year of her age.
Matthias, son of Matthias & Charlotte Foster, died Sept 29, 1872,

in the 22nd year of his age.
Edward G. son of Matthias & Charlotte Foster, died Nov 24, 1844,

in the 5th year of his age.

Samuel, died June 19, 1814, aged 61 years, 11 months & 26 days.
Mary, died May 4th, 1814, in the 76th year of her age.

Frifzinger, Henry, born Mar 27, 1779, died Feb 22, 1863, in the 84th
year of his age.

Gandy, Tabitha, wife of Samuel G. Gaudy, died June 24, 1902, aged

66 yrs, & 4 mos.
Emma, daughter of Samuel G. & Tabitha Gandy, died Feb. 28

1870 aged 2 weeks & 3 days.

Thomas, died Mar 4, 1814, in the 78th year of his age.
Dorcas, wife of Thomas Gandy, formerly wife of Jonathan Hildreth,

died Nov 27, 1809, in the 63rd year of her age.

Garrison, Harry D., 1903-1905.

(,'niTcfxon, Edna, Daughter of Chas. & Phebe Garretson, died May 29,

1896, aged 13 yrs, 4 mos.
Elbert, son of Chas. & Phebe Garretson. died July 21, 1876, aged

10 mos, 21 ds.

Nelson, died Jan 21, 1897, aged 85 yrs.
Eli/a L., daughter of Nelson & Eliza Garretson, died Mar 21,

1864, aged 10 yrs.

Garrison, Ann Bell, accidentally drowned Aug 11, 1871, in the 16th
year of her age.

364: Tombstone Inscriptions, Cape May C. II., N. J.

Gentry, William L, son of John Gentry of Richmond, Va. born Sept
12, 1812, died Nov 14, 1852.

Giele, Peter, Late of the Pennsylvania Cavalry.

Godfrey, George, died Feb. 15th, 1895, aged 60 yrs. 6 mos, 10 ds.

Jane, wife of Kob't. S. Godfrey, died July 26, 1861, aged 24 yrs
1 mo. & 16 days.

Grace, George W., Late of U. S. Navy "Ship Spirea." Died May 9,

1900, in his 58th year.
Louisa C. & Annie E, daughters of Capt. Jesse H. & Priscilla H

Grace, born and died J line 26, 1876.
Shepherd Hudson, son of Capt. Jesse H. & Priscilla H. Grace,

died Aug 25, 1872, aged 5 mo. & 12 days.

Sarah, wife of Thomas Grace, born Dec 26, 1796, died May 18,
1873.

Guyn, Elizabeth H. wife of E. C. Guyn, born Sept 3, 1837, died June
17, 1877.

Hackney, Alfred H. born June 13, 1889, died June 13, 1902.

Haines, Sarah, daughter of John & Phebe S. Haines, died Apr 16,
1856, aged 46 years.

Hall, Elmira H., wife of Joseph Hall, Jr. & daughter of Franklin &
Danielia W. Hand, died Feb. 20, 1887, in the 41st year of her age.
Rebecca M., wife of Albion T. Hall, and daughter of Aaron &

Anna M. Hand, died Aug. 1863, aged 18 years.
Albion, son of Rebecca M. and Albion T. Hall, died Sept. 29,

1863, aged 2 months.
Charles, son of Albion T. & Rachel F. Hall, born Apr. 21, 1886,

died Dec. 6, 1886.
Harry, son of Albion T & Rachel F. Hall, born June 1, 1877

died July 27, 1879.

(To be continued.)

Notes and Queries. 365

NOTES AND QUERIES.
Hotes.

A FRENCHMAN'S COMMENTS ON THE DISCIPLINE OF THE AMERI-
CAN AND BRITISH ARMIES IN 1777. Extract from the Neiv Jersey
Gazette, and contributed by Francis B. Lee, Esq., Trenton, N. J.

READING, STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA, Nov. 28, 1777.
My Dear Count,

General Howe has at last gained possession of the city of Philadel-
phia, but not without being obliged to fight two battles for it. The
forts on the Delaware were gallantly defended. Count de Donop, so
well known for his exploits in the late war, fell in an unsuccessful at-
tack upon Fort Mercer — a small unfinished work, on the East side of the
Delaware. Fort Mifflin, on Mud-Island, stood a furious attack from
bombs and artillery, for upwards of a month. After every gun on it
was dismounted, and the works torn and burnt in such a manner, that
no covering was to be had for the men, it was evacuated with a degree
of conduct that equalled the bravery with which it had been defended.
General Howe, it is true, forced his way into the city of Philadelphia,
but the city owns his brother, Lord Howe, as its conqueror; for it could
not have been taken without the assistance of the navy of Britain. Had
his Lordship failed of opening the navigation up to the city, the General
must have decamped, or fallen into the hands of General Washington.
I have taken some pains to make myself acquainted with the character
of General Howe, and to know upon what springs his good fortune has
turned in the course of the last campaign. I am told that he is a brave
soldier, and an exact officer; but that he possesses none of the talents of
a great general. His education was slender, and his understanding is a
moderate one; but he has had prudence enough to supply his deficiencies
in both, by calling into the cabinet Sir William Erskine, a Brigadier
General and Quarterrnastar of his army. This gentleman has passed
through the regular stages of a military education, and served with great
reputation in the last war in Germany, under Prince Ferdinand. He is
indefatigable in business — quick in expedients — bold in his enterprizes —
decisive in council — and intrepid in action. He is not only a favorite of
General Howe's, but is equally dear to all the officers in his army. They
say of him, that he is "An angel in the cabinet, and a lion in the field. "

The Troops in General Howe's army being composed of English,
Scotch, Irish, and German corps, full of a spirit of emulation, and this
may be given as another reason for their successes over the Americans.
The Americans, it is true, are of different States, but common danger
has united them so closely, that the principle of emulation acts as yet
but feebly upon them. Perhaps the custom of blending troops from
different States into one command, which I observe in some instances in
the American army, has contributed to prevent the growth and opera-
tion of this principle among them.

The superior discipline of Howe's army has had a large share in
crowning it with success. By discipline I do not mean a superior

366 Notes and Queries.

knowledge in the use of arms, but a superior sense of order and subor-
dination among both officers and soldiers. Their whole army, I have
been told, is a compact piece of machinery, put in motion only by the
breath of the Commander in Chief. I am at a loss to account for the
want of an equal degree of order and subordination in the American
army. It has been ascribed to an excess of that spirit of liberty, which
animates both officers and soldiers ; but I am far from entertaining an
opinion so degrading to the sacred cause of America. I think I have
discovered a degree of docility and tractableness in the Americans,
which I never before saw in any other people. If the cause which has
been assigned, was a just one, it would be more uniform in its effects;
but history tells us of FREEMEN who deposed tyrants, and vanquished
whole armies of veteran mercenaries, by nothing else but the perfection
of their discipline.

But the principal advantage of General Howe's army over General
Washington's, in the two battles fought by them, must be ascribed to
their being more trained to the use of the bayonet. The American army
know their superior dexterity in firing well, and rely entirely upon it:
The British army know it likewise, and dread it. Hence in all ergage-
ments the British soldiers rush on with the bayonet after one fire, and
seldom fail of throwing the Americans into confusion. Habit, which
forms men to any thing, I am persuaded would soon render these brave
people as firm at the approaches of a bayonet, as the whistling of a
musket-ball. General Lee, I have been told, took great pains to eradi-
cate the universal prejudice he found among the Americans, in favour
of terminating the war with fire arms alone: "We must learn to face
our enemies," said he, "man to man in the open field, or we never shall
beat them." The late General Montgomery, who served his appren-
ticeship to the art of war in the British army, knew so well that nothing
but the bayonet would ever rout troops that had been trained to the use
of it, that he once proposed in the Convention of New York, of which
he was a member, that directions should be given, both in Europe and
in this country, to make all muskets intended for the American soldiers
two inches longer than the muskets now in use in the British army, in
order that they might have an advantage of their enemy, in a charge with
bayonets; for, said he, "Britain will never yield but to the push of the
bayonet." It gave me great pleasure to hear an old saying among the
French officers, that "Englishmen have no stomach for the bayonet,"
confirmed by a Colonel of a regiment in the American army. He told
me that in the battle of Gerinantown, he charged a large body of the
enemy with his single regiment, and drove them above a mile without
firing a single gun. He would have driven them into Philadelphia, or
cut them to pieces, had he not been unfortunately ordered to retreat,
after the fate of the day turned in favour of General Howe's army.

The same predilection to the use of fire arms which I have men-
tioned among the American soldiers has given General Howe several
advantages over them with artillery. The Americans it is true have an
excellent train in their army, and some able artillery officers — but un-
fortunately it is so feebly supported by the musketry, that in one of
their battles eleven pieces fell into the hands of the enemy. The En-
glish you know were no match for the French troops till our nation
taught them the arts of managing artillery. The King of Prussia I
have been told relies chiefly upon field-pieces, and has prophesied that
in the next century all wars will be terminated by them.

Notes and Queries. 367

I have conversed with some individuals who ascribe Howe's good
fortune to the greater spirit of his soldiers, and to the superior talents
of his officers. But this is far from being true. On the contrary I be-
lieve there are not finer materials for an irresistible army in the whole
world than the troops now under the command of General Washington.
Howe's soldiers are actuated by nothing but rage — and a lust for plunder.
Washington's are actuated only by courage and a superlative love of
their country. They have been defeated it is true, but they have never
been conquered. I have been often astonished not only at their
patience, but at their chearfulness under cold, fatigue — and all the com-
mon hardships of a soldiers life. Had Howe's army suffered only half
as much as these brave fellows have done, I am sure, from the common
character of European armies, their spirits would have been broken long
ago, and Howe would have been left before this time with scarcely a
regiment to cover his flight from this country. Nor do I think the bal-
ance is in favour of General Howe's officers. You and I know of what
stuff many of them are made. Two scholars to a regiment is a rare
sight in the British army. How many of them have we seen travelling
with their interpreters, or, as they are called in England, Bearleaders,
through France, distinguishing themselves only by their debaucheries.
The American officers it is true, from the nature of their education,
appear to be less men of the world. Some of them too have been re-
proached with being tradesmen, but a tradesman in America is quite a
different creature from a tradesman in Europe. Some of the best fami-
lies in this country bring up their sons to trades, and, long before the
present war, tradesmen rilled some of the most important offices in
government. I have been charmed to find many of them whose manners
were liberal — and whose minds were enlarged with a considerable ac-
quaintance with politicks and history. But by far the greatest part of
the American officers are farmers and farmers sons of independent or
easy fortunes. Many of them have been bred to the learned professions.
I have the pleasure of knowing some of them who would not pass un-
noticed in the politest court in Europe. But I value them most for their
bravery and zeal in the service of their country. They have not been
whipped from schools, nor driven by necessity into the army. Their
pay is no allurement to them, for from the scarcity of goods, and the
depreciation of the money, it is hardly sufficient to support them.
They are above the common maxims of your "Soldiers of fortune," and
have no other wish but to establish the liberties and independence of
their country.

The taking of Philadelphia will probably make a noise in Europe —
but it has no bad effect upon the minds of the people in America.
They say that General Howe has only changed his prison from Bruns-
wick to Philadelphia, for at no time has he possessed more territory
here than he could cover with his out-posts. I am clearly of the opinion
that his taking Philadelphia will be a real advantage to this country.
It has long been the Jakes of disaffection to the American cause, and
the sanctuary of tories and traitors who have fled from every other part
of the Continent. I have constantly observed that America acquires
strength by the progress of Howe's army — for where-ever he goes he
confirms the timid and the neutral characters in the cause of America,
and at the same time like a good scavenger carries away all the tory
tilth with him that lies in his way.

368

Notes and Queries.

I refer you to my letter of February last for an account of General Wash-
ington, the amiable and illustrious commander-in-chief of the American
army. His perseverance and magnanimity have not forsaken him.
Adieu my dear friend, and believe me to be with the greatest affection,
Your most sincere friend and

Most humble servant,

DE LISLE.

PENNSYLVANIA MILITIA AT BATTLE OF WHITE MARSH, 1777.—

The Editor of the Penna. Magazine has been requested by a corre-
spondent, who is a member of the Pennsylvania Society in New York,
to furnish a list of the battalions of Pennsylvania Militia with Wash-
ington's army, in the engagement at Whitemarsh. The following list
of the battalions with the names of the officers commanding, are taken
from the return of Ludwig Sprogell, Muster Master General of Penn-
sylvania, dated at Whitemarsh, November 24, 1777.

(My of Philadelphia, Infantry.

Philadelphia County.

Chester County.

« 1 1

« u

« u

(( «

Bucks County.

u a

u u

Lancaster County.
York County.

Cumberland County.
Berks County.

Northampton County.
Northumberland County.

Artillery

Col. William Bradford,

Col. Sharp Delaney

Lt. Col. Jonathan B. Smith,

Col. William Will,

Col. Joseph Cowperthwaite,

Robert Knox,

Col. Jehu Eyre,

Col. Daniel Hiester,

Col. John Moore,

Col. Benjamin McVaugh,

Col. William Dean,

Col. Robert Curry,

Col. John Hannum,

Col. Evan Evans,

Lt. Col. John Ralston,

Col. William Evans,

Lt. Col. George Pierce,

Col. Hugh Tomb,

Lt. Col. James McMasters,

Major John Folwell,

Col. Philip Greenwalt,

Col. James Watson,

Col. Alexander Lowry,

Col. James Thomson,

Col. William

Col. David Jamison,

Col. James Dunlap,

Lt. Col. John Davis,

Col. Daniel Hunter,

Col. Daniel Uttery,

Col. Michael Lindenmuth,

Col. Joseph Heister,

Lt. Col. Stephen Balliett,

Col. George Brinigh,

Lt. Col. Hugh White.

The actual number fit for duty on this day was 6167 : deserters 432.

Xotcs and Queries. 369

LETTER OF GEN. H. W. BEXHAM TO S. A. DRAKE. —

U. S. ENGINEER OFFICE,

75 State Street ;
BOSTON, MASS. May 27, 1875.
MY DEAR SIR.

Allow me to thank you for the much valued gift of your " Old Land
Marks."

I believe I have told you that had I been a ' ' gentleman of leisure, "
rny studies and labors Avould have led me to similar pursuits — the
gathering up, of the relics of the past ; and as much those of persons,
as of things. Yet I fear those F. F. B's (First Fools of Boston ?) must
think you in reality a S. A. D. = Kake for the bones of the Charnel
houses of their ancestors, when they find as Mrs. B. did in "dipping"
into your book yesterday such records as that of one lady who boasts so
proudly of her blood — a " Beacon Street dame" if she ever gets her new
house there, well enough furnished for her : — one who would tell Mrs.
B. that she "weeps tears of blood at missing her invitation" — and
the next week would not know her, though in the same room for hours —
and here you shew — that her most vaunted ancestor — and his widow
after him advertized and sold by the wharf "long cut, short cut and
pigtail" yes— pigtail! — Oh! tell it not in Gath, nor publish it "in
Beacon St."

Very faithfully yours

S. A. DRAKE, ESQ. H. W. BENHAM.

THE "STATE GUARD" OF PHILADELPHIA, 1814. —

AMONG the military companies of Philadelphia, who volunteered
their services during the War 1812-1815, was the "State Guards" who
served in the campaign of 1814, at Camp Brandy wine and Camp
DuPont. The following is the roll of the Company :

Captain.
Henry Meyers.

Lieutenants.

I. H. Fisler, George Billington,

Alexander McCaraher.

Ensign.
Daniel H. Miller.

Sergeants.

Andrew Geyer, George Benners,

George Richards, Jacob Heyburger,

George Harman.*

Corporals.

Joseph S. Colloday, Peter C. Meyers,

Thomas Worn, Thomas M. Rush,

Jacob Burkhart.*

*Died prior to July. 1829.
VOL. xxxv. — 24

370

Notes and Queries.

Privates.

* Andrews, Nicholas
Bartholomew, Joseph
Bains, Isaac
Bartleson, Peter

* Barry, John
Bancroft, Stacy

*Benners, Henry
Bechler, Tobias
Bicknell, Charles
Boyer, John

* Buck, John
Busby, Hezekiah

* Burrows, Jacob
Bracken ridge, George
Brock, John

* Bruce, William
Clark, David
Colloday, William
Cooper, James
Christian, Thomas
Clymer, Jacob

* Correy, Walter
— Comby, Joshua

* Dungan, William
Dunlap, Silas
Everitt, Jonathan
Gardner, Robert
Gardner, Jacob H.
Garrison, John
Gravenstein, William
Gillins, Theodore
Gobrecht, Christian
Goodwin, Comter
Hansel 1, James
Hawse, John
Hamilton, John
Harmon, Jacob Jr.

* Hollinbush, Henry

* Houpt, Henry
Hollahan, John
Hertzhog, Peter
Hill, Joseph
Keemle, Samuel
Keyser, Joseph
Kennedy, William D.

* Knight, Isaiah
Kreider, John
King, Joseph
Kookogey, John
Jackaway, Nathan
Lowderback, Peter
Lyons, Mordecai

Magee, Hugh
McClintock, Joseph
McDonald, Daniel

* Meyers, George G.

* Mills, Smith
Murphy, John
Morris, John
Mitchell, Elijah
Mingle, John Jr.
Newman, Daniel
Noxson, Joseph G.
Owens, Owen
Park ham, Robert
Porter, McKimmey
Price, Isacher

* Pollock, John
Pool, William

* Pennell, Henry P.
Peterson, Samuel
Record, Alexander
Richson, Philip
Roberts, Israel
Riley, Joseph
Rush, John

*Sainder, Peter
Sink, John
Sink, Peter
Saskey, John

* Smith, Jacob
Smith, Joseph
South, Joseph
Shinn, Caleb
Shunk, Isaac
Shuster, Laurence
Skinner, William
Shinkle, Jacob
Slahter, Jacob
Sagers, Samuel D.
Stangen, Thomas
Seckel, Joshua C.
Stout, George
Snyder, Peter
Strock, Joseph
Thompson, Thomas

* Vanstaven, William

* Wilstack, John A.
Warnock, John
Weiss, William
West, Richard
Yeager, Joseph
Lechler, Drummer
Bream er, Fifer

*Died prior to July, 1 829. Walter Correy and Isaiah Knight died at camp.

Notes and Queries.

371

In July of 1829, the following circular was issued :

SIR.

A number of the surviving Members of the Volunteer Com-
pany of "State Guards" who served in the Campaign of 1814,
at Camp Brandywine and Camp Dtipont, feel desirous of cele-
brating together the day when they first marched in defence of
" Their Country and its Rights.1'

You are therefore particularly requested to attend a Meeting
of your "Old Associates in Arms," on Thursday evening, the
5th day of August next, at Worn's Tavern, on Fourth below
New Street, in order to ascertain whether it would be generally
agreed to.

July 27th 1829.

It will be observed that none but those who served during
tli>> Campaign are invited.

At the meeting of the survivors of the company held at Worn's
Tavern, George Benners was elected Treasurer, and the dinner was set
for September 22, 1829. It was also ascertained, that twenty-six mem-
bers had died ; seven were absent from the city ; six unknown ; and
seventy-nine were residing in the city. Of the latter the following
forty-seven subscribed for the dinner :

Jacob H. Fisler,
Daniel H. Miller,
Hugh S. Magee,
Jonathan Everitt,
Peter Snyder,
Joseph Yeager,
Jacob Clymer,
John Boyer,
Israel Eoberts,
Daniel Newman,
Samuel D. Sagers,
Laurence Shuster,
William Gravenstein,
Thomas M. Rush,
Joshua C. Seckel,
John Hamilton,
John Warnock,
Alex. McCaraker,
William Weiss,
Thomas Worn,
Joseph S. Riley
James Hansell,
Tobias Bechler,

T. Gillins,
John Holohan,
Jacob Shinkle,
Isaac Barnes,
Peter Sink,
Jacob H. Gardner,
Theodore Gillins,
Jacob Slahter,
Alexander, Read
Mordacia Lyons,
John Garrison,
John Hawse,
Samuel Keehmle,
Joseph Keyser,
Jacob Harman, Jr.,
Silas Dunlap,
Charles Bicknell,
William Skinner,
Christian Gobrecht,
Hez. Busby,
John Brock,
Capt. H. Meyers,
Peter C. Meyers,

G. Billington.

The foregoing material was presented to the Historical Society of
Pennsylvania by Miss Benners and Mrs. Ashbridge.

372 Notes and Queries.

INCIDENT OF INDIAN ATROCITIES IN LYNN TOWNSHIP (LEHIGH
COUNTY), 1756. —

February 14. " Two children of John George Ziesloff were murdered
by the Indians, and a third carried into captivity. On March 24,
following, while Ziesloff was fleeing with the remainder of his family,
they were set upon by the savages, and he, his wife and four children
were killed. They had been advised to flee for safety to Bethlehem, but
chose to seek a place of safety elsewhere." Lynn Church Book.

WASHINGTON ALMANAC FOR 1818-1819, printed in Philadelphia
by D. Dickinson, interleaved, contains the following records of local
interest :

1818 Feby 4. Delaware frozen over, good skating.

Feby 15. Clear and very cold ; hundreds of people on the Delaware.

Feby 28. At 3 p.m. ice in the Delaware broke up.

March 2. The Delaware so freed from ice as to allow all the vessels
to arrive which had been detained below.

March 4- Continued heavy rain.

March 5. About 2 a.m. the wind shifted suddenly to N. W. followed
by snow storm.

May 2. Snow and frost.

June 28. Thermometer at 2 p.m. 90°.

June 29. Thermometer at 4 p. m. 92°.

July 12. (Sunday), Very warm, Therm. 95°, 4. p.m.

Dec. 5-6. Hurricane at S. E., great deal of damage done to the
shipping.

Dec. 19. Very cold, the Delaware full of ice, navigation nearly
closed.

Decbr 25. Christmas, weather moderate.

Dec. 31. Rainy.

1819, Jany. 31. The weather, for the season, so very pleasant, the
like not known for fifty years. No ice in the Delaware.

Feby. 1-10. Very pleasant weather, some days extremely sultry.
Saw a honey suckle bush out in leaves.

March 9. Masonic hall destroyed by fire, which began at 8 p.m. and
lasted until midnight ; at half-past nine the steeple fell. It was dedi-
cated in 1811, and cost $20,000.

March 11. A meeting of Masons took place at Washington Hall ;
decided to rebuild the Hall ; about 1000 present.

How THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY OF THE DECLARATION OF INDE-
PENDENCE WAS CELEBRATED IN PHILADELPHIA. — The Penmylranw
Gazette, Pennsylvania Journal, and Henry Miller's Pennsylvanischer
Staatsbote for July 9th, and the Evening Post of July f>, 1777, contain
accounts of the unique manner in which the first anniversary of the
Declaration of Independence was celebrated in Philadelphia. The fol-
lowing is copied from the Evening Post : —

Yesterday the 4th of July, being the Anniversary of the Independence
of the United States of America, was celebrated in this city with dem-
onstrations of joy and festivity. About noon all the armed ships and
gallies in the river were drawn up before the city, dressed in the gayest

Notes and Queries. 373

manner, with the colours of the United States and streamers displayed.
At one o'clock, the yards being properly manned, they began the cele-
bration of the day by a discharge of thirteen cannon from each of the
ships, and one from each of the thirteen gallies, in honor of the Thirteen
United States.

In the afternoon an elegant dinner was prepared for Congress, to
which were invited the President and Supreme Executive Council, and
Speaker of the Assembly of this state, the General Officers and Colonels
of the army, and strangers of eminence, and the Members of the several
Continental Boards in town. The Hessian band of music, taken in
Trenton the 26th of December last, attended and heightened the festivity
with some fine performances suited to the joyous occasion, while a corps
of British deserters, taken into the service of the continent by the state
of Georgia, being drawn up before the door, filled up the intervals with
feux de joie. After dinner a number of toasts were drank, all breathing
indepeudance, and a generous love of liberty, and commemorating the
memories of those brave and worthy patriots who gallantly exposed their
lives, and fell gloriously in defence of freedom and the righteous cause
of their country.

Each toast was followed by a discharge of artillery and small arms,
and a suitable piece of music by the Hessian band.

The glorious fourth of July was reiterated three times, accompanied
with triple discharges of cannon and small arms, and loud huzzas that
resounded from street to street through the city. Towards evening
several troops of horse, a corps of artillery, and a brigade of North-
Carolina forces, which was in town on its way to join the grand army,
were drawn up in Second-street, and reviewed by Congress and the
General Officers. The evening was closed with the ringing of bells, and
at night there was a grand exhibition of fireworks (which began and con-
cluded with thirteen rockets) on the Commons, and the city was beauti-
fully illuminated. Everything was conducted with the greatest order
and decorum, and the face of joy and gladness was universal.

Thus may the fourth of July, that glorious and ever memorable day,
be celebrated through America, by the sons of freedom, from age to age
time shall be no more. Amen, and amen.

LETTERS OF GENERAL THOMAS GAGE TO SIR WM. JOHNSON.

NEW YORK October 14th 1764
DEAR SIR,

I have received your Letter of the 30th of Septr and herewith transmit
you the memorandum mentioned before, concerning your warrant ; which
upon a nicer Inspection I find, that I had entirely mistaken. The
vouchers to be lodged in the secretary's office here, are for the Southern
Department only, and do not concern you. I therefore return you the
only voucher you sent me, so that all is right again.

It is not easy to Judge what the Shawnese and Delawares will do, or
what Colonel Bradstreet will do ; if He is fed up with Hopes, and his
People not come in. I was from the Beginning of opinion that the Indians
would keep them, looking with some Reason upon their Negotiations
only as a Deceit. The Philadelphia Paper which arrived yesterday still
mentions their infesting the Frontier of Virginia.

374: Notes and Queries.

I have just got Letters from Col" Bradstreet of the 12th of Sepf from
Detroit, Since Major Gladwin's Departure the ottawas Chippewas &c.
had made their Peace. I transmit you a Copy of their Treaty. Pondiac
was at the Miamie with all the Twigtwees and Indians of the onabache
which could be collected. Captain Morris of the 17th saw them all in
his way to the Ilinois. Pondiac still despotick, but was become tracta-
ble, and was to meet Col° Bradstreet at Sandusky, to treat, I understand,
for Himself. The Army was to set off for Sandusky about the 14th of
Septr.

Colonel Bouquet was at F. Pitt on the 26th ulmo and passed the ohio
a few Days afterwards. He had had an Accidental Interview with some
Delawar Indians, whom he reproached for their traiterous Infraction of
their late Negotiations, which He gave for Reason of his Marching on ;
and sent some of them to inform their Nations of it, and to Send their
Chiefs to him, to give satisfaction for their Murders. He proposed to
send others with some of his own People, with Letters to Colonel Brad-
street, and to detain a number of the Indians as Hostages for their Safety.
The Mohawks and other Indians you sent to Him, had not then joined
Him.

The French seem resolved to give us all the Trouble they can, I
was in Hopes they were moved away by this time, and had given up
New Orleans to Spain. I have had no news from the Southward this
long Time.

What you observe about calling the Indians to frequent Conferences
may no Doubt have a very good Effect. The Neglect of this was said to
be in part the Reason of their not being hearty in our Cause, the Begin-
ning of last War. This and Many other Expedients may be necessary
to cement our union with them ; and a great deal will depend, on our
finishing our Matters with the Shawnese and Delawares. A Little Time
will clear this up, and we shall then judge, what is proper to be done,
upon the whole. Our Concerns with Indians are now greatly extended
by our Acquisitions in the late war. And we seem to have occasion for
some settled, uniform, System for the Management of Indian Affairs.
The Number of your Deputys, Interpreters &c. should be increased, and
the several Nations with whom they are to deal, allotted to them. To
begin at Detroit and take in the whole Country from thence round by
Missilimakinak and by the Ilinois River to Fort-Chartres, and from
thence down the Mississipi and up the Ohio to Fort-Pitt, seems the
Tract of Country immediately under our Consideration. The rest is
under your own Eye or your Deputy in Canada. You will be so good
as to take this rough sketch under your Consideration and think of what
Plan will be the best to pursue, for a general System, additions or alter-
ations may be made afterwards, as Experience shall direct. Conferences
may possibly be so managed in the different Districts as to embrace the
whole. The Trade is another Consideration, for which I hear Commis-
sarys will be appointed. The Treatment of the Indians at the Posts is
likewise Material, and that shall be regulated. You know the Posts we
occupy, the Quantity and nature of the Presents to be furnished the
officers Commdg and on what Accounts they are chiefly to be given de-
serves also to be mentioned. I throw out loose thoughts as they occurr.
You will be the best Judge what is worth adopting and what Rules are
the most proper to establish.

You will probably soon have occasion of an Interview with some of

Notes and Queries. 375

the Senecas ; and may sound them concerning the Carrying Place, we
may make a Merit of every thing we do in their Favor as they have by
Treaty given up the whole. I am with great Regard,

Dear Sir,

Your most obedient,

humble Servant,
SIR WM JOHNSON, BART. THOS GAGE.

NEW YORK Decr 80lh 1765
DEAR SIR,

Captain Stirling got safe to the Ilinois on the 9th of October, and came
so unexpectedly and suddenly upon them, that there was no Time to
form Plots or to cabal against him. He immediately got Possession of
Fort Chartres, which he says is the best Fort in America. The Indians
were at first frightened and came running with Pipes of Peace and Belts,
but no sooner the saw the smallness of his Detachment than they became
very insolvent. There was no Ace* of Major Farmar on the 10th of
October, but I hope the 34ih Reg1 will get up before the winter. Captain
Stirling complains of the want of an Interpreter or Indian Agent, and I
write to Mr. Croghan to send M°Kee or Smallman, who are all now at
Philadelphia : Wharton & C° intend sending some Boat-Loads of Goods
from Fort Pitt, immediately, unless the Frost setts in to prevent them.
A Letter from one of the Officers at Fort-Chartres says, near 4000 Indians
come there every year. The French have formed two settlements on
the opposite Side of the River.

I have received your Letter of 21st Ins' inclosing a Court of Enquiry
held at Niagara. It's to be hoped that the Murtherer maybe discovered,
that the savages may have no Pretence to break with us. The Intelli-
gence you have received from Lieu* Colonel Campbele and Cap* Howard
may be true or false, but we have Reason to suspect the Ponteatamies
who have been ready for all Mischief; and don't seem ever to have been
thoroughly reconciled to us. And the Chippewas are People of the
same Character. The ottawas seemed a better kind of Indian, and we
had reason to hope from Pondiac's Behavior, that He and his Nation
were now reconciled. Lieu1 Colonol Campbele will doubtless be upon
his Guard and thro' means of the Hurons may be able to learn the
Truth of these Reports.

I have wrote to Cap* Murray at Fort Pitt about condoling with the
shawnese in the Manner you desire ; and have mentioned the same thing
to Mr Croghan. Cap* Murray can do it if there is any Person who can
assist him as Interpreter, but it might be better if M°Kee was present,
and I imagine that Mr Croghan will send him up.

With Respect to the supposed Murtherer of the Indian, I imagine he
may be taken up on the Evidences of the Persons examined at Niagara ;
or perhaps the Court of Enquiry may be sufficient. And on that Ace* I
return it to you. And if the Description of Him and the Circumstances
which shall appear further on his examination are transmitted to the
Detroit proper Evidences may be procured there to prosecute him.
I am with great Regard

Dear Sir,

Your most obedient

humble Servant

To SIR WM JOHNSON. THOS GAGE.

376 Notes and Queries.

SOME FAMILY EXPENSES or A CENTURY AGO. — The following items
have been selected from the "Family Expense Book" of a well-known
gentleman of this city, about a century ago :

To Daniel Jandon, for 90 days schooling of daughter $6.

JReport.

Late ... 0 . . times.

Absent . . . 2 . . "

Missed . . . 40 . . "

Merit . . . 40 . . "
Behaviour Xo. 1.

Receives a . Premium.

2 Pyramids of Ice Cream 3 pts each $3.75 2 Ibs cakes $1.

1 Silver Tea Pot, $38.15 ; 1 Silver Water Pot. $35. 10 ; 1 Sugar Dish
$25.03 ; 1 Silver Slop Bowl, $20.08 ; 1 Cream Ewer, 12.9 ; 132 oz 5 @
2. 30 $304. 17.

Port Wine, $9. per doz.; Ale, Porter and Cider per doz. $1.25; Cham-
pagne $20. per doz. ; French Brandy, $2. 50 per gal.

White silk gloves, $7.50 per doz.; tan silk gloves, $4. per doz.: white
figured Satin, 90cperyd ; Canton Crepe Shawl, $4.80; Umbrella, $2.25;
bottle of Lavender, $1.50; Pomatum, 25c; Leghorn hats, $9. @ $13.;
1 Bot. Cologne, 75c ; 1 plaid coat, $10.; 1 pr. Corsets, $3.50; 1 bonnet
$9.50; Lace vail, $8. ; Black silk velvet, $2.50 per yd; Bottle silk velvet,
$3. pr yd. ; Drab silk velvet, $4. pr yd. ; Trimming Leghorn hat with
feathers, $5.; Ladies Patent Lever, Gold dial watch, engine turned
case, Rose edges, $122.

Dental bill: Cleaning teeth, filing and cutting out 4 decays, filling 4
cavities with gold, $26.50.

Rent of Harp for 6 mo. $31.25; 1 qr. instruction on Harp, $50.;
Guitar and case, $18.; 1 qr. instruction on piano, $18.; 1 qr. tuition
in French, $8.; Philada. Academy, 1 quarter $20.; University of Penn-
sylvania, Freshmans Class, 1 quarter, $20.; Miss Bazeley's school, $50.
per qr. ; Dancing per qr. $10.

1 Trunk, with engraved brass plate, $11.; Regent's blue cloth coat
with velvet collar, $42.50; Black Beaver hat, $8t; 1 pr. boots, $7.; silk
suspenders, $1.; 1 pair horses, $375.; Fancy chairs $6. each, arm
chair $9.; 1 large wing'd wardrobe, $120.

1 Stove, $28.; Imperial Tea, $2.78 per lb.; 1 bbl. Superfine Flour,
$14.25; J peck ice daily per week, $1.; Ham, 16c per lb. ; Venison,
15c per lb.

Purchase of pew in St Stephen's P. E. Church, $255; dues on 1 share
Library Company of Philadelphia, 15 shillings.

EXTRACTS FROM THE REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN OF THE HISTOR-
ICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA FOR THE YEAR 1910.

The following selections have been made from the annual report of
Dr. John W. Jordan, Librarian of the Historical Society of Pennsyl-
vania, for the year 1910. The accessions of books, 1458; pamphlets,
4228; manuscripts, 1461; and miscellaneous, 1113. The following are
deserving of special mention :

Notes and Queries. 377

Benjamin West Collection of 7 royal folios of manuscripts and
sketches, 2 sketch books ; oil portraits of George III and Queen
Charlotte, by West; portrait of West, by Sir Thomas Lawrence.

Newspapers, 11 vols., Directories of Philadelphia, model of steam
yacht Dorothea, presented to the U. S. Government, from Thomas
McKean.

Letter of Admiral Robley D. Evans, U. S. N., describing the destruc-
tion of the Spanish fleet off Santiago, from Capt. J. B. O'Neil.

Silver watch of Washington, and letter of Washington to Major
George Lewis, from William Alexander Smith.

13 Books, 232 pamphlets and 212 miscellaneous, from Hon. James
T. Mitchell.

304 pamphlets, from Dr. S. Solis Cohen.

India ink portrait of Dr. William Shippen the elder ; miniature of
Col. Isaac Roberdeau, by Rembrandt. Peale, from Roberdeau Bu-
chanan.

Silver castor of Jonathan Mifflin, from Mrs. James Mifflin.

Oil portrait of Thomas Mifflin, by Copley, from estate Mrs. William
Mifflin.

2 oil paintings of naval engagements by Thomas Birch, from estate
of W. C. Kehmle.

Watch of Count Donop, killed at Fort Mercer, from W. H. Ram-
borger.

Portrait from life of Major Gen. Anthony Wayne, by Elouis, from
Mrs. Joseph W. Drexel.

Mahogany secretary bookcase, used by Lafayette, from Mrs. W. C.
Hew ee.

8 Mahogany chairs, purchased at the sale of effects of President
Washington in Philadelphia, bequest of Elizabeth Burkhart.

Illustrated genealogy in manuscript of the Hare-Powel family, from
Robert J. Hare Powel.

Oil portrait of Daniel Webster ; unframed portraits of Washington,
Napoleon and Webster, and a bronze bust of Washington, from estate
Frank Hazeltine.

Oil painting "The Parting of the Boats," (Jeanette Artie Expedi-
tion,) by Briscoe, from Mrs. Fannie Muhr.

Oil portrait Major W. S. Diller, and his military papers, from bequest
LeRoy Diller.

"Journal C. " of Dr. John Morgan, 1781-88, containing a list of the
members of the American Philosophical Society, 1769-1774, purchased
by the Society.

20 vols. English Parish Registers, 7 vols. books, 76 pamphlets, from
W. Brooke Rawle, 329 Manuscripts, from Theodore M. Hart. 188
Manuscripts, relating to the Civil War, from Mrs. Hannah Schmitt.

369 Manuscripts, Muster Rolls and Certificates of Bounty Fund, from
the Christopher Sower Co.

24 books, 90 pamphlets, from Miss Juliana Wood. 14 vols. of
Records from the Genealogical Society, viz. Bucks Co. Marriages and
early wills, 1677-1686 ; Delaware Co. Wills, 1786-1835 ; Records
Orphans' Court of Philadelphia 1716-1755; Marriage license bonds,
New Castle Co., Delaware, 1744-1836; Records Salem Reformed Church,
Dover, 1745-1907 (2 vols.); Records Evangelical Lutheran Church,
Upper Milford, Penna.; Tombstone inscriptions Trinity P. E. Church,

378 Notes and Queries.

Southwark, Philada., Records Zions Lutheran Church, Lehigh Co.,
Penn.; 1758-1903; Record of interments, Asbury M. E. Church,
Philada.; 1829-1868; Docket of John Wilson, Bucks Co., Penna. 1779-
1805; Records St. Andrews P. E. Church, Philada., 1823-1905; Welsh
settlers of Hilltown and New Britain, Penna.; Records Evangelical
Lutheran Church, Oley, Berks Co., Penna., 1753-1799. Valuable
donations to the Society have also been made by the following members
and friends: Louis Ashbrook, H. G. Ashmead, N. W. Ayres & Sons,
Thomas Willing Balch, Miss Emily Bell, Mrs. H. M. Berlin, Robert
M. Beath, Charles S. Bradford, Charles H. Browning, O. C. Bosby-
shell, Hampton L. Carson, Mrs. Hampten L. Carson, Charles A. Con-
verse, Miss Josephine H. Carr, Richard Y. Cooke, John B. Clement,
the Misses Cresson, Gherardi Davis, Herbert Duprey, Elbert J. Edwards,
H. Frank Eshleman, the Misses Elliott, Herman Faber, Howard 0.
Folker, Charles C. French; E. Burd, Foster C. Griffith, G. W. B.
Hicks, Mrs. T. R. Harper, Miss Mary Stockton Hunter, John J. L.
Houston, Charles Henry Hart, Joseph F. Jackson, John W. Jordan,
Ewing Jordan, William H. Jordan, Gregory B. Keen, Francis Fisher
Kane, De B. Randolph Keim, Dr. Henry Leffman, William H. Lam-
bert, Arthur H. Lea, William Leveritt, William W. Longstreth, John
K. Lacock, Mrs. E. L. Marshall, Dr. C. K. Mills, the Misses Murray,
M. R. Muckle, Horace Magee, J. Hampton Moore, W. Nelson Mayhew,
Clarence B. Moore, John B. McPherson, John Marshall, John P.
Nicholson, Dr. Geo. W. Nains, William Nelson, E. P. Oberholtzer,
Samual W. Pennypacker, William A. Patton, Geo. Ransberry, Francis
Rawle, Francis X. Reuss, Miss Mary J. Stille, Mrs. W. Hinckle Smith,
D. Mc N. Stauffer, T. Guilford Smith, Miss Tenbrook, C. H. B. Turner,
H. T. Underdown, C. H. Vinton, Joseph Willcox, Stephen W. White,
John R. Witcraft, Mrs. Talcott Williams, Mrs. Ashbel Welch and
George F. P. Wanger.

During the year, the steel cases for the newspaper files were erected,
and the papers arranged by States chronologically.

EXTRACTS FROM THE DIARY OF THE MORAVIAN CONGREGATION
AT OLDMANS CREEK, N. J., 1777-78. Rev. Frederick Schmidt, pastor.

September 11. All day long there was a heavy cannonading, and
afterwards we heard that a battle had taken place between the two
armies at the Brandywine River.

September 26. Henry Miller, the printer and bookseller, arrived from
Philadelphia.

September 27. Nicholas Garrison and wife came from Philadelphia as
fugitives. Miller was lodged with Mrs. Gill, and the Garrisons with us
at the parsonage.

October 1. All are in alarm ! Henry Miller leaves for Reading, Penna.
An English troop has landed three miles from here.

October 22. Fearful cannonading shook the house like an earthquake.
(It was the action at Red Bank).

December 3. Twenty American militiamen were quartered in the
parsonage.

1778, February. American militiamen are again quartered in the
parsonage.

Notes and Queries. 379

February 25. Over two thousand English troops pass, on their way
to Salem. The house was full of soldiers — polite, but carry off trifles.

February 26. The Garrisons leave for Bethlehem, having been here
five months. There is talk of flight amongst the neighbors. My wife
and self are determined to remain.

May 10. Many militiamen attended the services.

June 1%. A skirmish took place near by between the English and
the militiamen : one of the latter was killed. A report prevails that the
English were about to march through Jersey, to kill and to set fire to
everything.

June 21. We heard this week that the English army had left Phila-
delphia and are marching towards New York.

October 4. A new alarm. English troops have landed at Egg Harbor,
and many of our local militiamen have been ordered thither.

In 1780, reference is made to the difficulties of travel and the interrup-
tion of communication with the outside world, owing to the destruction
of the bridges. The winter following was one of exceptional severity,
the ink in Pastor Schmidt's inkstand freezing.

AMONG THE WHARTON PAPERS, in the Manuscript Division of the
Historical Society of Pennsylvania, are many interesting items relating
to the school days of Charles Mifflin. Supplementing what was pub-
lished in PENNSYLVANIA MAGAZINE, Vol. xxxiii, p. 365, are the

following : —

I Began January 3 to Keep a Diary in which time I said 38 morning
Lessons in Eng. Gramr : I Kecited 21 morning Lessons in Eng. Syntax,
Read Eng. History 123 Attended Remarks on the Same once Had Ex-
ercises in Geography & Maps 5 times Recited 118 Cord eri us Lessons
Attended Lectures & Exercises 123 times. Wrote 30 Copies Head of
the Second Class 9 times Foot name Head of the First, twice Foot none
Had Tryals for Places 12, 1 was Head twice M. Raser 4 times C. Bensel
twice I Neglee once T. Livesey C. Engle Geo. Mifflin once Attended
Divine Service at the Friends meeting 11 time Read 80 Chapters in the
Holy Bible Absent none Omitted morning Lessons twice.

1764 March Masters Certificate that Charles Mifflin has Performed his
School Exercises in General Well makes Proficiency in Eng. Parsing &
Latin but is too remiss in his morning Lessons which will put him be-
hind his Class, if he does not Mend.

P. WEBSTER.

To MR THOS WHARTON,
his Guardian.

German town Decmr 18, 1764 Receiv'd of Thomas Wharton the Sum.
of Seven pounds Sixteen shillings being in full for one quarters board
of Charles Mifflin & for sixpence p Week supplied said Charles during
this Quarter, which ended the 10th of this Month rec'd for rny husband
James Delaplain

£7.16.0. ANN DELAPLEAIN

380 Notes and Queries.

DODD-HOLLAND and other family records, copied from Bible of
Mrs. Charles Jones, Lewes, Delaware, and contributed by Eev. C. H.
B. Turner.

William Dodd the son of Wm Dodd and Elizabeth his wife was Born
September the 14th 1775

Elenore Bruce Daughter of Alexander Bruce and Ester his wife was
Born May the 26th 1778

Eliza Turner Dodd Daughter of Wm Dodd and Elenore his wife was
Born September the 17th 1799

Maria Dodd the Daughter of Wm Dodd and Elenore his wife was Born
October the 24th day Anno Domini 1801

Comfort Bruce Dodd daughter of Wm Dodd and Elenor his Wife was
Born Feb. 11th 1804

Hannah Dodd Daughter of Wm Dodd & Elenor his Wife was Born
December the 25th Day Anno Domini 1805

Elenor Bruce Dodd Daughter of Wm Dodd and Elenor his Wife was
Born April the 14th 1808

Joseph Hazlett Dodd son of Wra Dodd and Elenor his Wife was Bora
October 6th 1810

Amy Dodd Daughter of Wm Dodd & Elenor his Wife was Born April
the 22th Anno Domini 1814

William Alexander Dodd the Son of Wm Dodd and Elenor his Wife
was Born August the 11th day Anno Domini 1820

Ebenezer the Son of John Holland & Elizabeth his Wife was Born
Sept 4th 1801

Maria Holland the Daughter of Ebenezer Holland and Eliza T.
Holland his wife was Born June the 18th 1827

Ann Bobbins Holland the Daughter of Ebenzer Holland & Eliza his
Wife was Born January the 7th 1829

Hetty Elenor Holland Daughter of Ebenezer Holland and Eliza his
Wife was Born June 21th 1831

Hannah Newbold Holland the Daughter of Ebenezer Holland and
Eliza his Wife was Born March 22, 1833

Joseph Holland the Son of Ebenezer Holland and Eliza his Wife was
Born September the 12th 1835

Tabitha Holland Daughter of Ebenezer Holland and Eliza his Wife
was Born February the 11th 1837

William Dodd Holland the Son of Ebenezer Holland and Eliza his
Wife was Born March the 22nd 1839

John Paynter Holland the Son of Ebenezer Holland and Eliza his
Wife was Born August the 6th 1841

Albert Bruce Holland the Son of Ebenezer Holland & Eliza his Wife
was Born January the 4th 1846

Hannah N Lank the Daughter of John C. Lank and Hannah his
Wife was Born November the 14th 1859

Mary Alif Daughter of Joseph Aylif and Amy his Wife Departed
this life May the 14th Day about 6 oclock in the morning, Anno Domini
1803. Supposed to be about Seventy years of Age

Hannah Newbold the wife of James Newbold departed this life
August the 15th in the year of Our Lord 1825 Supposed to be 73 years
2 months old

William Dodd departed this life March the 31st in the year of Our
Lord 1838.

Aged 62 years 6 months & 16 days

Notes and Queries. 381

Eleanor Dodd Departed this Life April the 3d day in the year of Our
Lord 1840

Aged 61 years 10 mo. & 23 days

Wallace W. White and Tabitha Holland were married December 24
1862

John P. Holland and Maggie A. White were married December 29th
1868

Maggie A. Holland, wife of John P. Holland, departed this life
August 18, 1869

Ebenezer Holland & Eliza T. Dodd were Married May the 3d 1826

Hannah N. Lank the Daughter of Ebenezer Holland and Eliza his
Wife Departed this life the 24 Day of December 1859. Age 26 years
9 months 2 days

COPY OF THE NONCUPATIVE WlLL AND PROBATE. OF JOHN HlLL,

DECEASED.

Contributed by Rev. C. H. B. Turner.

Sussex County ) The Last Will & Testament t>f John Hill of
to Wit } Angola Neck in Sussex County deceased. Declared

by word of mouth on the 10th day of November 1777. (being then sick
of the sickness whereof he died) In the presence of us the Subscribers
who Sign our names as Witnesses thereof which words so spoken were
as follows, before Mary Day. Molloy must have schooling and Sib, the
Chest witli all her mothers Cloaths the rest must be divided and Ezekiel
West must pay himself out of it.

her

Witness Jn° Taylor.

Before Sarah Hazzard upon her asking John Hill what he meant to
do with his Children. He said he left all his Children, and what there
was to Ezekiel West to School his Children and pay himself.

her
Sarah A Hazzard

mark
Witness Jn° Taylor

Before Margaret West, John Hill talking to Ezekiel West said take
all the Children and all what I have.

her
Margaret M West

mark
Witness Jn° Taylor.

Before William Blizard Jnr John Hill speaking to Ezekiel West
said take the Children, take care of them take all what I have after
Policy has her mothers Cloaths and Chest, and my debts paid let the
rest be divided amongst the other three.

William Blizard

Witness Jn° Taylor.

Be it remembered that on the Tenth day of November, 1777 before
me Phillips Kollock, Reg1' for the probate of Wills & Granting Letters

382 Notes and Queries.

of Administration for the County of Sussex Personally appeared Sarah
Hazzard, Mary Day & William Blizard and made Oath on the holy
Evangelists of Almighty God, That John Hill late of Sussex County
Yeoman deceased in the Annexed paper writing mentioned did declare
by word of mouth on the day therein mentioned to Wit the 10th day of
November last past (he being then in his own dwelling house and sick
of the Sickness whereof he died) in the presence of the said deponants
did pronounce the Contents of the paper writing afsd to be his Will &
Desire & that at the time of the doing thereof the said deceased was to
the best of their apprehensions of sound and disposing mind memory
and understanding And that the words so pronounced by the said de-
ceased were committed to writing on the 13th day of November, 1777.
by these deponants

^ her

Sworn & Subscribed the day and year I SarahJ^Hazzard

first above mentioned (

William Blizard
Before Phillips Kollock, Regr.

LETTER J. MOORE TO FREEHOLDERS OF CEDAR CREEK HUNDRED.
Contributed by Rev. C. H. B. Turner, Lewes, Delaware. —

Gent.

I am informed that a great number of the inhabitants Freeholders of
your hundred have been stopp'd from coming to Town to choose your
Convention Men occasioned by a resolve of the Committee of Inspection
as is supposed, whereby it is directed that the election of the Conven-
tion Men are to be held in the respective Hundreds of the County, in
the first place, The committee had as much right to make such resolve
as the King of France & no more, secondly By an express resolve of
the Committee of Inspection pass'd some time ago not less than two
thirds of the whole committee of the County were enabled to do business
and it is beyond a doubt that not more than twenty of the Committee
were there this a number of the inhabitants of your Hundred hears
from Mr Groves on Saturday last.

This appears to be a mere stroke of those persons to avoid your giv-
ing your votes at a time when they are more necessary than it ever was
at any election, because what it to be done by the Convention is to last
while the Government lasts.

The Committee in their resolves set out with an absolute falsehood
because they say this County was not represented in the late house of
Assembly, which is not so as three Members of the County were there,
beside if this County was not represented in Assembly how cou'd this
County be represented in Committee when not more than twenty persons
were there, who were not a quorem under the resolve afsd.

But the Committee had no right to make such resolve because the
people at the time they were chosen invested them with no such power
at the time they were chosen, nor have they it by any order of Congress
consequently they had no more right to make any such resolve (as I
have said before) than they had to make Laws to bind us in all cases
whatsoever, because it appears to be no more than an attempt to de-
prive you of the right which you have hitherto enjoyed as freemen.

Yrs

To the Freeholders inhabitants of J. Moore.

Cedar Creek Hundred.

Notes and Queries. 383

Queries.

BRIG " NEGOCIATOR. " — Particulars are requested relating to the
wreck of the Brig "Negotiator," Capt. James Nicoll, of Philadelphia.
She is said to have been wrecked in 1809. — Data concerning Capt. Nicoll
is also wanted.

WILLIAM ABBOTT,

141 East 25th Street,

New York City.

ST. JAMES CHURCH, KINGSESSING. — Do any of the readers of the
PENNSYLVANIA MAGAZINE know of an engraving or sketch of any kind
of St. James Church, Kingsessing, prior to its being enlarged in 1855?

IHotices.

HARRISON, WAPLES, AND ALLIED FAMILIES. Being the Ancestry
of George Leib Harrison of Philadelphia, and of his wife Sarah Ann
Waples. By their son William Welsh Harrison, LL.D., Philadelphia.
Printed for private circulation only. One hundred copies printed on
Whatman's hand-made paper and one on vellum ; 176 pages, 83 illus-
trations and chart of ancestry.

This exceptionally handsome, well printed and superbly bound book,
with eighty-two photogravures, gives the history of the Harrison family
from about the year 1375, to the present time. The Harrisons were of
Greystoke and Thurstonfield in Cumberland, England, and were among
the early followers of the Quaker George Fox.

John Harrison of Philadelphia, son of Thomas Harrison, the emigrant,
was a prominent chemist and the first successful manufacturer of sul-
phuric acid in America. He was Recorder of Philadelphia and one of
the first Board of Managers of the Franklin Institute. He married
Lydia Leib, sister of Dr. Michael Lieb, Postmaster of Philadelphia,
United States Senator and General of the militia. Their son George
Leib Harrison, LL.D., of Philadelphia, Philanthropist, and President
of the Board of Public Charities, was the father of Mrs. William West
Frazier, Charles Custis Harrison, LL.D., late Provost of the University
of Pennsylvania, Alfred Craven Harrison, William Welsh Harrison,
LL.D., and Mitchell Harrison.

The ancestry of Sarah Ann Waples has been carefully traced through
Delaware, Maryland and Virginia, and the maternal lines of Custis,
Wise, West, Scarburgh, Thorogood and other prominent Virginia fami-
lies have been interestingly described. The copy of this book presented
to the Historical Society by Dr. Harrison has already attracted consider-
able attention, which it well merits. The researches in this country and
abroad were made by William M. Mervine, genealogist, of Philadelphia.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OP LISTS OF NEW ENGLAND SOLDIERS. — By Mary
Ellen Baker, A.B. Boston, 1911. 8vo., pp. 56.

This bibliography of lists of New England soldiers who have served
in the regular army and volunteer armies of the United States, whether

384 Notes and Queries.

colonial or constitutional, is limited to printed books and pamphlets.
The data has been carefully collected and will be found very helpful to
all interested in the subject.

BARRATT'S CHAPEL AND METHODISM. — Historical Address delivered
before Forty-third Wilmington Annual Conference, at Asbury Methodist
Episcopal Church, Wilmington, Delaware, on Friday, March 7th, 1911.
By Hon. Norris S. Barratt. The Historical Society of Delaware ; 1911.
8vo., pp. 62. Illustrated.

"Barratt's Chapel and Methodism" is a volume of unusual histori-
cal and biographical merit, and contains much that is of more than
local interest. It was at this chapel that Bishops Coke and Asbury
first met in America, and arranged the preliminaries for forming the
Methodist Episcopal Church in this country. The book, throughout,
is a valuable contribution to the history of Methodism in the United
States. It is attractively printed and replete with illustrations.

TRAVELS IN THE CONFEDERATION, 1783-1784. — From the German
of Johann David Schoepf. Translated and edited by Alfred J. Morrison.
Philadelphia, 1911. 2 Vols. Price $6.00.

Dr. Schoepf 's travels, of which we gave notice in a recent number
of the Pennsylvania Magazine, has been published and is on sale by
William J. Campbell, of this city. The translation and editing shows
care and research, and the book is a credit to all concerned in the mak-
ing of it. As the edition is limited, copies should be secured promptly.

A CALENDAR OF DELAWARE WILLS, NEW CASTLE COUNTY,
1682-1800. — Abstracted and compiled by the Historical Research Com-
mittee of the Colonial Dames of Delaware. New York, 1911. 8vo.,
pp. 218.

The Historical Research Committee of the Delaware Society of the
Colonial Dames of America is to be highly commended for the publica-
tion of this work, for it will be found of the greatest value to genealo-
gists and of interest to historians. These abstracts have been made
none too soon, for many of the original wills, from frequent handling,
have suffered considerable defacement. A very full index of names will
be appreciated by all who consult the volume. Copies may be purchased
of Mrs. Mary B. Wright, 704 West Street, or Mrs. J. Ernest Smith,
Wilmington, Del., who compiled the work.

THE

PENNSYLVANIA MAGAZINE

OF

HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.

VOL. XXXV. 1911. No. 4

LAUREL HILL
AND SOME COLONIAL DAMES WHO ONCE LIVED THERE.

BY WILLIAM BROOKE RAWLE, ESQUIRE.

A paper read May 1, 1901, before the Society of The Colonial Dames
of America, Chapter II, Philadelphia, upon the opening of the Randolph
Mansion (as it is now called) in East Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, by
that organization, in whose care and custody it had been placed by the
Park Commissioners for restoration and occupancy.1

Members of the Society of The Colonial Dames of America,,
Ladies and Gentlemen: —

It is a common custom in these United States of ours
to treat as almost antediluvian the events which occurred
before the American Revolution. The result of that
glorious struggle for liberty and the rights of man was

1 Some of the following matter appears also in the account of " Laurel
Hill and the Rawle Family," in the Second Volume of "Some Colonial
Mansions and Those who Lived in Them," edited by Mr. Thomas Allen
Glenn. At the outbreak of the Spanish- American War Mr. Glenn entered
the Military Service, leaving the article unfinished, and Mr. Henry T.
Coates, the publisher of the book, requested me to finish it, which I did.
I have not had any hesitancy, therefore, in repeating to some extent in
this paper what I .myself wrote for the work mentioned. — W. B. R.

VOL. xxxv— 25 (385)

386 Lwwrel Hill.

certainly a deluge — political and social. But a mistake
is made, I think, in ignoring, to the extent which our
people generally do, the history of our country before
that great bouleversement. Especially in the minds of
your charming sex — whose thoughts, happily, are more
apt to be concerned with the present and the future than
with the past — there is a certain angelic halo of — what shall
I term it ?— mistiness— vagueness— concerning the historical
sequence and co-relation of events, which strikes with per-
plexity those of us mere men who are inclined to indulge in
historical research and to study the philosophy of history.
Among other things, we would suppose that a Society of
Colonial Dames would devote itself more than it does to
the study of the people of Colonial times and to the
publication of the manuscripts left by them, the preserva-
tion of the places, and the commemoration of the events
connected with the history of the American Colonies prior
to the day upon which their system of government as
Colonies came to an end — the Fourth of July, 1776. And
is not the motto of your Society "Colere Coloniarum
Gloriam"?1 When we see the very laudable and patriotic
steps taken by societies of Colonial complexion and name
in the way of commemorating events which occurred
after the Continental system had been inaugurated, we are
apt to ask ourselves whether those objects do not rather
come within the field of work of the Societies of the Sons,
and of the Daughters, of the Revolution? And this
reminds me of the reply of a bright young lawyer whom
we all know, when he was asked if he knew what name,
as contra-distinguished from that of your older organiza-
tion of Colonial Dames, a certain "other" Society pro-
posed to adopt — a Society strongly based on the memories
of the American Revolution — "Why, the 'Continental
Dames,' I suppose!"

1 To cherish the glory of the Colonies.

Laurel Hill 3-87

" Tell it not in Gath; publish it not in the streets of Askelon! "

It is therefore in the spirit of the motto of your Society
that I propose, in response to your invitation to say
something about the house in which we are assembled
to-day, and the people who lived in it in the long ago, to
tell you of some Colonial Dames of a Colonial family
who lived in Colonial times in this Colonial Mansion as
their summer home. But their Colonialism was taken
away from those ladies against their wills. There is no
necessary and inseparable connection between matters
Colonial and Toryism, as many people suppose, but in
their hearts those ladies remained loyal to the status quo
ante bellum, and Colonial Dames to the end of their
chapter.

Some years ago I amused myself by bringing together
and having copied, and to some extent editing, such
family letters and diaries of my Colonial Dames as had
been preserved, and from that interesting collection I
have taken much of what I shall read to you to-day. The
papers had been divided in bulk among the different
members of the family, without regard to form, subject-
matter, or chronological sequence, and it was no light
task, I assure you, to arrange them in order, for ladies
then, as now, had a way, most perplexing to men, of not
always fully dating their letters.

This house, wh ch has been placed in the care and
custody of your Society by the Commissioners of Fair-
mount Park, was built, it is said, in the year 1748, and
was owned by one Joseph Shute, from whose estate it
was purchased in the year 1760 by Francis Rawle of
Philadelphia, jointly with his brother-in-law Joshua
Howell, together with the seventy-six acres of land sur-
rounding it extending along the Schuylkill River from
the glens dividing the property from the Strawberry
Mansion tract on the North East and the Ormiston tract
on the South West, and running back to a lane then

388 Laurel Hill.

called the Whsahickon Road, which communicated with
the Ridge Road. The title was taken in Mr. Howell's
name, and a few days subsequently he conveyed to Mr.
Rawle the South Western portion, thirty-one acres of
land with this house upon it, then and for nearly eighty
years afterwards known as "Laurel Hill." Mr. Howell
retained the remaining forty-five acres of land and there
built for himself a country house, to which and its sur-
roundings he gave the name of "Edgely." The latter
house remained standing until after its acquisition by
the City of Philadelphia for park purposes.

By way of explanation let me state that it was not
until the year 1837 that the Cemetery Company was
incorporated, which gave the name of Laurel Hill to the
tract about one mile above this, now North Laurel Hill
Cemetery, and which had at one time been the country
seat of Joseph Sims, called "The Laurels." In former
days these bluffs along the river were noted for the
luxurious growth of the laurel, and hence the name.
Central Laurel Hill Cemetery was formerly the country
place of George Pepper, and known as "Fairy Hill,"
while South Laurel Hill Cemetery was at one time the
country seat of William Rawle, the son of Francis Rawle
just mentioned, and called "Harleigh."

Francis Rawle was born in Philadelphia in 1729. He
was an only child whose mother died at his birth, and
whose father died when his son was but twelve years of
age. He was a well educated, cultured gentleman of
ample means, and upon his reaching manhood he made
the "Grand Tour" of Europe, travelling extensively and
through various countries, as was the custom with those
of his station in life whose financial circumstances allowed
them to do so. Shortly after his return home he married,
in 1756, Rebecca, daughter of Edward Warner, a wealthy
and prominent citizen of Philadelphia, who while a
member of the Assembly was associated with Isaac Norris,
the Speaker, as a committee to obtain the bell for the

Laurel Hill 3'89

State House — that "Liberty Bell" with its wonderfully
prophetic legend selected by them: — "Proclaim Liberty
throughout all the land, unto all the Inhabitants thereof."

Francis Rawle did not live long to enjoy his beauti-
fully situated country home, for in June, 1761, he was
mortally wounded by the accidental discharge of his
fowling piece while shooting upon the meadows of another
estate of his, situated on the Delaware River at Po'nt-no-
point below Frankford. He left to survive him bes'des
his widow, three young children, all under four years of
age — Anna Rawle, who afterwards married John Clifford,
William Rawle, and Margaret Rawle, who afterwards
became the wife of Isaac Wharton.

By his Will Mr. Rawle left all his property, including
"Laurel Hill," to his widow, and there during the summer
months she and her infant children resided. In 1767
she married her first husband's intimate friend, Samuel
Shoemaker, himself a widower with several children—-
none of whom, however, except his son Benjamin, to be
mentioned hereafter, survived the Revolution. Between
"Laurel Hill" and Mr. Shoemaker's own beautiful country
seat, "Pomona Terrace," in Germantown, the united
families divided their time in summer.

Mr. Shoemaker was a charming, thoroughbred, well
educated and accomplished gentleman, of much culture,
fine presence and large means. He was the son of a
Member of the Governor's Council, and held many impor-
tant offices in Philadelphia under the Royal and Pro-
prietary governments. From 1755 to 1776, the end of
Colonial times, he was continually in office, during much
of the period holding several offices at the same time.
He was a Councilman, Alderman, Assemblyman, City
Treasurer, Mayor, Judge of the County Courts, and
Justice of the Peace. He and his father between them,
in those days of good municipal rule, when if they got
good men they kept them, held the office of City Treasurer
of Philadelphia without a break for twenty-five years —

390 Laurel Hill

from 1751 until the fall of the Proprietary government
in 1776.

He was devotedly attached to his step-children, and
they to him. Brought up as they had been under his im-
mediate care during the formative period of their minds
and characters, they could not but be influenced by the
example he set before them and the teachings of the
principles up to which he lived. They all by inheritance
were members of the Religious Society of Friends. An
officer under the Royal Government for such a length of
time, and in so many capac ties, in the filling of which
he had again and again pledged his allegiance to the
King, it could scarcely be imagined for an instant that
a man of his conscientious principles and integrity would
prove false to his liege lord. Nor cou'd the children and
their mother but absorb much of the atmosphere of
loyalty to the Crown, in which he lived and moved and
had his being. Like many others of his class and station
in life, he fully appreciated the errors into which those
obstinate and misguided men at the head of affairs in
Eng'and had fallen, and he joined in the signing of the
celebrated Non Importation Agreement of 1765. But
when, according to his views, affairs began to go from
bad to worse, he held back and stood aloof.

There are many, as I said before, who are inclined to
think that there can be no distinction between matters
Colonial and Toryism. If I linger awhile with you to-day
in the society of my Colonial Dames, do not accuse me
of endeavoring to inoculate you with any of their Tory
ideas or of attempting to give you a screed of Tory doc-
trine. But there are two sides to most questions, and
in an impartial study of our history one cannot but look
behind the curtain which has been drawn around some of
the events which occurred here in Philadelphia during the
Revolutionary War. It does not do even now, in public,
to delve too deeply into the subject, and stir up things
which have been allowed to slumber for so many years,

Laurel Hill. 391

for the people generally will not realize the fact that
here — I am confining myself to Philadelphia, for else-
where the case was different — the majority of the men
and women of education, refinement, wealth and high
social position, among both Churchmen and Quakers,
remained more or less loyal to the Crown — passively so,
or apparently neutral, for the most part to be sure — and
that they did not "give in their adhesion," as the expres-
sion was, to the new government until its establishment
had become an assured fact.

With the young men of the same social circles, however,
the spirit of liberty and independence, of military excite-
ment and glory was in the air, and many of them, not
only among those who had no religious handicap, but
also among the Quakers themselves, joined the Revolu-
tionary colors.

Under the old regime Philadelphia had surpassed all
the other cities of America in growth, prosperity and
success. It had the best local government of them all.
It was the leader in every element of progress, and the
equal of any of them in educational development. It
was the most advanced of them all in the refinement
and social culture of its upper classes. It was the me-
tropolis of the American Colonies. For the practical
enjoyment of life, liberty and happiness, of freedom of
thought and religious belief, and the security of worldly
possessions, Philadelphia had not its equal, far less its
superior, elsewhere. And all these things it owed to the
liberality and wise forethought vouchsafed by the Charter
which King Charles the Second of England had granted
to William Penn, and the Constitutional Privileges which
Penn had under it granted to its people. Is it to be
wondered at, therefore, that so many persons thought
that they had everything to lose and nothing to gain by
so complete a subversion of affairs ?

When in September, 1777, the British Army took pos-
session of Philadelphia, Mr. Shoemaker having twice

392 Laurel Hill

previously served as Mayor of the City, and also having
been a Judge of the County Courts and a Justice of the
Peace, was prevailed upon by General Sir William Howe
to take charge of its civil affairs in association with
Joseph Galloway, one of the leaders of the Bar. This
act rendered them both especially odious to the Whig or
Revolutionary party, and was the cause of the grievous
sorrow and trouble which soon after came upon " Laurel
Hill" and my Colonial Dames, and the consequent sweep-
ing away of the ample means which had once been theirs.

Mr. Galloway was an intimate friend of Mr. Shoemaker.
Their country places, "Laurel Hill" and "Ormiston,"
adjoined each other, and we can picture to ourselves
these two old cronies wandering or sitting on the banks
of the Schuylkill, or in the glen separating the places, or
among these lovely old trees, admiring the beautiful
landscape and condoling with each other upon the sad
state of affairs which, as they thought, their misguided
countrymen had brought to pass.

The members of a united family living together in
harmony have but little occasion to record the details
of their daily lives, so there is not much preserved relating
to " Laurel Hill" and its occupants until the troublous
times of the Revolutionary struggle came upon them.
During the first years of the Revolution the Rawle-
Shoemaker family continued to reside in Philadelphia,
spending, as usual, much of their time at " Laurel Hill."
Until the occupation of Philadelphia by the British, Mr.
Shoemaker had taken practically no part in the struggle.
But his association with Mr. Galloway in the Civil Gov-
ernment of the city during its occupation by the British
Army in the winter of 1777-78, to which I have referred,
brought matters to a crisis, and on March 6, 1778, the
State Legislature, then sitting at Lancaster, had declared
them and other prominent citizens guilty of high treason
and all their estates forfeited to the State, unless they
surrendered themselves by the twentieth day of Apri
following. This they did not do, and suffered the con-

Laurel Hill. 393

sequences. On June 17, 1778, a few days before the
evacuation of Philadelphia by the British Army, Mr.
Shoemaker sailed for New York with the fleet, accom-
panied by his step-son William Rawle, then a lad of nine-
teen years of age. The latter went at the urgent request
of his mother. Some idea of the discomforts which the
unfortunate refugees must have endured in travelling is
afforded by a letter of William Rawle to one of his sisters,
in which he states that they were two days and nights on
board a small sloop on their way down the Delaware
River to Reedy Island, near which they found the fleet
lying, and thirteen days on the passage from Philadelphia
to the Capes.

No sooner had the Revolutionary authorities returned
to Philadelphia than they proceeded to carry out the
strenuous measures against the Loyalists that the Con-
fiscation Act had provided for. As we learn from the
diary of Charles Willson Peale, the artist, who was an
ardent patriot and one of the agents for securing and
selling the forfeited estates, they immediately after the
evacuation set about fulfilling the duties of their offices.
They began, he says, with the property of those who were
of the most consideration among the unfortunates. Mrs.
Joseph Galloway, who remained after his departure in
the house of her husband, one of the attainted ones, was
the first to be visited. When they went there to dispos-
sess her, they found her counsel, Mr. Elias Boudinot,
with her. Against her will, and, at first, her physical
opposition, Peale succeeded in conducting her to General
Arnold's carriage, which was at the door, having been
supplied for the occasion. "The same sort of business,"
he writes, "they were likely to have with Mrs. Shoe-
maker, but on that occasion Mr. Boudinot agreed to
give peaceable possession on the morning following, which
terms were accepted by the agents, as they wished to
make things as easy as they could with those whose mis-
fortune it was to come within their notice."

394 Laurel Hill

The Act provided that after twelve months the real
estates of the attainted Tories should be sold. Conse-
quently, all of Mr. Shoemaker's landed property, which
was extensive, was on April 12, 1779, ordered to be sold
at public sale by the State agents for the confiscated
estates, among the rest his delightful home on the north
side of Arch (then Mulberry) Street above Front, one of
the finest residences in the city. In their eagerness they
likewise seized and sold much of Mrs. Shoemaker's own
property, as well as that which had come to her from her
first husband, Francis Rawle, who had made her the sole
devisee of his estate, including " Laurel Hill."

In those days ("unenlightened" — " barbarous" — days
you will probably call them), all the property of a married
woman, even her spring bonnets and frocks and jewelry*
belonged to her husband. Her personal estate upon mar-
riage became his absolutely; her real estate his for his
life. The handsome fortune which Mr. Rawle had left to
his wife was unfortunately not preserved for his children,
and in consequence it was almost entirely swept away
by the zealous action of some of the Revolutionary party,
all because of the political difficulties which had come
upon Mr. Shoemaker.

After the breaking up of the family home communica-
tion between those who went to New York and those
who remained in Philadelphia became exceedingly diffi-
cult. The sending of correspondence through the military
lines without permission was prohibited, and much of
theirs was seized and destroyed. Notwithstanding this,
however, frequent opportunities were taken to elude the
authorities. Fictitious names were used and many of the
allusions and messages are now unintelligible. There was
one method of communication which seems to have been
winked at, if not allowed — that of sending the local
newspapers from New York to Philadelphia, and from
Philadelphia to New York. Advantage was taken of
this to convey to each other information of different sorts.

Laurel Hill 3'95

Many numbers of Rivington's " Royal Gazette" which
Mr. Shoemaker sent to hi& wife, with brief messages
written on the margins, have been preserved, and are
now in the Loganian Library in Philadelphia.

Mrs. Shoemaker was a woman of decided character,
strong in her feelings, and apparently of great fluency in
expressing what she wished to say, and she was an ardent
Loyalist. Women then, as now, were apt to go to extreme ^ <i*
lengths in their feelings and expressions in times of great ^*^v
political excitement, and were thus apt sometimes to get
themselves into trouble. After her husband and son had
been some months in New York Mrs. Shoemaker applied
to the State authorities for permission to join them there.
This was refused, and refused again in May, 1779, as it
would be, they said, "inconsistent with the interest of the
State." She was summoned before the Supreme Execu-
tive Council in March, 1780, in consequence of the inter-
ception of some of her journals, which showed that she
had assisted prisoners and other enemies of the Govern-
ment to pass clandestinely to New York. What was done
with her is not recorded in the Minutes of the Council,
but when, two months later, she again applied for leave
to go to New York and to return in one year, she got more
than she asked for, and was told to go and give security
that she would not return at any time without leave first
obtained from the Council. She remained in New York
for a year, and returned to Philadelphia, presumably by
permission, in April, 1782. There she remained until
April, 1783, when she again went to New York, and stayed
there until November 7 following, a few days before her
husband and their only child, Edward, then a lad in his
fourteenth year, sailed for England, just before the
evacuation of New York by the British Army.

The correspondence between the separated members
of the family, some of which took the form of diaries, is,
as I have stated, in part preserved, in manuscript, chiefly
that written between the years 1780 and 1786. We can-

396 Laurel Hill

not read some of it now after the lapse of more than a
century of time without smiles of complacency, and
indeed even of amusement. Covering as it does a most
eventful period of history, and treating of the events of
those days from the Loyalist point of view, it is both
valuable and interesting. While Mrs. Shoemaker was in
New York with her husband the correspondence was
chiefly between herself and her two daughters, Anna and
Margaret Rawle. There is preserved the complete series
of Mrs. Shoemaker's letters to her husband after he had
sailed for England in November, 1783, until his return to
America in May, 1786, as also a concise diary kept for
the entertainment of his wife by Mr. Shoemaker from
the day they parted in New York until October, 1785.

Many of the letters treat of business matters, and show
the great losses and terrible sufferings which the Loyalists
endured; others are in a lighter vein and give us vivid
pen-pictures of Philadelphia and New York society of
that day. In this correspondence fancy or fictitious
names, as was common in social circles during the Revolu-
tion, were frequently given to the different members of
the family and their friends. Thus William Rawle was
known as " Horatio"; Anna Rawle as " Fanny"; Margaret
or " Peggy" Rawle as " Adelaide"; and Sally Burge, their
intimate friend and subsequently the wife of William
Rawle, as "Juliet." In memory of the days of their
youth Mr. and Mrs. Rawle accordingly named their two
youngest children "Horatio" and "Juliet." But this is
anticipating. The scope of this paper and the time at
disposal preclude the possibility of giving more than a
very few extracts from the letters and diaries.

After the breaking up of the family home, which had
been Mr. Shoemaker's house in Arch (then Mulberry)
Street, Mrs. Shoemaker, while in Philadelphia, and her
daughters lived sometimes with Mrs. Edward Warner,
Mrs. Shoemaker's mother, in her house, which was directly

Laurel Hill 397

opposite their former home in Arch Street; at other times
with Benjamin Shoemaker, who was Samuel Shoemaker's
son by his first wife (Hannah, daughter of Samuel Car-
penter^, and who lived on the South side of High (now
Market) Street below Eighth; and a1 so at times in the
house adjoining, this last also belonging to Benjamin
Shoemaker. Mrs. Benjamin Shoemaker was Elizabeth
Warner, the sister of Mrs. Samuel Shoemaker, his step-
mother.

In the spring^of 1780, as has been mentioned, Mrs.
Shoemaker journeyed to New York to visit her husband.
Her stepson Benjamin Shoemaker accompanied her as far
as the Brit'sh lines. Her daughter, Anna Rawle, writing
to her from Philadelphia under date of June 30, 1780,
says :

"By the person who brought thy letter from Rahway
I wrote a long one which he promised, if thee should be
gone from there, to forward into New York * * * *
Peggy and I staid with my Aunt till B[enjamin] returned.
Tho' so little in the house belonged to us, packing them
up furnished employ for several mornings ; one day, when
thus engaged up stairs, Polly Birk, [one of the servants]
who was the only person with me in the house, exclaimed,
' Bless me if there is not a whole company of soldiers at
Mr. S[hoemaker]'s door!' I was frightened, and was going
down to my aunt and sister, when at the foot of the stairs
I observed a man placed, rattling the lock of his gun, as
if trying to alarm. I ran up again, and in a few minutes
two men entered the room, and I soon found their busi-
ness was to search for arms. They looked in the closet,
and desired me, not in the mildest terms, to unlock my
trunks. I told them they were already undone. They
then put their canes in, and by the greatest good luck in
the world, the little plate that belonged to me remained
undisturbed at the bottom of the trunk; they would have
taken it, I am certain, from their behaviour. Not finding

398 Laurel Hill

arms they went away. They treated my Aunt in the
same manner, rummaging the closets and drawers, and
placing a guard at the stairs. One of them said, when
Peggy went up, that it was to hide guns. There were but
one or two houses where they treated people with so
little ceremony. At other places they took their word.

"But of all absurdities the ladies going about for
money1 exceeded everything; they were so extremely im-
portunate that people were obliged to give them some-
thing to get rid of them. Mrs. Beech [Bache] and the set
with her, came to our door the morning after thee went,
and turned back again. The reason she gave to a person
who told me was that she did not chuse to face Mrs. S. or
her daughters.

"H[annah] Thompson, Mrs. [Robert] Morris, Mrs.
[James] Wilson, and a number of very genteel women,
paraded about streets in this manner, some carrying ink
stands, nor did they let the meanest ale house escape.
The gentlemen also were honoured with their visits.
Bob Wharton declares he was never so teased in his life.
They reminded him of the extreme rudeness of refusing
anything to the fair, but he was inexorable and pleaded
want of money, and the heavy taxes, so at length they
left him, after threatening to hand his name down to
posterity with infamy."

Under date of November 4, 1780, she says: * * *
" Speaking of handsome women brings Nancy Willing to
my mind. She might set for the Queen of Beauty, and is
lately married to Bingham, who returned from the West
Indies with an immense fortune. They have set out in
highest style; nobody here will be able to make the figure
they do; equipage, house, cloathes, are all the newest
taste, — and yet some people wonder at the match. She
but sixteen and such a perfect form. His appearance is
less amiable."

1 See Wm. B. Reed's Life of Joseph Reed, vol. ii, p. 260, &c., and 429, &c.

Laurel Hill 399

From New York, Mrs. Shoemaker writes to her daugh-
ters, January 8, 1781:

"P[eggy] A[rnold] is not so much admired here for her
beauty as one might have expected. All allow she has
great Sweetness in her countenance, but wants Anima-
tion, sprightliness and that fire in her eyes which was so
captivating in Capt. L[oyd's] wife. But notwithstanding
she does not possess that Life and animation that some
do, they have met with every attention indeed, much more
than they could have promised themselves, and the very
genteel appointment which he [General Benedict Arnold]
holds in this [the British] Service, joined to a Very large
present, (which I am told he has received,) is fully suffi-
cient for every Demand in genteel life." Speaking of
Mrs. Arnold again, Mrs. Shoemaker writes that she
attended a ball at head quarters in New York, and that
"she appeared a star of the first magnitude, and had
every attention paid her as if she had been Lady Clinton.
Is not this fine encouragement for generals to follow
Arnold's] example?"

The letters contain many sim'lar references to events,
and allusions to well known people, and a good deal of
gossip too.

The Act of Attainder and Confiscation further provided
that the President, or Vice-President, and Supreme Execu-
tive Council might rent out forfeited real estates for a
time not exceeding two year-, paying the taxes and other
expenses, and managing them until they should be sold
in the manner thereinafter directed. As "Laurel Hill/'
which had belonged to Mrs. Shoemaker's first husband,
Francis Rawle, had been left by his will to her, Mr.
Shoemaker, as her second husband, had a life estate in
the property as "tenant by the curtesy." In their
patriotic zeal the people in authority disregarded the
principle of law that the sale of such a life estate had no
other effect than to free a wife's houses and lands from

400 Laurel Hill

all of her husband's estate when he had been attainted
for high treason, and to vest the title in her to as full an
effect as if he had died. The S ate agents took possession
of " Laurel Hill" before its sale, and apparently allowed
the President of the State, General Joseph Reed, to occupy
it as a summer residence. Reed was the most ardent and
active of the persecutors of the Philadelphia Loyalists.
His animosity had been particularly visited upon Mr. and
Mrs. Shoemaker and her children, and the letters often
refer to him in a manner far from affectionate or compli-
mentary.

Anna Rawle writes to her mother under date of Septem-
ber 20, 1780: "The wife of a certain person can never
spend another summer at Laurel Hill. Her pleasure there
had a melancholy and short termination. She is dead,
and of a disorder that made people whisper about 'that
she eat too many of Mr. S. . . 's peaches!' her husband
fainted at the grave." The person here referred to was
no other than the wife of President Reed himself. She
had died in Philadelphia two days previously, September
18th, having shortly before been brought there from
"Laurel Hill."

The diary of Miss Anna Rawle (which she kept for the
information and entertainment of her mother in New
York) gives a very characteristic account of the effect of
the arrival in Philadelphia of the news of Lord Corn-
wallis' surrender at Yorktown and the great conster-
nation it created among the Neutrals and Loyalists, be-
tween whom the mass of the Revolutionary party could
see no difference, for it considered that all who were not
with it were against it, and acted according1 y.

"October 22, 1781.— Second day. The first thing I
heard this morning was that Lord Cornwallis had sur-
rendered to the French and Americans — intelligence as
surprizing as vexatious. People who are so stupidly
regardless of their own interests are undeserving of com-
passion, but one cannot help lamenting that the fate of

Laurel Hill. 401

so many worthy persons should be connected with the
failure or success of the British army.

" Uncle Howell1 came in soon after Breakfast, and tho'
he is neither Whig nor Tory, looked as if he had sat up
all night; he was glad to see all here so cheerful, he said.
When he was gone Ben Shoemaker arrived; he was told
it as he came along, and was astonished. However, as
there is no letter from Washington, we flatter ourselves
that it is not true. * * *

"October 24. — Fourth day. I feel in a most unset-
tled humour. I can neither read, work or give my atten-
tion one moment to anything. It is too true that Corn-
wallis is taken. Tilghman is just arrived with dispatches
from Washington which confirm it. * * *

"October 25. — Fifth Day. — I suppose, dear Mammy,
thee would not have imagined this house to be illuminated
last night, but it was. A mob surrounded it, broke the
shutters and the glass of the windows, and were coming
in, none but forlorn women here. We for a time listened
for their attacks in fear and trembling till, finding them
grow more loud and violent, not knowing what to do,
we ran into the yard. Warm Whigs of one side, and
Hartley's of the other (who were treated even worse than
we), rendered it impossible for us to escape that way.
We had not been there many minutes before we were
drove back by the sight of two men climbing the fence.
We thought the mob were coming in thro' there, but it
proved to be Coburn and Bob. Shewell, who called to us
not to be frightened, and fixed lights up at the windows,
which pacified the mob, and after three huzzas they
moved off. A number of men came in afterwards to see us.
French and J. B. nailed boards up at the broken pannels,
or it would not have been safe to have gone to bed.
Coburn and Shewell were really very kind; had it not been

1 Joshua Howell, who had married Mrs. Samuel Shoemaker's sister
Catharine, daughter of Edward and Anna (Coleman) Warner
VOL. XXXV — 26.

402 Laurel Hill.

for them I really believe the house would have been pulled
down. Even the firm Uncle Fisher1 was obliged to submit
to have his windows illuminated, for they had pickaxes
and iron bars with which they had done considerable
injury to his house, and would soon have demolished it
had not some of the Hodges and other people got in back
and acted as they pleased. All Uncle's sons were out
but Sammy,2 and if they had been at home it was in vain
to oppose them. In short it was the most alarming scene
I ever remember. For two hours we had the disagreeable
noise of stones banging about, glass crashing, and the
tumultuous voices of a large body of men, as they were
a long time at the different houses in the neighborhood.
At last they were victorious, and it was one general illumi-
nation throughout the town. As we had not the pleasure
of seeing any of the gentlemen in the house, nor the furni-
ture cut up, and goods stolen, nor been beat, nor pistols
pointed at our breasts, we may count our sufferings slight
compared to many others. Mr. Gibbs was obliged to
make his escape over a fence, and while his wife was
endeavouring to shield him from the rage of one of the
men, she received a violent bruise in the breast, and a
blow in the face which made her nose bleed. Ben. Shoe-
maker was here this morning; tho7 exceedingly threat-
ened he says he came off with the loss of four panes of
glass. Some Whig friends put candles in the windows
which made his peace with the mob, and they retired.
John Drinker3 has lost half the goods out of his shop and
been beat by them; in short the sufferings of those they
pleased to style Tories would fill a volume and shake the

1 William Fisher, merchant, who married Mrs. Samuel Shoemaker's
aunt, Sarah (Coleman). He, also, lived in Arch Street between Front and
Second Streets. He was a member of the Common Council of Philadelphia
from 1767 to 1770, of the Board of Aldermen from 1770 to the fall of the
Charter government hi 1776, and Mayor of the City 1773-1774.

* The late Samuel W. Fisher, President of the Philadelphia Insurance
Company, and President of Select Council 1811-1813.

3 See Journal of Elizabeth Drinker, p. 137, for her account of the same
episode.

Laurel Hill 403

credulity of those who were not here on that memorable
night, and to-day Philadelphia makes an uncommon
appearance, which ought to cover the Whigs with eternal
confusion. A neighbour of ours had the effrontery to
tell Mrs. G[alloway] that he was sorry for her furniture,
but not for her windows — a ridiculous distinction that
many of them make. J. Head has nothing left whole in
his parlour. Uncle Penington1 lost a good deal of window-
glass. Aunt Burge2 preserved hers thro' the care of some
of her neighbors. The Drinkers and Wains make heavy
complaints of the Carolinians in their neighbourhood.
Wains' pickles were thrown about the streets and barrells
of sugar stolen. Grandmammy was the most composed
of anybody here. Was I not sure, my dearest Mother,
that you would have very exaggerated accounts of this
affair from others, and would probably be uneasy for
the fate of our friends, I would be entirely sile.nt about
it, but as you will hear it from some one or another,
not mentioning it will seem as if we had suffered exceed-
ingly, and I hope I may depend on the safety of this
opportunity.

''People did nothing to-day but condole and enquire
into each others honourable losses. * * *

" October 26.— Sixth day.— Neighbor Wain and Ben.
Shoemaker were here in the afternoon. Juliet, Polly
Foulke and James Fisher came to see us in the evening;
the conversation as usual on the late disturbances. It
seems universally agreed that Philadelphia will no longer
be that happy asylum for the Quakers that it once was.
Those joyful days when all was prosperity and peace are
gone, never to return; and perhaps it is as necessary for
our society8 to ask for terms as it was for Cornwallis.

1 Edward Penington, who had married Sarah, the sister of Samuel
Shoemaker.

2 Beulah Burge, a sister of Samuel Shoemaker, widow of Samuel Burge.
Their daughter Sarah married, hi 1783, William Rawle, the elder, who was
a brother of the diarist.

1 The Quakers.

404 Laurel Hill.

Juliet says all Uncle Penington's fine pictures are broken;
his parlour was full of men, but it was nothing, he said, to
Nancy's illress, who was for an hour or two out of her
senses and terrified them exceedingly."

It was not until February 20, 1782, that Mr. Shoe-
maker's life estate in "Laurel Hill" was sold by the State
agents, and on March 20, the Patent therefor was exe-
cuted by the President of the Supreme Executive Council,
William Moore, to Major James Parr, the purchaser, in
consideration of £5,000 Pennsylvania money. Parr was
an extensive investor in the confiscated estates. Before,
however, the title had been actually conveyed to him,
Major Parr, on February 26, 1782, in consideration of
£500, gold or silver money, had leased the place to "His
Excellency, the Chevalier de Luzerne, Minister of France"
to the United States, for the term of five years thence
ensuing, ."if the said Shoemaker should so long live."
In her diary Mrs. Shoemaker, then in New York, pathet-
ically writes, February 4, 1782: "I see [from the news-
papers that] our last little spot, poor ' Laurel Hill,' is to
have another possessor. We cannot see any more adver-
tised; they have sold all." And her daughter Anna,
writing to her two days later, says: "The P[ resident] has
not given up his town house, as my dear Mother imagined;
he still keeps it, the wife of his successor being one of those
simple hearted women who chuse to live in nobody's
house but their own. I must confess that I am not sorry
that ' Laurel Hill' is to have another master; he never
was a favourite of mine. They say he pays his addresses
to Belle White. I shall think the girl out of her senses
if she has him."

The Chevalier of course had his French cook, and the
French cook his truffle-dog, which, in the pursuit of his
vocation in life, is said to have discovered truffles in the
grounds around the house, much to the astonishment and
delight of his master — one of the few instances, and it is
believed the first, of the finding in this country of that

Laurel Hill 405

delicious article in its natural state. Mr. Hazard, in his
third volume of Watson's Annals, quotes this family
tradition; but, as has been suggested, whether the tradi-
tion is truthful or not, or whether the absence or scarcity
of truffles in America is to be attributed to the short-
comings of the comparatively few enterprising French
cooks who bless us with their presence, or to the absence
of truffle-dogs, has not been ascertained.

When the fanaticism against the Loyalists had some-
what abated after the Peace, the civil authorities seem to
have come to view in the proper legal light the matter
of the sale of Mrs. Shoemaker's property in consequence
of the attainder of her husband. The learned in the
legal profession gave it as their opinion that the only
effect of the sale was to vest the title to the property in
her clear of any of her husband's rights therein. Some
years subsequently this principle was affirmed by the
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania when a similar question
arose concerning the estate of Mrs. Joseph Galloway.

Major Parr also seems to have appreciated the doubtful
element in his title, and to have been not unwilling to
consider proposals from the family for a surrender of his
interest in the place. But the lease to Luzerne apparently
complicated the matter. " Major Parr," as Mrs. Shoe-
maker wrote from Philadelphia to her husband on January
14, 1784, "has offered Laurel Hill for £400— but that is
certainly too much, as the minister has three years yet
to come, and I believe is so well pleased with it that
he does not wish to part with it."

The enjoyment of "Laurel Hill" by His Excellency
was not, however, to continue the full length of his lease.
The failure of his government to appropriate the means
for the support of his office, it has been said, caused him
to contemplate a return to his own country. A satis-
factory arrangement of the matter of the lease was
eventually arrived at, and Parr, in consideration of £300,
silver money, on February 27, 1784, by endorsement

406 Laurel Hill

upon his Patent, conveyed to William Rawle all his
estate and interest in "Laurel Hill/' irrespective of the
remainder of the Chevalier's term. (I may here state that
William Rawle had retu ned home in January, 1783, after
having spent nineteen months in Europe, studying law
in the Middle Temple in London and travelling on the
Continent.)

"I believe I mentioned," wrote Mrs. Shoemaker on
May 12, 1784, "that the Minister of France was going
home soon; it is fixed for next month, and I have had a
specimen of French generosity in an Ambassador bar-
gaining with the owner of a little country house for the
remainder of a lease. Nothing less than the rent he gave
will do, and I must agree to that or not have it. I sup-
pose he will think he has been extremely liberal and gen-
teel in agreeing to be paid yearly as rent, and not insisting
upon the money down as he paid it. He keeps possession
until the 10th of June."

On June 16, 1784, she again wrote: "Benjamin, Wil-
liam and myself took a ride last week to Laurel Hill, the
first time I had been there since the year 1779. I am
now tenant to the Minister and have engaged to pay him
the yearly rent of £100 per an. for the remainder of his
lease, almost three years to come. * * * * Thee
expected the Minister would have been so generous and
liberal, if he was made acquainted with the real circum-
stances of it, as to restore it. A[nthony] Benezet who was
intimate with him"was the person who called on Wplliam]
R[awle] and told him that the Minister was going home
and desired to see some of the family. William went
there twice with Anthony, and as he, William, speaks
French, gave him the fullest information respecting it.
He said he had several applications for the place, but he
chose to offer it to the family, and I am to consider myself
favoured in having it upon rent instead of paying the
money down. I myself had a good deal of conversation
with A[nthony] B[enezet] about it. I told him how con-

Laurel Hill. 407

trary this was from the language they spoke when they
first came here, of the bad policy and illiberality of the
Americans to sell estates ; that their court would not have
done so, but now I found it was all talk. Poor Afnthony]
could not say much but that his countrymen did not
love to part with their money for nothing, and he must
own it was inconsistent from their sentiments; he was
very partial to his own Nation."

While in New York Mr. Shoemaker did much to alle-
viate the miseries of the prisoners in the hands of the
British and in obtaining the . release of many of them.
Charles Biddle in his autobiography mentions the kind-
nesses which he himself experienced at his hands. After
he went to England, where, chiefly in London, he spent
two years and a half, Mr. Shoemaker and his home seem
to have been the centres of attraction for those of his
countrymen who took advantage of the restoration of
peace to visit that country. He was closely thrown also
with many of those of his own political faith, who, like
himself, were refugees from their native land. Men of
refinement, of culture, and of education, there mingled
with officers of high rank and other persons of prominence
whom they had met in America. Among Mr. Shoe-
maker's valued friends was Benjamin West, the Artist.
It is related that West when a plain country boy living
near Philadelphia had inspired Mr. Shoemaker with much
interest in the evidences of his artistic talent and that the
first painted picture that West ever saw had been shown
to him by Mr. Shoemaker. He and other affluent citizens
of cultured tastes had encouraged West in his early crude
efforts at painting, and by concerted action made it
possible for him to go to study in Europe. While Mr.
Shoemaker was on a visit to West at Windsor an inter-
view took place between the King and himself in the
presence of the Queen and the Royal Princesses. He
gives a full account of it in his diary: —

" First Day, Octo'r 10, 1784. This morning at 8 'Clock

408 Laurel Hill.

thy son accompanied B. West's wife to the King's Chappel
where he had the opportunity of seeing the King and
several of the Princesses. They returned before 9 when
we were entertained with breakfast, at which we had the
Company of Mr. Poggy the Italian Gent'n, Mr. Trumble,
Mr. Farrington, and West's two sons. About 10 thy son
accompanied Farrington, Trumble, and West's eldest son
in a Ride through Windsor Forrest, having first been
with West and I to his Room in the Castle to see a picture
of the Lord's Supper which he had just finish'd for the
King's Chappel. After part of our Company were gone
to take their Ride, West informed me that the King had
order'd him to attend at his Painting Room in the Castle
at one 'Clock, when the King and Queen and some of the
Princesses, on their return from Chappel, intended to call
to see the Painting of the Lord's Supper which he had
just finished, and West told me it would be a very proper
time and Opportunity for me to see the King, Queen, and
the rest of the family, as they came from the Chappel, and
therefore requested me to accompany him and his Wife,
and walk at the Castle near the Chappel, till service was
over, when he must repair to his room to attend the King,
and would leave me with his Wife in a proper Station to
have a full view of the King and family.

" Accordingly, a little before one O'Clock, West and
his Wife and I, walk'd up to the Castle and there contin'd
walking about till the Clock struck One, when we observ'd
one of the Pages coming from the Chappel. West then
said he must leave us; presently after this two Coaches
pass'd and went round towards the Door of the Castle
leading to West's Room. In these two coaches were the
Queen and Princesses; presently after the King appear'd,
attended by his Equery only, and walk'd in great haste,
almost ran to meet the Coaches at the door of the Castle
above mentioned, which he reach'd just as the Coaches
got there, as did West's Wife, and I, when we saw the
King go to the Door of the Coach in which the Queen

Laurel Hill 409

was, and heard him say, 'I have got here in time,' and then
handed the Queen out, and up the Steps, into the Castle —
the Princess Royal, Princess Elizabeth, Princess Mary,
and Princess Sophia, with Col. Goldsworthy, the Kings
Equery, the Hanoverian Resident, and Miss Goldsworthy,
sub-Governess to the two young Princesses, followed.
They all went into the Castle, when I hear'd the King
say, 'tell him to come in/ but little did I think I was the
Person meant, and West's Wife and I were about going
off, when West came out of the Castle and told me the
King had order'd him to come out and bring me and Mrs.
West in. I was quite unprepar'd for this; however, it
was now too late to avoid it. West and his Wife and I
went into the Castle and were ushered up to the Room
where the King and Royal family were, and there intro-
duc'd. Flattered and embarrassed thou may suppose, on
my entering the Room, the King came up close to me,
and very graciously said ' Mr. S. you are well known here,
every body knows you/ &c. (complimentary w'ch I can't
mention). He then turned to the Queen, the Princesses,
&c., who stood close by, and repeated, 'Mr. S.' I then
made my bow to the Queen, then to the Princess Royal,
to the Princess Eliza., Princesses Mary and Sophia. The
Queen and each of the Princesses were pleased to drop a
Curtesy, and then the Queen was pleased to ask me one
or two Questions; the King and Queen and the four
Princesses, the Hanoverian Resident, Col. Goldsworthy,
Miss Goldsworthy, West and his Wife and I were all that
were in the Room. The King condescended to ask me
many questions, and repeated my answers to them to the
Queen and to the Hanoverian Resident, and when to the
latter, I observ'd he spoke it in German, which I under-
stood. Among other Questions, the King was pleased to
ask me the reason why the Province of Pennsylvania was
so much further advanced in improvement than the
neighbouring ones, some of which had been settled so
many years earlier. I told his Majesty (thinking it w'd

410 Laurel Hill.

be a kind of Compliment to the Queen's Countrymen)
that I thought it might be attributed to the Germans,
great numbers of whom had gone over in the early part
of the settlement of that Province, as well as since. The
King smiled and said, 'it may be so, Mr. S., it may in
some measure be owing to that, but I will tell you the true
cause, — the great improvement and flourishing State of
Pennsylvania is principally owing to the QUAKERS'
(this was a full return for my compliment to the Queen's
Countrymen) for whom I observe the King has a great
regard. Finding the king so repeatedly mention 'd what
I said to the Hanov'n Resident and to the Queen, in
German, on the King's asking me a particular question,
I took the liberty to answer in German, at which the King
seemed pleased, and with a smile, turned to the Queen
and said, 'Mr. S. speaks German,' and also mentioned it
to the Hanoverian Resident, after which the King was
pleased to speak to me several times in German. Then
the Queen condescended to ask me several Questions,
one of the last, whether I had a family. On my telling
her that I was once bless'd with a numerous family, but
that it had pleased Providence to remove them all from
me, except a Wife and two Sons, this visibly touched the
Queen's delicate feelings, so much that she shed some
Tears, at which I was greatly affected. She is a charming
woman, and if not a Beauty, her manners and disposition
are so pleasing that no Person who has the Opportunity
that I have had can avoid being charm'd with the sweet-
ness of her disposition. The Princess Royal is pretty,
has a charming Countenance Indeed; the Princess Eliza-
beth very agreeable, but rather too fat or bulky for her
height. Mary and Sophia are pretty, but being so young
their looks will alter.

"After being graciously indulged with the opportunity
of conversing with the King and Queen, and being in the
Room with them three-quarters of an hour, they all
departed and went to the Queen's House.

Laurel Hill 411

" I cannot say, but I wished some of my violent Country-
men could have such an opportunity as I have had. I
think they would be convinced that George the third has
not one grain of Tyrany in his Composition, and that he
is not, he cannot be that bloody minded man they have
so repeatedly and so illiberally called him. It is impos-
sible; a man of his fine feelings, so good a husband, so
kind a Father, cannot be a Tyrant."

As the animosities engendered by the War had subsided
to a considerable extent, Shoemaker and his son Edward
sailed homeward from England on April 21, 1786, and
arrived in New York on May 27th. They at once went to
Burlington, New Jersey, where Mrs. Shoemaker met them.
There they resided for a while and then moved to Phila-
delphia, where, and at "Laurel Hill," they lived happily
in peace and quietness. During his later years Mr.
Shoemaker's means had become much straitened by
reason of the losses he had suffered owing to his loyalty
to the King, but these were in a measure recouped by the
compensation voted to him by the British Parliament.
He seems to have made a favorable impression upon the
King, for in 1787, "as a token of the high respect His
Majesty had for his character," to use the words of the
letter accompanying it, Mr. Shoemaker, after his return
to America, received from him a copy of a very scarce
engraving by Sir Robert Strange of West's painting of
the "Apotheosis of the King's Children Octavius and
Alfred," which is now in the possession of Mr. Shoemaker's
descendants in Baltimore.

Mr. Shoemaker died in Philadelphia on October 10,
1800, "In the seventy-sixth year of his age, after a short
illness, which he bore with Christian and manly fortitude.
Samuel Shoemaker, Esquire," as a published obituary
notice of him continues, "was highly respected by all who
had the advantage of cultivating his acquaintance, not
only on account of his private virtues, but of his unshaken
integrity and firmness in the arduous administration of

412 Laurel Hill

various public duties, to which he was called, in the most
critical times, by the approving voice of his Countrymen,
to exercise h's great talents, on the most important occa-
sions; in particular, before the late revolution, he exe-
cuted the office of Mayor of Philadelphia, in a manner
which reflected reputation upon his character, and dignity
on those who appointed him to fill that honorable station.
During the existence of the revolutionary war, he was
continued the first Magistrate of the Police of Phila-
delphia, by an appointment from the King of Great
Britain, to whom he never forfeited his fidelity; but, in
the execution of his offices he proved that Loyalty to his
Sovereign was not incompatible with acts of friendship,
civility and kindness to the inhabitants of his native
city; for the truth of this we can appeal to the memory
of numbers yet living who received marks of his attention :
—they will not fail to acknowledge it, when their memory
awakens to the recollection of the services he rendered
them, abstracted from that spirit of envy, which the
fervor of political opposition too often engenders. Few
have distinguished themselves more than he has done in
private life, by an affable, courteous and obliging be-
havior to all his neighbors, and none have sustained with
greater propriety in their families the amiable character
of an affectionate husband, father and friend."

Mrs. Shoemaker survived her second husband nine-
teen years, surrounded by her devoted children, grand-
children, and great-grandchildren. She died at her home,
in Sansom below Eighth Street, Philadelphia, on Decem-
ber 21, 1819. A writer of an obituary notice of her,
published in one of the Philadelphia journals of the time,
wrote: — "The grave ought not to close over the remains
of this excellent and admirable woman without some pub-
lic memorial of her life and character. A life which, pro-
tracted beyond the usual term allotted to our species,
and passed amid trials and vicissitudes of no ordinary
nature, was marked by the exercise of every virtue, and

Laurel Hill 413

a character as entirely faultless, so free from even the
trivial blemishes of human nature, that to know her, and
not to love and respect her, was impossible. It is seldom
indeed that such a mind and such a heart have been
joined in any individual, and still more rarely has Provi-
dence permitted them to continue unimpaired to such
an age. The intellectual faculties of Mrs. Shoemaker
were in every stage of her life remarkable. Her under-
standing, originally clear and powerful, was improved by
a thorough acquaintance with books and mankind. She
had read and observed much; her memory was uncom-
monly retentive, and never perhaps was any mind less
clouded by prejudice. These circumstances, with a
native grace of manner, rendered her conversation
unusually attractive to the last moment of her existence.
Over her warm and generous heart too, age had stolen
with light and printless feet. Nothing of the selfishness,
nothing of the moroseness, none of the gloom, which
often accompany advanced years, existed in her. The
moral sensibility which time (happily perhaps for man-
kind) almost always deadens, was in her undiminished
and unaltered. The interest she felt for her numerous
descendants (of whom she lived to see the third genera-
tion), was deep, tender and anxious, and it was requited
by those who were the objects of it, with all that ' honour,
love and obedience' of which the great poet speaks as
the dues and accompaniments of old age. To this im-
perfect sketch of the character of one so truly lamented,
it may be added, that she was sincerely and unaffectedly
pious, and without the slightest taint of bigotry or
austerity. "

In the letters and diaries to which I have referred the
writers make frequent mention of the beautiful aspect of
11 Laurel Hill," their much loved country home; of the
charming meadow along the river, which has now dis-
appeared; of the many beautiful trees, some of them of
great size; of the fine apples, peaches, cherries, and straw-

414 Laurel Hill

berries. But beautiful and charming as it still is, a great
change from those days has come over the lovely scenery
of this part of the "Hidden River/7 as the Indians called
it of old. The building of the dam at Fairmount, which
was completed in July, 1821, stopped the ebb and flow of
the tide which had extended up as far as the Falls of the
Schuylkill. As a result the country places along its banks
became so unhealthy that their owners could live in them
no longer. In 1828 William Rawle, as Trustee under his
Mother's will, sold Laurel Hill and its surrounding acres
to Dr. Philip Syng Physick, the celebrated surgeon, from
whom the place passed to his descendants the Randolphs,
and was sold by them in 1869 to the City for park pur-
poses.

I have not been able to learn much about its interven-
ing history. I fancy that there is little to relate. For
some years this house was occupied by the Quoit Club,
a mildly athletic association of our fathers and grand-
fathers, who found the exercise of pitching quoits such
a thirst creating one as to require them to indulge in a
plentiful consumption of the fluids with which they
stocked the house, and this they did with much con-
viviality. After them came a series of equally thirsty
Germans, who used the place as a beer garden and miti-
gated their sufferings in a similar manner. Hereafter,
I trust that under your fair auspices and hospitality
"the cup which cheers but does not inebriate" will ever
be at hand, as it was with those ladies to whom I have
introduced you to-day, to welcome you and your friends
within these walls. May I express the hope that in the
long time to come this little country home, now yours, will
be cherished and cared for by your Society, and that once
in a while your thoughts will go back to the Colonial
Dames of old who lived here and endured and suffered
so much in the cause which, to their cost, but to our
and our country's infinite gain, proved not to be the
right one, in the stirring and eventful days of the American
Revolution.

WILLIAM FRANKLIN,

Nat. 1730- Oi. 1813.
Governor of New Jersey 1762-1776.

the original, fiajscti.n-2 i*t* th

William, Franklin Letters. 415

LETTERS FROM WILLIAM FRANKLIN TO
WILLIAM STRAHAN.

EDITED WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY CHARLES HENRY HART.

The following letters were copied several years ago from
the originals that belonged to J. Pearson & Co., of London,
England, but which since have been distributed among
different autograph collections, many of them being in
this country, and the first one is in the possession of
the editor. They are of considerable interest from the
writer's personal and political position, which is intensi-
fied by the recent answer given to the old historical
query "Who Was the Mother of Franklin's Son.1" Wil-
liam Franklin, the writer of these letters, was the son of
Benjamin and Deborah Franklin2 and was born circa
September 1, 1730, and died in England, November 17,
1813. During the French war, he became a captain in the
Pennsylvania forces and gained praise for his conduct at
Ticonderoga. He was comptroller of the Post Office for
two years of his father's administration as Postmaster
General, and in 1757 accompanied his father to London,
where he read law and was admitted to the bar. A very
interesting letter from William Franklin, of this period,
came to light at the sale in Boston, on June 21, 1911, of
the autograph collection of Miss Mary B. Hathaway, of
New Bedford, Mass. The auctioneers' catalogue says "it
is mainly a love letter to his dear Betsey (Miss Graeme),
afterward his wife." This note was so curious, as Eliza-
beth Graeme did not become his wife, but, long after this
letter, married Hugh Henry Ferguson, while William
Franklin, as we shall see, married Miss Downes, whose
name also was "Betsey," that I endeavored to obtain

1 Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. xxxv. p. 308.
'Id., p. 314.

416 William Franklin Letters.

the source of the information given in the note and how
the name of Elizabeth Graeme was suggested as the
"Betsey" of the letter; but the letter is without super-
scription, and unfortunately no one could or would give
me the desired information. It certainly was not written
to his future wife, in England, but it might very well
have been written, as suggested in the catalogue, and doubt-
less for some good reason, to the famous Philadelphia
belle and wit and poetess, "that Cat Bess'e Ferguson"
of Hu^h Wynne, who at the date of the letter was in her
eighteenth year. Dr. Benjamin Rush, who was on terms
of familiar intimacy at Graeme Hall, writes: "About her
seventeenth year she was addressed by a citizen of
Philadelphia of respectable connections and character.
She gave him her heart with the promise of her hand
upon his return from London, whither he went to com-
plete his education in the law. From causes which it is
not necessary to detail, the contract of marriage, at a
future day was broken, but not without much suffering
on the part of Miss Graeme."3 Another one of her
biographers says: "At the age of sixteen Mrs. Ferguson's
wit and beauty made her a favorite. To divert her mind
from a personal disappointment she became a writer of
poems, etc." Is not this letter then the key to unlock
this eighteenth century romance, and was not William
Franklin the "citizen of Philadelphia" who went to
London "to complete his education in the law," and his
marriage to Elizabeth Downes the "personal disappoint-
ment" to Elizabeth Graeme4? Certainly the circumstances
fit to a turn and it is a very curious and interesting
discovery. What may be a mere coincidence in this

"Hazard's Register, Vol. 3, p. 394, from the Port Folio.

4 Elizabeth Graeme Ferguson was born in Philadelphia, February 3, 1739,
and died at Graeme Park, Montgomery County, Penna., February 23, 1801.
Her father was Dr. Thomas Graeme, who was a physician and one of the
Provincial Councillors of Penna., and her mother was the step-daughter of
Sir William Keith, colonial governor of Penna., with whom Dr. Graeme
had come over from Scotland.

William Franklin Letters. 417

connection is that soon after the Governor of New Jersey
returned to America "Betsey" Graeme went abroad for
her health, with the Rev. Richard Peters, which confirms
the "suffering," on her part, mentioned by Dr. Rush.
The letter, I am glad to be able to preserve.

[N. B. An eleventh hour inspection of the original manuscript shows
it is addressed, at the foot of the first page, " To Miss Graeme." There-
fore, William Franklin, "Thou art the man."]

NEW YORK, Monday, April 11, 1757
MY DEAR BETSY

Never did any one set down to write in a worse hu-
mour. A thousand things have I to say to you, and scarce
a minute to say them in. My Father is now impatiently
waiting for me to assist him in an Affair that cannot be
postpon'd. — Had I followed the dictates of my own
inclinations, I should have pass'd the last evening in
pouring out my Soul to you on paper, instead of murder-
ing my time in a large mix'd company of both sexes;
where tho' the Heighth of good Sense and Politeness
prevailed, they could not divert my thoughts from a
certain little corner in a certain little room, with all its
long train of soft attendant ideas. — However, I must
stop my Imagination in its Career, or I shall not have
time to tell you, that we did not arrive in this city till
Friday morning; — That we found Lord Loudoun5 had not
wrote a single Letter to go by the Pacquet, but he told
my Father he did not intend to write much by the One
we proposed to sail in, and should therefore dispatch her
soon; — That notwithstanding what my Lord has said,
those about his Lordship think he will hardly have his
dispatches ready this 8 or 10 days; — That there are
several Gentlemen who talk of going Passengers with
us, but I have seen only one of them whose name is

•John Campbell, Earl of Loudoun (1705-1782), was appointed Com-
mander-in -Chief of the British forces in North America, in 1758, but was
superseded in 1758 by Lord Amherst.

VOL. xxxv — 27

418 William Franklin Letters.

Temple,6 a young Gentleman, born in Boston, lately Naval
Officer here, and reckon'd po ite and sensible. Another is
a son of General Abercrombie's,7 who by frequent exercis-
ing his Talent for M'mickry, particularly the Consumptive
cough of Mr. Duncan, has so impaired his Lungs as to
reduce himself to the last Stage of Consumption. The
others are a gent'n from Rhode Island, and a young
Irish Beau now at Phila'a, of whom I know nothing
about; — That the Captain of our Pacquet is so extremely
ill with a Consumption that it is thought we shall be
oblig'd to throw him over Board before we are a Fort-
night at sea. I paid him a visit at his lodgings, found him
very peevish and fretful, and tho' launching into Eternity
scarce a Word escaped him unattended by an oath. —

The Reading of your dear Letter, which I have done
over and over, is the only Pleasure I have enjoyed since
my Departure. Pray let me not be a Post without hav-
ing one from you. The many disagreeable sensations I
have felt by delaying to write to you till it was almost
too late, will 'tis to be hope'd cure me of the Crime of
Procrastination; and may it prove a Warning to my
Betsy.

Let me be remembered to our dear Mamma and other
friends is all that can be added at present by
Your ever faithful

W. FRANKLIN.

In Scotland he became acquainted with the Earl of
Bute, doubtless through his father's friend and his future

•Sir John Temple (1730-1798) was a native of Boston and married, in
1767, Elizabeth, daughter of Governor James BoWdoin, and subsequently
inherited his title through his great-grandfather from a great-uncle. He
was Commissioner of the Royal Navy in the Colonies, Lieut-Governor of
New Hampshire, and Consul General from England for the Eastern states.
Some of his descendants have taken the name of Bowdoin.

'James Abercrombie, son of General James Abercrombie who com-
manded the British Army in America between the departure of Loudon
and the arrival of Amherst, died in Boston, June 24, 1775, from a wound
received at Bunker Hill, where he led the Grenadiers.

William FranTdin Letters. 419

correspondent, William Strahan, who recommended him
to Lord Halifax8, "the Father of the Colonies," as he was
styled for his success in extending American commerce,
who, as Secretary of State, appointed him in August,
1762, after a severe personal examination, Governor of
New Jersey. A few months earlier, April 30, 1762,
Oxford University had conferred upon him the honorary
degree of Master of Arts at the same time as the degree
of D. C. L. was given to his father. While in London he
was married, September 4, 1762, to Elizabeth Downes9
and took his bride to his new colony in America, reaching
Philadelphia February 19, 1763, and arriving at Perth
Amboy, the seat of government in New Jersey, six days
later.

His appointment was not received with approbation
in the colony owing to his "time serving conduct and
courtierlike propensities, as he had been a Whig but
became a Tory on being made Governor." In the revo-
lutionary contest he took sides against his father, being
a pronounced Loyalist, was placed under arrest at Perth
Amboy and subsequently for disloyal conduct was re-
moved to East Winsor, Conn., where he was strictly
guarded for two years, until he was exchanged, Novem-
ber 1, 1778, for John McKinley, late President of Delaware.
He repaired to New York, where he remained until Sep-
tember 18, 1782, when he sailed for England, where he
continued to reside. Whitehead says10: "After leaving
America he married again;" but I have been unable to
verify the fact. The English government granted him
£1800 in remuneration of his losses and a pension of £800
per annum. His conduct of course led to an estrangement
with his father, but, in 1784, they became reconciled, and

"Either through erroneous transcribing or careless proof-reading this
name in almost all accounts of William Franklin, is given as "Fairfax."
But there was no Lord Fairfax in England at the time mentioned, Thomas^
sixth Baron Fairfax (1691-1782), the friend of Washington, being then
on his 5,000,000 acre estate in Virginia.

9 Vide letter of this date infra.

"Contributions to East Jersey History, p. 202.

420 William Franklin Letters.

Franklin devised to him land in Nova Scotia, saying in his
will " The part he acted against me in the late war, which is
of public notoriety, will account for my leaving him no more
of an estate he endeavored to deprive me of." In Benjamin
West's picture of "The Reception of the American Loyalists
by Great Britain in the Year 1783," William Franklin is
introduced as "one of the prominent personages at the
head of the group of figures."11

William Franklin's son, William Temple Franklin, was
Secretary to his grandfather during Doctor Franklin's
residence in France, representing the United States, and
died there, May 25, 1823. The portrait of Governor
Franklin, that illustrates this article, is doubtless from the
portrait by Benjamin Wilson, mentioned in several of the
letters to Strahan, and we are indebted for its use to the
courtsey of the etcher, Mr. Albert Rosenthal.

William Strahan to whom the letters of Franklin were
written, was an eminent printer and publicist, born in
Scotland in April, 1715, where he was brought up to the
composing stick. After his apprenticeship he went to
London, where his ability soon raised him to pronrnence,
so that in 1770 he was enabled to purchase a share of
the patent for King's printer. He was the publisher and
intimate friend of most of the prominent writers of his
time, inc'uding Hume, Gibbon, Adam Smith, William
Robertson and Blackstone, and for years acted as banker
to Doctor Johnson. Johnson, who was noted for his
parsimony, would get Strahan, when in parliament, to
frank his letters, saying, "When I write to Scotland, I
employ Strahan to frank my le ters that he may have
con equence of appearing a parl'ament man among his
countrymen." Letter writing was one of Strahan's

"Whitehead'a Contributions to East Jersey History, 1856, p. 202.
This picture is also described from an engraving by Henry Moses, in
Sabine's American Loyalists, 1847, p. 527, and is reproduced in Wilson's
History of New York, 1892, Vol. 2, p. 574, yet no trace of the original
painting or of an impression of the engraving by Moses can be found.
Perhaps this note may be more successful and reveal one or both.

William Franklin Letters. 421

favorite occupations12 and his correspondence with Doctor
Franklin began as early as 1744, although the two did not
meet personally until thirteen years later, at the house of
Peter Collinson, and their friendship continued through
Ufe. It was to Strahan that Franklin wrote his famous
letter of "July 5, 1775," ending "You are my Enemy
and I am yours B. Franklin," which has been looked upon
generally as a serious break between the two friends,
meaning exactly what it said; but it seems to have been
nothing more than one of Poor Richard's jokes, as is
shown by the continued friendly relations of the two men
and their uninterrupted correspondence, which lasted
until death of Strahan, July 9, 1785.

DEAR STRAHAN

Your friend is this moment arrived at the land of
matrimony and, (to continue the seamans phraze) hopes
to get safe into harbor this night. I know you and good
Mrs. Strahan will sympathize with Mrs Franklin, (for so I
am now so happy as to call her) and me in the unbounded
joy this long wished for event occasions. If you mention
it in this evening's Chronicle don't stile me Excellency,
as I think it not quite so proper as I have not yet kissed
hands, being prevented yesterday by the Cambridge
address. I am to do it for certain on Wednesday. Sup-
pose it was mentioned something in the following manner.
"This morning was married at St. George's Church,
Hanover Square, William Franklin Esq., the new ap-
pointed Governor of New Jersey, to Miss Elzth Downesia
of St James Street."

12 Vide Letters from William Strahan to David Hall in Boogher's Repos-
itory, Vol. 1, p. 117, and PENNSYLVANIA MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AND
BIOGRAPHY, Vols. x, xi, xii, xiii.

13 The wife of Governor Franklin died in New York on July 28, 1778,
in her forty-ninth year, and was buried in the chancel of St. Paul's Church,
where a decade later her husband placed a tablet to her memory with a
laudatory inscription beneath the Franklin arms. At the time of her demise
he was a prisoner under guard in Connecticut, and the Congress refused
him permission to go to New York to see her.

422 William Franklin Letters.

I can only add our compliments to you all and our
hopes that we shall soon have the pleasure of seeing you
and Mrs. S. in St James Street.

I am

Yours affectionately

Saturday W. FRANKLIN

Sept. 4. 1762.

PLYMOUTH Decr 14, 1762
DEAR SIR

By some mistake or other, either in my Servant or
the Keeper of the Post Office, your Letter was here
several Days before I had the Pleasure of receiving it. —
M" Franklin & myself return you our warmest Thanks
& good Wishes for the kind Part you take in our Welfare.
She is, thank God, perfectly recover'd from her Fright &
Fatigue & her Sea Sickness has I believe been of consider-
able Service to her, as I never saw her look so hearty &
well before. Tho' our late disagreeable Cruise, as I may
call it, has made a stormy Impression on her mind, yet it
has not so dishearten'd her but that she is willing to
make another Attempt. If this seems more successful
'tis not at all improbable but that I may one time or
another be able to persuade her to pay you a Visit some
fine Evening, to take Revenge for the last Drubbing you
& M™ Hughes gave us at Cribbage.

I am oblig'd to you for delivering my Letter to Winter-
bottom, & hope it won't be long before he recovers the
Money. — When you obtain the King's Picture, Mri F.
desires you will be so good as to call on Mr Wilson in
Queen Street for a Picture he drew of me and presented
to her, & have it pack'd up in the same Case in order to
be shipp'd to America.

It affords me great Pleasure to find that the present
Ministry are like to stand their ground, notwithstanding
all the unreasonable Opposition they have encountered.
The Preliminaries are such as give us a Prospect of a

William Franklin Letters. 423

more lasting Peace~than any we have yet experienc'd.
What must have prov'd a continual Source of quarrels,
the Proximity of the Engl. French, & Spanish Possessions
in North America, is now happily remov'd. And if a
proper use be made of our Dominion there, more exten-
sive & more permanent Advantages will arise to this
Nation, than could ever have ensu'd from the Retention
of our other Conquests. These are, indeed, more seemingly
brilliant, but are intrinsically of far less Value.

The Damage that was done to our Man of War might
have been repair'd in 3 or 4 days, had our Commodore
been a Man of more Spirit & Activity. We have lost a
deal of fine Weather & favourable Winds. However he
appears determin'd to sail To-morrow Morning; so that
we are now very busy in sending every Thing on Board.
But the Captains of the Merchant Ships seem concern'd
about going, for, they say, as it is the latter End of an
Easterly Wind, we may reasonably expect in the Change
the same boisterous Weather we met with before, & are
therefore inclined to stay till the Wind should come about
<fe blow some Time Westerly, & then take the first of the
next Easterly Wind; otherwise they say we may prob-
ably be driven back again. Let it be as it will, we must
now take our Chance, which I do with the more Confi-
dence, as I know I am in the way of my duty, & have
reason to expect the Prayers of many good Friends whom

I leave behind.

I only wrote you one Letter before I left Portsmouth,
as I postpon'd writing another till I should have an
Opportunity of making a Will to leave behind me, under
your Care. In this I was prevented by one means or
another till my Arrival here, when I wrote what I now
enclose, which I must beg you to keep seal'd up as it is
till you know what is the Fate of my present Voyage.
If you hear of my safe Arrival in America, please to send
it to me by one of the first Ships to N. York or Phila-
delphia. But if the reverse should happen, then open it,

424 William Franklin Letters.

& if the Execution of the Part you are therein requested
will not be too inconvenient to your Affairs, I dare
promise myself that your Endeavours to serve the Remains
of your deceased Friend's Family will not be wanting. —
My Wife says, "Now don't forget to remember me
affectionately to good Mr & M" Strahan, for I love
them." She has indeed a real Affection for you both,
as well as, Dear Sir

Your most assured Friend
& humble Servant

WM FRANKLIN

P. S. When you see Dr Pringle14 please to give my affect1
Compliments & acquaint him that I received his Answer
to my Letter, for which I am much oblig'd to him, but as
I had nothing material to communicate I thought it not
proper to trouble him with a Letter, especially as I have
not a Frank.

The Witnesses to the Will are Capt. D. Mitchell,
Master of a Ship in the Carolina Trade who expects to
return to London next Summer, John Richnell, Inn-
Keeper at the Sign of the Prince George Plymouth, and
John Prior, my Servant.

BURLINGTON April 25. 1763.
DEAR SIR: —

I now have the pleasure of saluting you from the
American shore within a mile of which we arrived the
6th of February & came to anchor, but had the mortifi-
cation of being prevented from landing by tempestous
weather till the twelfth. Our voyage was as disagreeable
as can well be imagined & I would not wish the devil, nay
Parson S.15 to experience a winters passage like ours. We
had another storm in the Bay of Biscay, when a very

14 Sir John Pringle (1707-1782) was of high rank in scientific circles and
became president of the Royal Society in 1772 and physician to the King
two years later. His great work in life was the reform of military medicine
and sanitation, his book on the subject being a military classic to this day.

"William Smith (1727-1803), Provost of the University of Pennsyl-
vania and an outspoken and vituperative opponent of Doctor Franklin.

William Franklin Letters. 425

great sea broke thro our cabbin windows & did consider-
able damage to our stores & baggage. The river was so
full of ice that we were obliged to land 150 miles from
Philadelphia & travel above 100 in an open one-horse-
chair, as no other carriage was to be had, the weather
extremely severe: We then met with a chariot which
had been waiting for us some time, and before we reach'd
Philadelphia a considerable number of gentlemen, with
my father and sister, came out to meet us and escorte us
into the city.

I had much ado to keep up poor Mrs. Franklin's spirits
on some trying occasions, but upon the whole she behaved
much beyond my expectations, and seems now, as you
told her she would, to have quite forgot her fatigue, as a
wife, when delivered of a fine girl or boy forgets the pains
of labor.

My father gave us an affectionate welcome & accom-
pany'd me to Amboy when I went to take possession of
my Government. The reception I met with from Gov.
Hardy18 was extremely genteel, and that from all ranks
of people in New Jersey was equal to my most sanguine
wishes. I have the prospect of an easy agreeable admini-
stration, and reason to expect an increase of the salary
at least 500 pounds pr. Annum, which I dare say will
afford you, and my other friends in England great pleas-
ure to hear confirmed. The addresses presented to me at
the several towns thro' which I pass'd were printed in
the Pensylv. Gazette, and have I suppose been sent you
by Mr Hall.17

16 Josiah Hardy was a merchant who had no connection with the colony
of New Jersey and was wholly unknown there when he was appointed
Governor in April, 1761, which office he held until he was succeeded by
Governor Franklin, for issuing commissions to Judges during good be-
havior in violation of his instructions. He was a brother of Sir Charles
Hardy who was Governor of New York, 1755 to 1757.

"David Hall (1714-1772) was a journeyman printer with Strahan, in
London, who sent him over to Doctor Franklin in 1744 and they sub-
sequently entered into partnership. Hall conducted The Pennsylvania
Gazette, started by Franklin, with much vigor and ability, and in 1766
bought Franklin out and formed the firm of Hall and Sellers.

426 William Franklin Letters.

I did propose residing at Amboy, but I find on many
accounts it will be most proper for me to reside here for
some time at least. The house building at Amboy for
the Governor's residence is not built by the province,
but by the Council of Proprietors, and as there is no good
understanding between them & a great part of the people
I have reason to think that my living in their house will
not be a little unpopular, as it is suspected by some to be
intended as a means of byassing the Governor to their
interest. I have therefore taken a pretty good house in
this town, which as it is within 20 miles of Philadelphia
makes it the more agreeable.

Both my father and myself found our friends on our
return as warm and as numerous as ever, notwithstanding
the vile insinuations of a certain parson to the contrary.
My mother is so entirely averse to going to sea, that I
believe my father will never be induc'd to see England
again. He is now building a house to live in himself.

I hope you have rec'd the money from Winterbottom,
and if you have received the Pictures, Chapel Plate &c
from the Jewel office, I should be glad to have them all
carefully pack'd up and sent over as I shall find uses for
them here. I am told I should have Folio Common
Prayer books for all the Council, who are 12 in number,
besides some for my own family. You won't forget to
pack up my picture at Wilson's in the same box with the
King's and if the miniatures are done please to send
them by the first opportunity to Philada. to which place
I would have everything for me sent, as being nearer
than New York. I have remitted Messrs Sargent & Co
500 pounds which, with my return of premium will make
a balance due to me, & I have directed it to be paid into
your hands. Mrs. Franklin has wrote to Mrs. Hughes for
some trifles and desired her to call upon you for the
amount, which please to pay, and likewise Mr Becket
his account against me for books, and desire him to send
me out Ruff head's Statutes at large. I should also be
much obliged to you if you would send me one of the best

William Franklin Letters. 427

Cheshire cheeses you can purchase After you have paid
the above mentioned sums for me, please to let me know
how my ace. stands.

I grew fat on the voyage, and have continued doing so
ever since, but Betsey is much as she was, tho in good
health. She bids me tell you she shall strictly observe, on
her part the advice you were so kind as to give us both
with regard to our conduct to each other, and likwise as
to looking upon England as our home. We have often
wished that we could put Great Britain under sail, bring
it over to this country and anchor it near us, we could
then enjoy the pleasure which that delightful spot affords,
as well as you whose happy destiny it was . . . been
born there.

It gives me great pleasure to hear the Definitive Treaty
is signed, hope it will put a stop to the very unjustifiable
opposition which has been giv . . Ministry — Pray let
me have a dish of politics in every course, for I assur . . .
we in America have as strong an appetite for that kind
of food as our bre . . in England can possibly have.
This country at present affords lit ... no returns in
that way, but when any thing occurs that I think will
be acceptable I shall not fail communicating it by the
first opportunity.

Mrs. Franklin desires her affectionate regards to Mrs.
Strahan, yourself, & family, may be tendered with those
of Dear Sir, Your Assured Friend

and humble Servant

WM. FRANKLIN.

NEW YORK June 27th, 1763
DEAR SIR.

Happening to arrive at this place a few hours ago, &
finding a vessel just on the point of departure for London
I take the opportunity of acquainting you with what I
dare say will afford you pleasure, — the Welfare of Mrs
Franklin & myself. It would have given us particular

428 William Franklin Letters.

satisfaction to have heard the same of you & Mrs Strahan,
but I know not how it has happened that so many vessels
should arrive from England without my having so much
as a single line from you. I know you have a deal of
business on your hands, but then I know you at the same
time seldom omit an opportunity of making your friends
happy, & therefore I cannot account for your omission.

I wrote you a long letter in April last since which I
have met the Assembly as you will see by the enclosed
paper containing my speech with their address. We had
a very amicable session & they increased my salary 200
pds. pr. An. which is a point no Governor could ever
obtain from them before. This addition its true is but
small, but I have good reason to believe that next year
they will add £300 more. The salary is now £1200 &
the Fees about £400 Currency. — If you think it not im-
proper I should have no objection to your inserting the
speech &c in the Chronicle.

Mrs Franklin is now pretty well reconciled to America
& has her health I think better than when in England.
I left her at Amboy, but she desired me if I wrote to
remember her affectionately to you & Mrs Strahan. I
intend to bring her to this city in a day or two, that she
may see a lady with whom she was intimately acquainted
in London.

Enclosed is an order for £25 Sterlg. on Henton Brown &
Sons: For £10 of which I have drawn an order on you in
favor of a person to whom I have wrote for some tea &c. &
I have directed her to send you the tea to be forwarded
to me under the care of Mr Hall, as I suppose you will
have some other things to send him. — I must likewise
beg you would present my best compliments to Mr
Small and pay him 2:5:0 which he paid for me to
Mr Oswald and acquaint him that I shall do myself
the pleasure of writing to him as soon as I can get settled,
which I now hope will be in a little time as a house is
repairing for me at Burlington.

William Franklin Letters. 429

You will see by the publick Papers that a fresh Indian
War has broke out. We are at a loss to know what to
attribute it to as the Indians have made no complaints
of late. From the best information I can procure it is
owing to a Belt sent them by the French Commanding
officer in the Illinois Country, before he heard of the Peace,
promising them if they would rise and cut off the English
on the Ohio near the lakes that they should receive
support and assistance from the French in Louisiana.
They have killed among others Sr Robert Davers, who
came over from England to make a Tour of the lakes
out of Curiosity, as he was assisting an officer in sounding
for a passage in lake Huron. It gives me great concern
to hear of the dissension among you great men & of
Lord Bute's Resignation, but I trust he still retains his
power tho not his office. I can't think what the Devil the
people of England would be at. If one may form a judg-
ment of them from the Publick prints they are certainly
out of their senses — But I have no leisure for Politicks
at present, having only time to add that I am with my
best regards to Mrs Strahan

your affectionate humble servant

WM. FRANKLIN

Genl. Monckton18 goes by this vessel to England The
enclosed letter to be sent to Duke street by the Penny
post I desire you would charge me with the postage of
this Pacquet

BURLINGTON, Oct. 14, 1763.
DEAR STRAHAN; —

In the name of God what have I said or done to you,
that so many months should elapse and so many vessels
arrive without my having the pleasure of a single line

18 Robert Monckton (1726-1782) led a battalion of Royal Americans
at the siege of Louisburg in 1758 and was second in command at the capture
of Quebec. He was made Governor of New York in 1761 and was offered
a command in the Revolutionary War but refused to fight against the
colonists.

43'0 William Franklin Letters.

from you since my arrival in America. I can't help
imagineing that you might have wrote and the letter
miscarried. Mrs. F. says she thinks you have quite
forgat us since we left England, and that you will not
trouble yourself about us any more. I hope she is mis-
taken and that you will allow me to prove her so. I
know you have a deal of business on your hands and
perhaps have not had time to attend to the little affairs
wh. you were so kind as to undertake to transact for me.
If this is the case I beg you would not put yourself to any
inconvenience on my account, but acquaint me with it
as soon as you can conveniently that I may employ some
other friend who has more leisure.

I wrote to you on the 25 of April and on the 27 of June.
In the last I sent you an order on H. Brown & Sons for
£25 on my account. I find by a letter from Mess. Sar-
gent & Aufrere that they have paid you a balance due me
of £6;4;1. They have since received the return for my
insurance amounting to £51 which I have wrote to them
by this vessel to pay to you or your order. I hope you
have long before this received the £50 due me from
Goble. Mrs. F. has wrote to Miss Clarke to purchase
some shoes &c. for her and to draw on you for the money,
which please to pay and charge to my account. I should
be glad if you would send me a state of my account with
you as soon as is convenient.

QUERIES. Pray have you received the King's pict-
ure &c. from the Jewel office? Have you got my picture
from Wilson19 and the miniatures from Myers or Jefferies?
Has Chamberlyne got the prints done? Have you sent
me the letter containing the will, which I desired you to
do from Plymouth?

As I hear my good friend Parson Smith has taken the
liberty (even before he could hear of my arrival here) to
propagate a report that my appointment to this govern-

19 Benjamin Wilson (1731-1788) was the artist who painted the portrait
of Doctor Franklin that Earl Grey restored to this Nation. Vide PENNA.
MAG. OF HIST. AND BIOG., vol. xxx, p. 409.

William Franklin Letters. 431

ment was disagreeable to the people, I could have wished
that you had published some of the addresses to me, and
my speech &c. which were sent over to you. I believe
no governor was ever more affectionately received by all
ranks of people. Even with those from whom I might
have expected opposition I am on very good terms.
And as a convincing proof of my influence I have carried
two points which the crown has long had at heart, and
which former Governors have often unsuccessfully at-
tempted. In short there is no more foundation for Smith's
report than there is for believing him an honest man.

I am obliged to write this in a great hurry lest I might
miss the opportunity, which prevents my adding any-
thing of News or other affairs. I must therefore refer
you to Mr. Hall's papers and to the bearer, Mr. Reed,20
a young gentleman of this province who goes over for
his improvement in the law, and whom I take the liberty
of recommending to your notice as a friend of mine and
a person of merit.

Mrs. F. says she cannot help loving you for all and joins
in good wishes for yourself and Mrs. Strahan, with

Dear Sir, —
Your most humble servant,

WM. FRANKLIN.

Please insert the address of the Trustees of the college
which you will see in one of the last papers. I suppose
you have already inserted the speech.

To ME WILLIAM STRAHAN.

BURLINGTON Nov 15. 1763.
Sir

The Assembly of this province have just met upon my
summons, in order to raise some men to go against the

80 Joseph Reed (1741-1785) was born in Trenton, N. J., graduated at
Princeton and admitted to the bar in 1763, when he went to London and
spent two years as student in the Middle Temple. His career during the
Revolution is well known, and his reputation seems to have emerged from
the cloud that for so long hung over the question of his patriotism.

43-2 William Franklin Letters.

Indians & I am at this moment to make my speech to
them, so that this can little more than serve to acknowl-
edge the receipt of your letter by Fillet, & to desire your
care of the enclosed, the postage of which you must charge
to me. The reason of my giving you this trouble is
because I have heard that some of my letters to the
publick offices have some how or other miscarried. Lord
Egremont I hear is dead, but the letter should notwith-
standing be left at Whitehall, & I should be obligd. to you
to give the letter for the Board of Trade to Mr Pownall21
& to have Lord Shelburnes Letter left at his house.

If the several things which you mention to be of
Crimson Damask are not made up before this comes to
hand, I should be glad you would prevent it, & let the
whole quantity of Crimson Silk Damask to be given me
be changed for as much Yellow Silk & Worsted Damask
as comes to the same value, as the latter is cheaper than
the other I may probably get by the exchange sufficient
for three Window Curtains, to suit some Yellow Damask
Chairs & Furniture I have in my Dining Room The Fringe
may likewise be changed for Yellow Fringe or Binding a,
may be judged most proper for the Curtains by the up-
holsterer.— Mrs F. desires you will employ Mr Timothy
Golding, upholsterer, in Brewer street near Golden Square,
as she is acquainted with him, & thinks he will do it in
the best & most reasonable manner when he knows it is
for her. — The Curtains are to be 3 yards & J long, & 4
breadths in each curtain to be hung festoon fashion.
He will probably take the trouble of getting the Damask
chang'd. — If the things, however should be made ups
the office will I believe allow you for the value of them

21 Thomas Pownall (1722-1805) came to America in 1753 and in succes-
sion was made Lieut .-Governor of New Jersey, Governor of Massachusetts,
and Governor of South Carolina, but the last post he never filled. He
was the first Englishman of education and influence to devote his entire
life to the amelioration of American political conditions, and he was also
the first to introduce into parliament a bill for peace with the revolted
colonies.

William Franklin Letters. 433

in money as they will do for other Governors. If they
should not produce sufficient for the Curtains, let the
remainder be purchased & charged to my account, &
when I know the amount of Golding's bill I will remit
the money. — The pictures &c may be sent as soon as
convenient.

My Father desires Mr Chamberlyn22 would make a good
copy of his picture which was done for Col Ludwell.
Let it be put in a handsome gilt frame, & sent over, as
soon as it can be well done, to him. — We are all well,
& join in love to you & Mrs Strahan — I am Dear sir
yours &c.

WM. FRANKLIN.

BURLINGTON, Dec. 18, 1763.
DEAR SIR; —

I have by Capt. Friend acknowledged the receipt of
yours by Fillet, together with the Tea and Cheese, since
which I have received yours of Oct. 8, by Hardie but the
two boxes from Mrs. Hughes ancl the one containing the
Metzotintos are not yet got to hand, owing to the ice
which has rendered the river impassable for the stage
boats. This same ice has I hear frightened Budden so
that he intends to put off immediately lest he should be
shut up for the winter. As we are not likely to have
another vessel from hence till the Spring I intended to
have wrote you a long letter, but it is now out of my
power and I question if even these few lines will be in
time for Budden.

M Mason Chamberlin was a portrait painter and one of the original
members of the Royal Academy, London. He painted a portrait of Doc-
tor Franklin for Colonel Philip Ludwell of Virginia, circa 1760, and it
was from this portrait that Franklin ordered a replica. In 1897 it belonged
to Mr. Victor Van der Weyer, of London, who inherited it from his grand-
father, Joshua Bates of Boston, and a copy of it by George D. Leslie is at
Harvard University. The " prints " and " Mezzotintos " mentioned doubt-
less refer to a fine plate of the portrait that was scraped by Edward Fisher
in 1763.

VOL. xxxv — 28

434 William Franklin Letters.

I am much obliged to you for inserting my first speech
&c. and I now desire you will insert my second, together
with the Assembly's address in answer. They will give
you an idea of our situation with regards to the Indians.
You will find them both in Mr. Hall's papers sent by
this opportunity. The title of the Governor, if put at
length to the speech, should be the same as that to the
address, the first being wrong printed. And in the last
part of the paragraph, relative to the Militia law, instead
of the words (to you as absolutely necessary) insert (to
your consideration). I have still a perfect harmony with
everybody in the province and shall not fail to follow
the good advice you give me for that purpose. My
hearty thanks are due to you on that as well as on many
other occasions.

I wish the King and Queen's pictures23 were finished as
there is no picture of either of them (except the prints)
yet sent to N. America. Please to tell Mr. Myers24 (if it
is possible that he has not yet finished the Miniatures)
that Mrs. Franklin would be glad to have them made a
little fatter, as I have increased considerably in flesh since
I left London. But care must be taken not to alter the

23 The portrait of the King, by Alexander Ramsay, that Franklin men-
tions several times in these letters as being desirous should come over,
is doubtless the identical whole-length portrait of George III now hanging
in the Old State-House, or Independence Hall, Philadelphia. This pict-
ure was purchased in London by Joseph Harrison, Jr., about the middle
of the last century, upon learning that it had been painted by the King's
orders for the State House, in Philadelphia, but not sent over on account
of the troubles that were brewing between the colonies and the mother
country, and placed by him where it was intended originally it should

34 Jeremiah Meyer (1735-1789) was a distinguished miniature painter
and enameller who apparently failed to execute his commissions for the
Franklins, as in the PENNA. MAG. OF HIST. AND BIOG. for January, 1906,
p. 107, is a caustic letter from Doctor Franklin to the painter, demanding
the return of a picture from which he was to make a miniature, and April 20^
1771, the Doctor writes to his son: "By this ship I send you the Picture
that you left with Meyer. He has never finished the Miniatures. " (Smyth's
Franklin, vol. v, p. 313.)

William Franklin Letters. 435

likeness. She would likewise be glad to have my father's
picture from Mr. Chamberlyne's (which I wrote for in
my last) and mine from Mr. Wilson's as our dining room
remains unfurnished for want of them. Please to ask
Mr. Wilson if he received a letter I wrote him soon after
my arrival here. I refer you to my letter per Friend in
regard to what I would have done with the Crimson
Damask &c. which you were to receive for me.

I hope you have received the £51 from Mess. S. & Au-
frere. I don't believe I shall have money enough in your
hands to answer all the demands that will be made on
you for sundry things I have ordered from England but
I will soon remit you a bill. Miss Clark will have I
believe upwards of £30 to receive. Miss Smith £5 besides
what I wrote to you to pay Mr. Small &c. I should be
glad Becket would send me all the volumes of Rust-
head's statutes now published, and the other volumes as
they come out. Also the numbers printed of Mill's
Husbandry, and those monthly pieces of some gentlemen
of the society of Arts. These may be directed to me to
the care of Mr. Hall as I would have everything you
send for me.

We are greatly rejoiced to hear Mrs. Strahan is so well
recovered. You have both of you our wishes for a long
uninterupted state of health and happiness. —
I am Dear Sir,

Yours affectionately,

WM. FRANKLIN.

P. S.

Hall has promised to send me the politics of your letter
but he has not done it.

The things which Miss Clarke may send please to
forward to Mr. Hall, and insure them with his goods.
I will settle it with him.

Excuse Haste.
To WM. STRAHAN

436 William Franklin Letters.

BURLINGTON. May 1. 1764.
DEAR SIR.

Yours of the 26th of Deem, with a short postscript of
Jan. 30. is come to hand. The above is a copy of the
letter I sent per Friend which you mention not to have
received. I suppose it is now too late to have the con-
tents comply'd with. Be pleased in that case to tell Mr
Golding to make the curtains notwithstanding according
to the above directions, & I will remit the money as soon
as I know the amount. And if the plate be not sent away
before this reaches you, I should be glad to have it com-
muted for a handsome silver waiter large enough to hold
four cups & saucers with the cream pot; a quart tankard
with a top to it; — A pint cann; & a half pint cann. The
tankard & cans to be quite plain. — Mr Jeffries25 has done
these kind of things for other Governors, & I doubt not
will do the same for me. Should there be a ballance com-
ing to him let him charge it to me, as I shall have other
dealings with him. The Bible and three of the Prayer
books may be sent over & the rest may be disposed of.—
I hope you have reed- the 51 pounds from Messrs. S. &
Aufrere; if you have not 'twill be paid on your sending
for it. — Next week I intend going to Philadelphia when I
shall purchase a bill & send you & write you more par-
ticularly than I can at present. My reason for not writing
you any American politicks was because this Province
afforded nothing of any consequence, & I have been so
taken up as not to attend to the affairs of others. As to
what passes in Pennsylv. I suppose my father & Mr Hall
give you full accounts. — Both that Province & Maryland
seem to be in a state of Anarchy, & unless the King takes
them under his immediate Government (which all but
the proprietary officers & dependents are anxious for)
the worst of consequences will probably ensue. — I believe
(but you best not mention it), that you will see my
father in England again shortly, as the inhabitants are

25 Thomas Jeffries, Goldsmith and Jeweller to the King.

William Franklin Letters. 437

very desirous he should take another voyage there in order
to obtain a change of government. He has published
two pamphlets lately, one called a Narrative of the
Murder of the Indians at Cone Stagoe, & another Cool
Thoughts &c. which are not too large for your Chron. &
I believe most of your readers will be glad to see them
there., I suppose Mr H. sends them. A period will prob-
ably be put to the Indian War this summer. Sr William
Johnson26 has made peace with the Senecas. They deliver
up the Indians who first fell upon our frontiers; grant a
large tract round Niagara to the King & his heirs with a
free transportation over that portage to all his Magesty's
subjects, without fee or reward. They have given hostages
for the performance of the articles, & have joined the
rest of the Confederated nations against our enemies.
Sir Wm expects great things from all of them. Near
400 are now out against the enemy Indians. I was much
entertained with your letter to my father. It made me
imagine myself present at the debates. Mrs F. is uneasy
at not receiving a box which Miss Clarke mentions to
have been due to you the 8th of Jany. We continue well
and happy. Our best wishes attend you & Mrs Strahan.—
I am dear sir yours affectionately

WM. FRANKLIN.

Endorsed. June 22: 1764 gave Mr Chamberlin the order

BURLINGTON, June 18, 1764.
DEAR SIR; —

I acknowledge the receipt of yours of Dec. 26th by the
King of Prussia, Capt. Robinson, which I hope will have

28 William Johnson (1715-1774) was an Irishman who came to this
country in 17.38 to take charge of the landed estate of his uncle, Admiral
Sir Peter Warren, who had married Miss De Lancey of New York. He
soon made a deep impression upon the Indians by his honesty and justice
and won an influence over them never possessed by any other white man ,
so that he was appointed " sole superintendent of the Six Nations and their
allies " and in 1755 was created a baronet.

43'8 William Franklin Letters.

better luck than that I sent you by your friend as I
have not time at present to send you a copy being just
on the point of setting out to Lord Stirling's27 in East
Jersey where we are to spend part of the summer. This
likewise prevents my writing many things to you that I
intended, but you may depend that I shall shortly send
you a long letter to make up for my past deficiencies.

I have this day received yours of the 23rd of March
together with the trunk containing the crimson damask
&c. and the box from Miss Clarke. For your care therein
I am much obliged to you.

Enclosed is a first bill of exchange drawn by my father
on Messrs. Smith, Wright & Gray for 30 £ ster'l which
I have indorsed to you and desire when received you
would place to my account. I have drawn on you for
15 £ payable to Miss Smith and for 4 guineas to Elizabth
Roberts which please to pay on demand. I have likewise
sent to Miss Clarke for 4 pairs of shoes for Mrs. F. and
to Partridge, a shoemaker in St. James St. for 6 pairs for
myself and directed them to call on you for the money
and I must desire you would forward them and two
canisters of tea from Miss Smith by the first vessel to the
care of Mr. Hall. Mrs. Franklin joins in love to you and
Mrs. Strahan. with,

Dear sir, your obliged Humble servant

WM. FRANKLIN.

Pray did you pay Mr. Small for me as I desired you
in my letter June 27th 1763 and did you ask Mr. Wilson
if he received a letter I wrote him soon after my arrival.
My father seems to be preparing in earnest for a voyage
to England.

"William Alexander (1726-1783), called "Lord Stirling," was born in
New York and was an ardent patriot who became a Major-General in the
Army of the Revolution. It was Stirling who arrested Governor Franklin,
in July, 1776. His seat was at Baskin ridge.

William Franklin Letters. 439

BURLINGTON Sept. 23. 1764.
DEAR SIR

I wrote you a few lines June 6th & intended to have
wrote you a long letter by Bredden, who I had heard
was not to sail till the 1st of October, but word is this
moment brought me, that he is to sail this afternoon, so
that I have now but just time to enclose you a second
of the bill I sent you in my last for 30 Pounds Sterling,
and to desire you will publish the following in the Chron-
icle as, An extract of a letter from an officer at Phila-
delphia.

"This Proprietary Province seems at present to be a
perfect contrast to the neighboring Governments under
the Crown There, all is peace and tranquility, here, the
utmost anarchy and confusion, nor is there any prospect
of harmony being restored to this unhappy country
unless a change of government should ensue. The

Go r's refusing to let the Assembly grant an Aid to

his Magesty, but on the iniquitous terms of having the
best of the Proprietory lands taxed no higher than the
worst of the peoples, which the House were obliged to
comply with in their last Supply Act, and his having
also sided with those who had insulted him and his
Government against the very persons who had assisted
him in the time of his distress, have occasioned such a
hatred against the family as can never be eradicated.
If the Crown therefore inclines to have that Province
under its immediate Government there never can be a
more proper opportunity for the purpose. The Pro-
prietary Party, are exerting themselves to the utmost to
carry the next election, thinking if they can but turn out
the old members they shall shew that the majority of the
people are not for a King's Government. But notwith-
standing they are begging, promising, and bribing all in
their power it is thought by those who are best acquainted
with these matters that they will not be able to succeed. "

440 William Franklin Letters.

Mrs. F. desires her love to you & Mrs Strahan. Excuse
this hasty scrawl & believe me to be very sincerely

Dear Sir

Your Friend & hum. sevt.

WM. F.
To WM. STRAHAN

BURLINGTON Febry. 18th. 1765.
Dear Sir

I perceive by the Chronicle that my letter to you of
Sept 21. (which enclosed you a second bill for 30 £ Sterling)
has got safe to hand, as you have therein published an
extract of it, for which I am much obliged to you But
whether you received mine of May 1 1764. containing
the first bill for 30 £ I have not heard. The last letter
I have receivd. from you is dated March 23. 1764. But
as I have since receivd some tea & shoes, which you were
so good as to forward for me to Mr Hall, I doubt not but
you have also wrote, tho' I have not had the pleasure of
receiving your letter. I have a great suspicion that some
of the Proprietary Politicians in Pennsylvania have been
mean enough to intercept many of my letters from Eng-
land, in hopes of finding something of which they may
take advantage; for I have late received several things
from different persons in England without any letter
accompanying them, For the future be pleased to send
your letters to me under cover to Messrs Baynton and
Wharton Merchants in Philadelphia.

I have no copy of the letter I sent you in June, but I
remember it contains the first bill for 30 £ and an acknowl-
edgement of the receipt of the trunk containing the Com-
mon Prayer books, Damask &c In mine of Nov. 15.
1763 I desired you to get the Silk Damask changed for
some silk & Worsted Damask & to have it made into
curtains for my dining room by Mr Timothy Golding,
Upholsterer, in Brewer Street, near Golden Square, who
having formerly work'd for Mrs Franklin & her brothers

William Franklin Letters. 441

family would perhaps make them more reasonably than
others. But as that letter miscarried. & as I thought the
Damask would probably be sent over, I desired you in
my letter of May 1. to tell Mr Golding to make the curtains
notwithstanding, according to these directions, Viz.
''Three curtains of Yellow Silk and Worsted Damask:
Each Curtain to be Three yards and a quarter long — to
contain four breadths of the Damask — & to be hung
festoon fashion." And I likewise desired that if the
Chapel Plate was not sent away, that you would have it
commuted for a handsome silver waiter (large enough to
hold four cups & saucers with the cream pot) A Quart
Tankard with a top — A Pint Cann — & a Half Pint Cann.
The Tankard & the Canns to be quite plain. If you
have not received these letters & already sent the things,
I should be glad you would as soon after the receipt of
this as you can conveniently. The Canns indeed if not
sent may be omitted, as I have been obliged to purchase
such here. Mr Jefferies, the King's cutler, has been used
to commute things of this kind for other Governors, & will
I doubt not readily do the same for me. I should be
glad to have your account as soon as suits your con-
venience. The ballance due to you I desired my father
to pay, which he promised. — I have not received the
books from Becket which I wrote for, & perhaps he has
omitted to send them.

We have not heard anything from my father since he
sailed, but I hope he has been safely landed in England
at least two months ago. Since he left us Mr Allen,28 one
of the principal Prop'y- Tools in Pennsylvania, has em-
ployed that miscreant Parson Smith & two or three other
prostitute writers, to asperse his character in which they
have been very industrious. However, they have lately

28 William Allen (1710-1780) was Chief Justice of Pennsylvania from
1750 to 1774. The latter year he went to England, where he died. He was
a pronounced Loyalist.

4:42 William Franklin Letters.

received a terrible shock from Mr Hughes,29 one of my
Father's friends, who being incensed at their base con-
duct published an advertisement signed with his name,
in which he promised that if Mr Allen or any Gentn. of

29 John Hughes was "Chief Distributor of the Stamps" for Pennsyl-
vania and Delaware under commission, secured for him by Doctor Franklin
and transmitted to Hughes under cover of a private letter from Franklin
of August 9, 1765 (Smyth's Franklin, iv, 392); but he was not allowed by
the citizens to serve and was forced to resign. Franklin's exact position
in this matter has never been made quite clear and at the time was made
much of against him. Hughes had been a member of the Assembly of
Pennsylvania for ten years from 1755 and on January 15, 1756, was a
Commissioner, with John Mifflin and Evan Morgan, to furnish the troops
with provisions, etc. ; in July, 1757, was one of the Provincial Commis-
sioners who appeared at the Treaty at Easton with Teedyuscung on behalf
of the Indians, and in October, 1757, was one of a commission with Edward
Shippen and James Galbraith "to construct a fort and convenient houses
at Wiomink for the Indians" (Pa. Arch., iii, 288), but Hughes peremptorily
refused to go unless he had sole command of the expedition (Id., 289),
which occasioned some rather warm correspondence with Governor Denny.
It seems, however, from a letter written by the Governor a month later
(Id., p. 316) that the affair had been adjusted without Hughes being given
command " Wiomink " was Wyoming. He was commissioned October 20,
1759, a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas for Philadelphia, but on
February 8, 1761, a writ of supersedeas was issued, against him and his five
colleagues, forbidding them exercising the powers granted by Governor
Denny. His haughty and imperious character made him a difficult subject
and, as Galloway wrote to Franklin, " disgusted with his friends and all the
world, " he retired to his farm, Walnut Grove, " Where he wrote letters of
advice to the minstry" Governor Franklin tells his father. He sold
Walnut Grove, where the famous Meschianza was held, to Joseph Wharton,
and in 1769 removed to Portsmouth, N. H., where he had been appointed
Collector of the Customs, an office he found very difficult to exercise, and
later held the same post at Charles Town, as The Pennsylvania Gazette,
for February 20, 1772, states, in announcing his death. He had a brother,
Hugh Hughes, who resided in New York and was one of the Sons of Liberty
and a Patriot throughout the war. Owing to severe financial disasters
Hugh Hughes " supported a numerous family by teaching school, " which
fact is placed curiously and erroneously to the credit of John Hughes in
the generally very accurate Index to the Second Series of the Proceedings
of the Massachusetts Historical Society, hi indexing the letters written
from James Parker to Benjamin Franklin, printed in volume xvi of the
Proceedings, pp. 202, 204, 208, 211, 217 and 224. John Hughes also had
a son named for his uncle Hugh, who resided in New Jersey and whose
father wanted Doctor Franklin to have him appointed Stamp Distributor
for that colony. For a full account of the Stamp Act and John Hughes,
see Hazzard's Register, vol. ii, pp. 243-250.

William Franklin Letters. 443

character would undertake to justify the charges brought
against Mr Franklin he would pay 10 pounds to the
hospital for every one they should prove to the satisfac-
tion of impartial Persons provided they would pay 5
pounds for every falsehood he should prove they had
alledg'd against Mr Franklin. But this challenge they
were afraid to accept, & therefore still kept their names
concealed; but as they thought that something must be
done they endeavored to turn Mr Hughes' challenge into
riducule & raise the laugh against him by an anonymous
answer. He however, published a reply, with his name
subscribed, in which he has lash'd them very severely
for their baseness. Not being able to answer this they
employed one Dove,30 a fellow who has some talent, for
the lowest kind of Scurrility to publish a print with some
verses annex'd vilifying my Father & some of the most
worthy men of the Province. By way of revenge some
writer has attacked them in their own way; Hurn'd Dove's
verses against Mr Allen, he being the head of the Prop'y
Party. This has enraged him excessively as those verses
and the print has cost him upwards of 25 pounds. You
will probably have seen before this reaches you, the
advertisement, answer & reply, as they were printed in
Mr Hall's newspaper, & therefore I send you the en-
closed pamphlet, which is likely to put a stop to that
kind of writing here for the future, as was the intention
of the author. — The malice of the Prop. Party against
my Father on account of his wanting to bring about a
change of Government is beyond all bounds. They glory
in saying and doing things to destroy his character that
would make even Devils blush. — If he does not succeed
I know not what will become of the Province, as there is
such a rooted hatred among a greater Majority of the
people against the Prop'n Family. Do let me hear what
you think of his undertaking &c &c

80 Vide A Philadelphia Schoolmaster of the Eighteenth Century. By
Joseph Jackson. PENNA. MAG. OF HIST. AND BIOG., vol. xxxv, p. 315.

444 William Franklin Letters.

Pray hasten Mr Ramsay with the King & Queen's
picture, & send it over with mine at Mr Wilsons.

Mr Stockton31 the gentleman who will deliver you this,
is a considerable lawyer of this province, & a particular
friend of mine, give me leave to recommend him to your
acquaintance and to desire that you would treat him with
the sight of S. Johnson & a few more of your Authors;
for we Americans, when we go to England have as much
curiosity to see a live author as Englishman have to see
a live ostrich, or Cherokee Sachem

Mrs Franklin joins in love to good Mrs Strahan &
yourself with Dear Sir

Your sincere Friend, & obliged hum servnt,

WM FRANKLIN.

P. S. I hope you have paid Mr Small & also Mr Jackson,
of the Temple, agreeable to what I wrote to you before.
The latter is about 27 Pounds.

To WM. STRAHAN

BURLINGTON Jany. 29. 1769.
Dear Sir

If a due sense of one's fault is any step toward amend-
ment, I may hope that I shall hereafter become a more
regular correspondent; for never was man more asham'd
of, nor angry with himself, than I have been on account
of my having so long neglected acknowledging the receipt
of your favor by Mr Alexander.32 I have nothing to plead

31 Richard Stockton (1730-1781), Signer of the Declaration of Inde-
pendence, made a visit to England in 1766, where he remained fifteen months
and was instrumental in securing John Witherspoon for the presidency
of the College of New Jersey.

32 Doubtless Cosmo Alexander, a Scotch painter who came to this
country about the time of this letter, painting a number of interesting
portraits in the affected perfunctory manner of the period. He was a
great-grandson of George Jameson, whom Walpole calls "the Vandyke
of Scotland; " but his chief interest for us is that he was the first instructor
in art of Gilbert Stuart, America's master painter, whom he took to Scot-
land in 1773, where Alexander soon after died. It would be interesting to
know where are the paintings he did for William Franklin.

William Franklin Letters. 445

in excuse, but that it was constantly in my intention to
write, and that tho' I have some how or other, from
time to time, omitted doing it, yet it was never owing to
an abatement of that regard and friendship which I have
ever entertained for you, from our first acquaintance.
It gives me indeed much concern that there should be
such a chasm in our correspondence. But as the business
of my office occasions me a great deal of writing, and as
my income (my necessary expenses considered) will
not allow me to keep even a private secretary or clerk
to copy my dispatches, it is not possible that I should
keep up so constant & regular a correspondence with my
friends as I could wish. I have shown, and shall continue
to show, Mr Alex'r. all the civilities & render him all
the services in my power, both on his own account and
your recommendation. He has been for several weeks
together at my house, and I employed him in doing as
much painting as came to ninety Guineas, besides getting
him- business in that way from several of my friends; so
that if he don't succeed in recovering his lands (which
however, I believe he will) he cannot be any great loser
by his voyage. He was last year deprived of the use of
his limbs by a fit of sickness but is since recovered & got
to work again.

This will be delivered to you by a particular friend of
mine, Mr Samuel Wharton33 Merchant of Philadelphia,
who I beg leave to recommend to your civilities. He is a
gentleman of character & abilities, and, from what he
has heard me say of you, he is very desirous of the pleas-
ure of being of your acquaintance. I dare say you will

83 Samuel Wharton (1732-1800), who was a cousin of Thomas Wharton,
Jr., first Governor of the State of Pennsylvania under the title of "Presi-
dent of the Supreme Executive Council," was a merchant of high standing
and a partner in the house of Baynton, Wharton and Morgan, to whom
the Six Nations of Indians made over a tract of land of 200,000 acres, on
the upper Ohio River, as indemnity for £40,000 worth of goods destroyed
by them. Mr. Wharton went to England to obtain a confirmation of this
grant in which he almost succeeded when the Revolution broke out and
ended his errand, so that the deed was never approved.

446 William Franklin Letters.

like him, and I am sure he will like you. I long much
to have a chat with you on our American affairs, which
are really becoming very critical. But I durst not trust
my sentiments on that subject to a letter for fear of
accidents. Mr Wharton, however, is capable of giving
you very exact information of the state of affairs on this
side the water. We wait with impatience to hear the
result of the session of Parliment with respect to America.
Your letters of political intelligence, which Mr Hall
generally publishes in his Paper afford us from time to
time the best information we receive of what is doing in
Parliament, it containing many interesting particulars,
& little anecdotes, which we have not thro' any other
channel.

Mrs Franklin & I were much concerned at the loss you
sustained in the death of your very amiable daughter
Johnston We hope her children are well, & afford you
and Mrs Strahan a good deal of comfort. Our best wishes
atend you both — remember me kindly to your son
William and to my young Mother who, I suppose, is now
grown a woman, and will ere long add to her & your
Happiness, by taking unto herself a husband. I heartily
wish her a good one, and am with the sincerest regard,
Dear Sir your most faithful & obedient servant.

By Mr Wharton. WM. FRANKLIN

To WM. STRAHAN

BURLINGTON June 18th. 1771
Dear Sir.

If I did not know that you were one of the best men
in the world, and always disposed to make proper allow-
ances for the faults of your friends, I should be much
more uneasy than I am at having been so deficient in my
correspondence with you. Your last letter, however of
the 3rd of April, is of so kind & friendly a nature that to
delay my acknowledgements of it would render me
unworthy of your future regard or notice

William Franklin Letters. 447

I was in hopes Lord H.34 had quite forgot that long
letter he put me under the necessity of writing to him, as
it was wrote above two years & a half ago & I have
received some tolerably complaisant letters from him
since. If that letter proved a Phillipic to his Lordship,
it was not so from any design in me, but from the nature
of the subject. He was treated with great respect through-
out the whole, but it was impossible for me to clear my-
self of the charges he brought against me, otherwise
than by showing that they had not any just foundation,
and it was impossible to do this, without at the same
time, showing (by implication at least) that the man
who could invent such charges was — no better than he
should be. He had at the very time he found fault with
my conduct documents in his possession that proved the
direct contrary of what he asserted. Knowing this I
was not a little alarmed. I could not imagine that he
would venture to act such a part without he was deter-
mined to remove me from my office, as soon as he could
contrive a plausible excuse for it. I therefore determined
to shew him that there was not even a shadow of pretence
for the censure he had passed on my conduct in hopes
that when he found that to be the case he would desist
from or at least postpone any further attempts against
me. At the same time I knew that if he was of a revenge-
ful ungenerous Temper there was danger in showing that
he was wrong, of irritating him still more against me—
The answer he returned was pretty similar to what he
mention'd to you. But if the King really did say to him
" My Lord I wonder at your patience, " I think he would
not have fail'd upon such a hint to remove, unless indeed,
he was afraid that by a Publication of my letters I should

34 Wills Hills (1718-1793), second Earl of Hillsborough, was Joint-
Postmaster-General, 1766-1768, and Secretary of State for the colonies,
1768-1772. He was a tyrannical enemy of the colonies and pursued a
harsh policy toward America, for which he was severely attacked by Sir
Philip Francis in the Letters of Junius.

448 William Franklin Letters.

give the world a fresh proof of his injustice. At the time
he was so much blam'd for his treatment of General
Amherst.35 As to his Lordship's saying that my letters
never came to him through the ordinary channel, &c. it
is inter nos, a downright falsehood. I am well convinced
that he never received above one in ten in any other way.
It is true that when I have had occasion to write anything
to him which particularly respected myself, and had not
time to copy the letter, I have sometimes enclosed it to
my father, that he might be acquainted with the matter,
& thereby be enabled to pursue such measures as the
necessity of the case might require; which cannot be
deem'd very improper, when it is considered that, be-
sides being my father he is an agent appointed by the
Governor as well as by the Assembly, and that it may be
necessary for him at times to appear in behalf of one as-
well as the other. However, this I mention in confidence.
The truth of the matter is Lord H has really no cause of
quarrel with me, but having been disappointed in his
late attempts to injure my father he is now endeavoring
to hurt him through me. For which purpose he catches
at every the minuteest trifle, and even blames me for
things that he ought to approve, he has no reason (other
than the natural connexion between us) to imagine that
I entertain the same political opinion with my father with
regard to the disputes between Britain & America. My
sentiments are really in many respects different from
those which have yet been published on either side of
the question; but as I could not expect the voice of an
individual be attended to in the temper both parties were
in, I for the most part kept my sentiments to myself, &
only endeavored to steer my little bark quietly through
all the storms of political contest with which I was every-

85 Jeffrey Amherst (1717-1797) came to America in 1758, captured
Louisburg, became Commander-in-Chief, took Fort Du Quesne, Ticon-
deroga and Crown Point from the French, but was unsuccessful against
the wily Pontiac, and returned to England in 1763.

William Franklin Letters. 449

where surrounded. I have however, on no occasion given
up a single point of the Crown's Prerogatives, nor have
I ever attempted the least infringement of the People's
Privileges. An almost uninterrupted harmony has pre-
vailed between me & the other branches of the Legislature
of this Province, we having had no difference of any
importance until the session in April last, when they
foolishly refused to grant any money for the supply of
the King's troops after all the other colonies had given
up the point, and notwithstanding they had more money
in the Treasury struck expressly for the use of the Crown,
than was necessary for the purpose. My messages to
them on this head are a sufficient refutation of any sus-
picions Lord H. may entertain of my having any un-
due or improper Bias to American Politics, and perhaps
may have a tendency to induce him to drop his designs
against me.

I have for some time past settled my mind with regard
to the affair of the Ohio settlement, and have almost
given up all expectation of its taking place while Lord H
presides at the board of trade. If it should, however
succeed it will give me great pleasure, tho' not so much
on any hopes I have of its being eventually advantageous
to me, as that it is the only probable means which now
seems to offer, by which my friends Baynton, Wharton,
& Morgan38 (on whose account I was principally induced
to engage in the undertaking) may extricate themselves
from their embarrisments. I have not any doubt of
Mr Wharton's activity, sagacity or perseverence in this
business. He is very capable and has certainly every
inducement to exert all his abilities in carrying it through.
It is indeed high time that a Government was established
in that country for the people are migrating there every
day, and settling themselves on the lands without any
title. They are there exempt from all law and order, the

88 This firm, one of the most important in the colonies, was composed of
John Bayton, Samuel Wharton, and George Morgan.
VOL. XXXV — 29.

450 William Franklin Letters.

ill consequences of which, when they come to be some-
what more numerous, as they soon will be, are too obvious
to need mentioning. I requested one Mr Hooper,37 a
Gent'n. of character who lately went to the Ohio to
survey a large tract of land for Col Croghan,38 to send me
an acct. of the nature of the land, the number of the
inhabitants &c. and yesterday I received a letter from
him from which, as I imagine it will be agreeable to you,
I send the following extract for your information.

"FoKT PiTT39 May 22d 1771.
SIR,

"In eight days after I left Philadelphia I arrived here
& found Col. Croghan very well. I have been engaged in
running the line of the Colonels lower Tract on the South
West Side of the Mononghela extending down the Ohio
about 27 miles below Fort Pitt, which tract is in general
very good and I believe will readily sell to settlers at
Ten Pounds Sterling pr hundred acres, subject only to
the quit rent that shall become due to the Crown in the
new Government. These are the terms proposed by the
Colonel, and I believe as soon as the confirmation is
known he will sell a considerable quantity of land at that
price. Three Germans that came up with me from
Northampton County, in Penneslvania, to seek a settle-

87 This was Robert Lettis Hooper, Junior, the third if not the fourth of
his name, which makes it very difficult to identify his early career, a puzzle
the writer is now endeavoring to solve. He lived respectively in Trenton
and in Burlington county, New Jersey, and in Philadelphia and in Easton,
Pennsylvania. He is commonly called " Colonel Hooper " and was Deputy
Quartermaster-General in the Continental army; Deputy Commissary
of Transportation, and one of the Superintendents of Magazines " to be
laid up for the army," his department covering Northampton, Bucks, Berks,
and Philadelphia counties in Penna. and Sussex county in New Jersey. He
was Vice-President of New Jersey and died at Trenton, July 30, 1797, in
his sixty-seventh year, leaving no descendants.

88 George Croghan was an Indian trader and agent who in 1766 made a
settlement four miles from Fort Pitt and rendered valuable service in
pacifying and conciliating the Indians.

89 After the capture of Fort Du Quesne from the French, this post was
called Fort Pitt, now Pittsburgh, Penna.

William Franklin Letters. 45 i

ment for themselves and about thirty families, after view-
ing this tract of the Colonels with me, agreed to give
£17/10 Currency pr hundred for about 20,000 acres &
to make a German settlement on the Ohio. After con-
sulting with their friends they are to give the Col. their
answer in July next, & I expect a number of families will
enter on the land this fall. There is already near sixty
families settled on this tract, the whole of which is, I
think within the bounds of the new Government. —
This part of the country is hilly, but the soil is of an
excellent quality & free from stone. It is generally
wooded with black oak intermixed with walnut & locust
trees which are never found but in a rich good soil.
It has been said that this country was not well stored
with springs and creeks, sufficient for mills, the contrary
of which I am well convinced of for 30 miles round this
place. I cannot with any certainty inform your excelFn.
what number of families are settled on the west side of
the Allegheny mountains, but I have reason to conclude
from information that I have had, there must be at
least three thousand, therefore considering the great
number of people that yearly remove from the Eastern
Colonies, into this new country, I think the settlement
of the new colony will be more rapid than any other of
the colonies has been in America."

I was much obliged to you for a copy of the queries you
put to my father and his answers, which I had not seen
before. Mr Gale the gent'n. who delivered them to me with
a letter of recommendation from you, is now gone to the
Ohio, to assist Mr Hooper in surveying for Col. Croghan;
those Gent'n. having, at my request, agreed to find him
employ there for this summer at least. It is the first
business he has obtained since his coming to America,
& I am in hopes will be introductory to something of more
consequence. — Mr Lyle whom you likewise recommended
to me, is settled at present on a farm of mine within 5 miles
of this town, which I let him have for a twelve month on

452 William Franklin Letters.

his own terms, that he might have an opportunity of
trying whether he could make anything by farming in
America, of which he seemed to have a great doubt.
However he has found it excee'd his expectations, & has
some thoughts of taking a farm near mine, & fixing there
altogether. He appears to understand farming very well,
but does not like to work much himself, as all our
farmers are obliged to do, labour being extremely dear
here to what it is in the old Counteries. The other
gent'n. Mr Brett who brought me a recommendatory
letter from you, was several times at my house & I took
him to see some farms in this neighborhood, which were
at that time to be sold, but none of them suited him. He
afterwards agreed to purchase 1500 acres in N. York
Government (belonging to a man who had empowered
me to sell it) & requested me to have the deeds drawn,
but before they were completed he desired to be off,
because his Grey Mare it seems did not approve of the
purchase, since which I have heard nothing of him.

It gave me particular pleasure to hear that you were
gratified in your wishes of being King's Printer, But
don't flatter yourself that you are arrived at the "ne plus
ultra" of your desires. There is no such thing in this
life. I entirely agree with you, however in thinking a
life of industry the most eligible.

The account you gave me in one of your letters of the
state of your family was extremely agreeable to Mrs
Franklin & myself as everything must be which informs
us of your comfort & happiness. Our best wishes ever
attend you & Mrs Strahan. Do let our mother know
that we send our duty & present our compls, to your sons
William40 & George.41 I should be happy to see the latter

40 William Strahan, Jr., who died in his father's lifetime, was a suitor
for the hand of Governor Franklin's sister Sarah. Sparks prints a letter,
from his father to her mother, on the subject.

41 George Strahan (1744-1824) was second son of William Strahan.
He was graduated at Oxford and took orders. He was a great favorite
with Doctor Samuel Johnson and administered to him on his death-bed.

William Franklin Letters. 453

Bishop of America. I am with great truth Dear sir,

your ever faithful & affect, servant

WM. FEANKLIN

To MR. STRAHAN.

BURLINGTON, June 21, 1771.
DEAR FRIEND,

I am obliged to you for yours of June 17, & for the care
you took in sending my Letter from my Father. It is
dated April 24. It mentions the Ohio Affair being in a
prosperous way, but directs me not to say anything about
it, as many things happen between the Cup and Lip. If
the present administn stand their ground, we may expect,
I think, to hear of something decisive on that Head soon.
The Boat is just going— — -

Yours affecty

W. FRANKLIN.

PERTH AMBOY. May 7th, 1775.
DEAR SIR;—

I sent the enclosed packet to New York to day in order
to go by Capt. Lawrence but it was returned to me by
my friend there with an account of Capt. Lawrence
having sailed yesterday, but as Capt. Coupar is to sail
from thence to London on Tuesday my friend advises
me to put my packet under cover to some private person
in London in whom I can confide and send it by him. I
have therefore taken the liberty to enclose it to you as
otherwise there would be danger. of its being opened by
some of the Sons of Liberty, at New York, if seen in
Capt. Coupar's bag, or perhaps by some of his passengers
This too will excuse me for not directing you as member
of Parliament or king's Printer. •

Your favor of the fifth of February by Falconer came
to hand last week and shall be answered fully as soon
as I have any leisure. At prezent I have scarcely time to
subscribe myself,

Your affectionate friend
and most obedient servant,

WILLIAM FRANKLIN
WM. STRAHAN, ESQR.

454 William Franklin Letters.

I have this moment heard that my father arrived at
Philadelphia on Friday evening last, which is quite
unexpected news to me.

To WM. STRAHAN

NEW YORK Oct 9th. 1779.
DEAR SIR.

I was made happy by the receipt of your favor of the
26th of June, which gave me so pleasing an account of
the health and situation of yourself and family, in whose
welfare I shall always feel myself interested.

You have greatly obliged me by the readiness with
which you executed my business at the Treasury. I am
very glad to have so good an agent & banker, & have
drawn on you for the balance you mention (£609 : 7 : 6)
in favor of Mr Frederick Wm. Geyer at ten days sight,
you will please to continue to receive my quarterly allow-
ence as it becomes due. This letter is chiefly to advise
you of the above draft, for as to politics, I must defer
writing on the subject till a more safe opportunity which
will probably soon offer by the fleet. However I cannot
resist sending you an extract from a Rebel News-Paper
now before me, by which you may form a pretty tolerable
idea of our management here. I know not the writer, and
tis well for him, perhaps, that he is not known here,
otherwise he might find to his sorrow, that truth is not
to be spoken at all times. As it has found its way for
once into a Rebel Paper, perhaps it may do some good,
if it could likewise appear in some of your English
Papers.

I a.m, with my best regards to Mrs Strahan & the rest
of your worthy family, Dear sir, your faithful & affec't
hum. servt.

WM. FRANKLIN

WM STRAHAN ESQ.

William Franklin Letters. 455

From the New Jersey Journal (a Rebel Paper)
dated Sept, 21. 1779.

NEW LONDON, CONNECTICUT Sept. 8

Extract of a letter from a person in New York to a
person in Savanna in Georgia, dated Aug 19, taken on
board a prize brought in to New London.

— "I have the pleasure of yours by Col. — your obser-
vations respecting the operations to the Southward will
not apply here. — Here with a body of 12000 men, we do —
nothing: The Rebels are the only active people here;
they lately, by a well concerted, well conducted plan,
surprised Stony-point-Fort, up the North River, a regular
constructed fort, with about 600 men in it, and com-
manded by Col. Johnston42 of the 17th Regiment, about
40 were killed, the rest were taken; they took off or
destroyed everything, and, on the approach of General
Clinton's Army, abandoned it. Last night they surprised
Pawles Hook carried off about 158 men. Such are the
blessed effects of the three years campaigns under the
Howes, who have been excellent drill sergeants to them, —
yet we do nothing, though the troops themselves are
encouraging. We have changed our chief, it is true, but
I cannot say for the better. Our present chief, tis said,
never continues in one mind from Breakfast till dinner,
or from dinner till bed-time, and he is as much above
advice as his predecessor. He could have destroyed
stores, intercepted convoys surprised parties or canton-
ments &c. but the court stile on all occasions is, these are
not the objects, and what are his objects none can tell
perhaps it may be doubted if he himself knows. We are
fortifying this town and island, and showing every sign

42 Henry Johnson (1748-1835), colonel of the 17th regiment of foot,
commanded at Stony Point when he was surprised by Anthony Wayne
and he and his whole force made prisoners. His orderly book, that fell
into the hands of Wayne, is in the Hist. Soc. of Penna. He married Rebecca
Franks of Philadelphia in 1782 and was created a baronet in 1818.

456 WiUiam Franklin Letters.

of fear of invasion. This may be prudent but can we do
nothing besides? General Try on43 was recalled and re-
buked for burning Fairfield and Norwalk. Nothing has
been attempted since. — We have always here doubted
both the capacity and integrity of your active com-
mander, and therefore are pleased he is to return to his
Regiment; he has feathered his nest well by all accounts."

NEW YORK May 19th, 1780
DEAR SIR,

My last to you was dated the 30th of November, This
is just to advise you that I have this Day drawn on you,
in two Sets of Exchange, for Two hundred and forty-
three Pounds Fifteen Shillings Sterling, payable to Mr.
Frederic Wm. Geyer, or order, Ten Days after Sight.
One Set for £100 and the other for £143.15. 0. This is
for half a year's Allowance, after the Deduction of Six-
pence in the Pound. There was a Year's Allowance due
on the 5th, of last Month, the whole of which, I suppose,
you have received Quarterly as it became due.

We have no News of any Consequence but what you
will see in the public Papers. If what is contained in that
published this Day (as brought from the West Indies)
prove true it might be attended with the greatest Advan-
tages to the British Interest.

In haste, but ever

Yours affectionately

WM. FRANKLIN.
WM. STRAHAN, ESQR.

43 William Tryon (1725-1788), Lieut.-Governor of North Carolina, 1764
to 1771, when he was appointed Governor of New York, which he held
until 1778, when he returned to England. He was detested by the colonists
for his rigorous administration and the inhumanity he exhibited on
several occasions, especially during his Connecticut depredations, which
he conducted in person.

William Franklin Letters. 457

NEW YOBK, May llth. 1781.
DEAR SIB

I have not had the pleasure of a line from you since the
26th of June 1779. The last letter I wrote to you was
dated the 12th of November 1780, in which I informed
you of my having drawn on you for 200 pounds sterling,
in favor of Mr Geyer, and enclosed copies of sundry
intercepted letters &c. Pray did you receive them?

In Jan. last I likewise drew on you for 300 pounds
sterling in favor of Mr Geyer, which is the last bill I have
drawn and will probably be the last that I shall draw on
you for some time as I cannot draw at less than 10 per
cent less, exclusive of the six pence in the pound deducted
in England, which I can by no means afford. I have
therefore sold off some effects that I could best spare in
hopes of being able to support myself by that means until
bills may rise to a price nearer their value. In the mean-
time it will be of some advantage to me if you will be so
good as to place in my name part of the money you may
receive on my account from time to time in the Public
Fund, where it may be producing interest: Which of the
stocks to prefer I know not, but some of my friends think
Bank Stock the most advantageous, as the interest, they
say is paid quarterly and may be immediately applied
to the increase of the principal. Others prefer Navy
Bills. However, that is a matter I leave entirely to your
judgment, not doubting you will do the best you can for
me. By my account there was due to me after paying
all my drafts on the 5th of April last. 231 : 5: and on the
5th of July I shall have £.121 : 17 : 6 more due, so that
you may lay out for me about 350 pounds in the purchase
of stock, and receive the interest as it may become due.

I must likewise beg leave to trouble you on another
matter of some importance to me. A Mr Baldwin Wake44

44 A son or grandson of William Wake, Archbishop of Canterbury from
1716 until his death, in 1737, and brother of the wife of William Tryon,
Governor of New York.

458 William Franklin Letters.

(brother of Sir William Wake, Member of Parliment)
rented a farm of me and not having paid the rent for
several years there was due to me on a settlement £268 :19
sterling, for which, just before his departure for England
he gave me his bond dated Aug 14th 1779, on interest at
7 per cent (the legal interest here) payable in Twelve
months. I could have prevented his leaving this country
unless he either paid me or gave security for the debt,
but in consideration of his character and family con-
nexions, I consented to take his bond, and promised that
in case he paid you the principal within a year I would
forgive him the interest, which he gave me expecta-
tions of doing, but as you have not mentioned the
subject so me, I conclude he has not paid it. I should
be glad therefore you would, as my attorney, demand
payment of the bond and endeavor to recover the money
for me as soon as possible. Your receipt will be a
sufficient discharge to him for the sum, and I will de-
liver up the bond to any person whom he may appoint
to receive it. He left bill of exchange drawn in his favor
by Thomas Powell of Burlington in New Jersey on
Arthur Goold Esq., in Halifax, Nova Scotia for £52 : 16.
sterling dated May 1st 1779, which was protested and
has never since been paid. If it had I was to have given
him credit for so much on the Bond — the enclosed letter
to him is to inform him of this circumstance, and to
request that he will discharge the bond by paying the
amount to you. If it should be necessary to send you
over a certified copy of the bond, you will please to let me
know by the first opportunity, but I trust Mr Wake is too
much a gentleman to dispute it — his brother Sir William
can probably inform you where he is to be found.

Excuse me, my dear sir for imposing so much on your
friendship, but be assured that you cannot oblige one
who will have a higher sense of gratitude for the favor than
Your faithful and affectionate humble servt.

WM. FRANKLIN.
WM. STRAHAN ESQ.,

William Franklin Letters. 459

P. S. Please to read and send the inclosed to Mr Wake
with a few lines requesting payment and acquainting
him with your address.

NEW YORK June 7, 1781.
DEAR SIR,

This is just to inform you that I have this Day drawn
on you for Fifty Pounds Sterling, in favor of Mrs. Mary
Johnson, a Gentlewoman who has gone from hence to
Cork. This will leave only about 300 £ of my Money in
your Hands to be put in the Funds, agreeably to my
Request by the May Packet.

I thank you for your Favour of the 13th of January,
which I did not receive till about two or three Weeks ago.
I propose writing to you fully, and that soon. In the
mean Time I remain, as ever,
Your faithful

and affectionate

humble servant
WM. STRAHAN, ESQ. WM. FRANKLIN.

P. S, Inclosed are eight Rebel Newspapers, which,
when you have perused, be so good as to send to my
Friend Galloway.45

NEW YORK, Novr. 6, 1781
DEAR SIR

Since the unhappy Surrender of Lord Cornwallis every
Person is anxious to get his Property remitted to Great
Britain; A Friend of mine, Isaac Bonnel,46 Esqr formerly

45 Joseph Galloway (1729-1803) was a close friend of Doctor Franklin
until he became the leading Tory in Pennsylvania. He early advocated
a change of government from the Proprietary to the Royal form and in
December, 1776, joined General Howe, and remained with the British
until the evacuation of Philadelphia, when he went to England. The
Penna. legislature in 1788 attained him of High Treason and confiscated
his estates.

48 Isaac Bonnell (1737-1806) was Sheriff of Middlesex county, New Jersey,
under Governor Franklin. He was arrested in July, 1776, but released on
parole and later was Barrack Master of the British army on Staten Island.
At the peace he went to Nova Scotia, where he became Judge of the Court
of Common Pleas. His only son was named for William Franklin.

460 William Franklin Letters.

High Sheriff at Amboy, having no Acquaintance in
England, has requested me to get you to receive the
Money for the four inclosed Bills of Exchange amounting
to £1999 : 7 : 5 Sterling, and lodge it in the Funds, in
his Name, in such Manner as you may think will be most
for his Advantage. You to receive the Interest from
Time as it may become due, and to let it lay in your
Hands until he may draw for it, or otherwise direct. In
Complying with his Request you will add to the many
Obligations already conferred on

Dear Sir,
Your most obedient

Servant

WM. FRANKLIN.

P. S. The Bills are drawn by Gordon & Crowder on
Harley and Drummond, viz.

1 for 300 : 0 : 0

1 325 : 0 : 0

1 1200 : 0 : 0 first Set

1 for 174 : 7 : 5

£1999 : 7 : 5 Sterling
Inclosed is a Rebel Paper or two

I have no Time to write to any Body but Lord Geo
Germain. Excuse Haste

NEW YORK May 12. 1782.
DEAR SIR

I writ to you on the 6th of Nov. inclosing a first set
of Bills of Exchange for 1999 : 7 : 5. Sterling, and sent
the second set in a letter dated the 6th of December last
since which not having had the pleasure of receiving a
line from you I have been some times apprehensive that
they must by some accident have both miscarried, though
I find that the vessels by which they were sent are safely
arrived; I am the more concerned at not hearing from
you on this subject, as it prevents my being able to
inform the gentleman, Mr Bonnel, to whom the money

William Franklin Letters. 461

belongs, in what manner it has been disposed of. Be so
good as to let me know as soon as possible, whether you
placed it in the Funds, in his name agreeable to my
request.

I likewise wrote to you on the llth of May, 1781,
requesting that you would place in the Funds, in my
name, about three hundred or 350 Pounds Sterling of the
money belonging to me in your hands, but not having
heard from you since your letter of the 2nd of May, 1781,
I am quite ignorant whether or not you complied with
my request.

I was encouraged to take the liberty of giving you this
trouble for myself and Mr. Bonnel, from the kind offer
in one of your former letters to transact any business I
should recommend to your care, but perhaps from the
multiplicity of your own business it may prove incon-
venient to you to attend to my small matters: Should
this be the case I shall be obliged to you, if you would
recommend some proper person to me for the purpose.

If I am not mistaken there must be on the 5th of last
month £368 : 15 : 0. remaining in your hands of my
money provided you have placed the £300 above men-
tioned into the Funds, and paid the £50 bill I drew upon
you in June last; if so I should be glad to have £300 more
placed in the funds, and the remaining 68 : 15 : 0. to
continue in your hands till I shall draw for it.

I have wrote fully to the new Ministry, and to Mr
Galloway, my sentiments respecting public affairs on this
side of the Atlantic. What I have wrote to the latter, I
expect you will see of course, how you stand with the
former I know not. Since my letters to them were closed,
we have received the agreeable news of Sir Geo. Rodney's47
success in the West Indies, this will prove a heavy diss-
apointment to the rebels, for they fully relied upon

47 George Bridges (1719-1792), a British admiral who defeated the
French under De Grasse April 12, 1782, off Dominica, for which he received
.the thanks of parliament and was raised to the peerage as Lord Rodney.

462 William Franklin Letters.

DeGrasse's Junction with the Spanish fleet, and that
after taking Jamaica, the combined fleets would proceed
to North America, with such a strong naval force as
would give them a decided superiority. It was on this
they founded all their hopes of driving us from New York
and Charlestown and establishing their independency.
They will not now be able to raise an army for the ensuing
campaign, and were it not that our new General48 is re-
strained by the very extraordinary Resolves of the House
of Commons, he might easily, with the force now under
his command, put an end to the Rebellion in less than
three months. There never was a more glorious oppor-
tunity for striking a decisive stroke against Washington,
who may in fact be said to have no army at all, when
compared to the force that may be safely drawn out of
this garrison, especially as there is now no apprehension
of the arrival of a French force this summer. But alas,
your infatuated rulers have tied up the hands of your
army and sent over a General not impowered to avail
himself of circumstances as they arise, but on the con-
trary, ordered to make almost unconditional submission,
and prostrate the honor of Great Britain at the feet of a
Banditti. Inter nos — Is it not astonishing that a man
of sense and spirit would consent to be put in a situation
so extremely degrading? — This paragraph entirely con-
fidential.

I am, with my best regards to Mrs. Strahan

Dear Sir

Your faithful and
affectionate hum. servant.

WM. FRANKLIN.
P. S. After perusing the
inclosed news-papers please
to send them to Mr. Galloway — also
the pacquet for him which I have put under cover to you.

48 Guy Carleton (1724-1808), afterwards Lord Dorchester, succeeded Sir
Henry Clinton as Commander-in-Chief of the British army in America
after the surrender of Cornwallis.

Orderly Boole 2nd Penna. Gont. Line. 46$

ORDERLY BOOK OF THE

SECOND PENNSYLVANIA CONTINENTAL LINE
COL. HENRY BICKER.

At Valley Forge, March 29,— May 27, 1778.

EDITED BY JOHN W. JORDAN.

(Continued from page 342.)

HEAD QUARTERS VALLEY FORGE March 30th

Brigadier Poor,22

Field Officers, Lt. Co1. Buford23 & Major Porter,
Brigade Major M°Cormick.24

The Gen1 Court Martial whereof Co1 Ogden25 was presi-
dent, is dissolved, and another ordered to sit tomorrow
at 10 o'clock at the usual place, whereof Co1 Vose 20 is
appointed president; to try all persons that shall be
brought before them; each Brigade gives a Cap* to the
Court. A Sub., Sarg* and two privates from Gen1
M°Intosh's Brigade,27 furnished with three days provisions,

32 Enoch Poor, Col. 2 N. H. Infantry, was promoted Brig. Gen. Cont.
Army Feby. 21, 1777.

33 Abraham Buford, Major 14 Virginia Nov. 1776; Lieut. Col. 5 Va.,
April 1777; Colonel May 1778; transferred 11 Va. 1778; transferred to 3
Va. 1781. Died June 30 1833.

34 Henry McConnick, Brigade Major 1st Brig. Penna. Line.

26 Matthias Ogden, served as a volunteer in the Canada Expedition, and
was wounded in the assault on Quebec, Dec. 31, 1775. Commissioned
Lieut. Col. 1 New Jersey Line, March 1776; Colonel Jany. 1777: taken
prisoner at Elizabethtown N. J. Oct 5, 1780. Granted leave of absence
to visit Europe, April 1783. Brevet Brig. General Sept. 1783. Died
March 31, 1791.

* Joseph Vose, Lieut. Col. 24 Continental Infantry, Jany. 1777; Col. 1
Mass. 1777; Brevet Brig. Gen. Sept. 1783; served to Nov. 1783. Died May
22, 1816.

27 Lachlan Mclntosh succeeded to the command of the North Carolina
troops, on the death of Gen. Francis Nash; mortally wounded at battle of
Germantown.

464: Orderly Bool; 2nd Penna. Cont. Line.

to attend at the Clothier's Store tomorrow A.M., to
receive the Commissary of Prisoners directions.

As the operations of the ensueing Campaign whether
offensive or defensive, renders it indispensibly necessary
that the spare baggage of the Army should be at a dis-
tance from their Camp, and may be inconvenient & im-
practicable for want of teams to remove it at the instant
it may become absolutely Requisete, the Gen1, desires
that the Officers will loose no time in disengaging them-
selves from Everything they can possibly part with.
On the means for removing it, they will consult the
Quater Master Gen1, who may have empty Waggons
returning from Camp.

At a Gen1 Court Martial whereof Co1 Swift28 was
president, March y* 23rd, 1778, Lieut. Col. Perginer
trye'd for disobedience of Orders and refusing to do duty
when required by his superior Officer in a state unbecom-
ing an inferior officer, and was acquitted of the charge
exhibited against him with honour, which his Excellency
the Commander-in-Chief approves the sentence and
orders Lt. Co1 Perginer to be discharged from his Arrest.

B: G: 0.

Adj* of the Day tomorrow, from the l§t Reg*

Detail for Guard.

C :

Sub:

S

C:

P.

2d Reg*

0 :

0 :

1

1 :

5.

Fatigue.

0 :

0 :

1

0

2.

B. F.

0 :

0 :

2

0

7.

0.

0.

4.

2.

15.

K Heman Swift, Col. Conn. State Regiment 1776; Col. 7 Conn. Jany.
1777; transferred to 2 Conn. Jany. 1781; retained as Colonel of the
Consolidated Regiment, June 1783. Brevet Brig. General Sept. 30, and
served to December 1783.

Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Gont. Line. 465

March 31" 1778.
Division Order.

A Return to be immediately made by each Reg* of the
number of Hatts Britches, Hoes, Stockings and Waist-
coats wanting for the men — A quantity of them articles
being now arrived at Gen1 Wayne's Quaters for the
immediate use of his Division.

HEAD QUARTERS VALLEY FORGE March 31'* 1778.

Brigader for tomorrow Mclntosh,

Field Officers, L* Co1 Rignier, Major Gamble,
Brigade Major Benyane.

Germantown being appointed for the meeting of Com-
missioners 29 from the two Army's a strict Neutrality and
suspension of hostilities are to be observed in all the
extent of the Village and all Officers whether Continental,
or Militia are expressly forbid to enter there either with
their parties or singly, or to do any thing that may tend
any wise to violate the peace which is to subsist in the
above-mentioned place until further orders.

By permission of the Honourable Congress the Pay-
master Gen1 has appointed Thos. Reed Esq., to be his
Assistant; and he is to be considered as such, and the
business of that Department in the absence of the Pay
Master Gen1 to be transacted with him.

Adjutant of the Day for tomorrow, from the Seventh
Reg*.

Detail for Guard

C: S: S: C: P.

2d Reg* 0 1:1-1:6

Fatigue 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 2

B. F. 0 : 0 : 1 : 0 : 7.

0 . 1 . 2 . 1 . 15.

"For notes of Elias Boudinot's meeting of the Commissioners, see
PENNA. MAO. HIST, and BIOG., Vol. xxiv, p. 291.
VOL. xxxv — 30.

466 Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Cont. Line.

Brigade Orders March 31, 1778.

The Brigade to parade tomorrow morning at 10 o'clock,
fresh shaved, well powdered; it is expected that the
Officers will pay the strictest attention to the appearance
of their men.

The Fatigue party to parade to morrow morning prop-
erly officer'd at Troop Beating, to finish the works.

JAMES CHAMBERS,

Co1 Commd* B.

HEAD QUARTERS April 1§ 1778.

Brigadier Patterson,

Field Officers Lt. [Col.] Breerly,30 Major Allison,
Brigade Major Bayley

Some Brigades were late sending their men on the
parade this morning: the Gen1 willing to attribute this
to the difference in Watches, and to the end great punc-
tuality may be observed in future with respect to time,
the Adjutant Gen1 is to regulate his watch by the Clock
at Head Quaters, the Brigade Major by his, and the
Adjutant by the Brigade Major; The Guard at the Bridge
[Sullivan's] is in future to consist of a Captain, two sub-
alterns, three Serg*8, 36 rank and file, whereof one sub.
One serg* and 16 rank and file are to be posted on the
other side; it is expected that this Guard will be very
attentive to their duty and suffer no soldier to pass
without written leave from the Commdg Officer of the
Reg* he belongs to,

B: 0:

Adjutant of the Day tomorrow, from the 10th Reg*

80 David Brearly, Lieut. Col. 4 New Jersey Infantry; Colonel 1 New Jersey.
Resigned Aug. 4, 1778. Served also as Colonel New Jersey Militia. Died
Aiip. 16, 1790.

Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Cont. Line. 467

Detail for Guard.

C:

Sub:

S:

C:

P.

P

r

Reg*

0

0

2

1

11

Fatigue 3

2d

do.

0

0

1

0

6

2

7th

do.

1

0

1

1

8

4

10th

do.

0

1

1

1

6

2

1 :

1 :

5 :

3 :

31.

11

HEAD QUARTERS VALLEY FORGE April 2d 1778.

Brigadier Maxwell.

Field Officers, Co1 Bicker, Lieut Co1 Hubley31
Brigade Major Haskell,32

A soldier from each Brigade acquainted with driving
a Waggon, to be paraded to-morrow morning at Guard
Mounting & to be employed in the Waggon Master Gen1
Department till the Waggoners enlisted for that purpose
come to Camp.

The Inspector of the First Penn* Brigade, will com-
mand the parade to-morrow and will bring with him two
Adjutants from the Brigade, and when the parade is
over remit the command for the next day to the Inspector
of the 2d Penns* Brigade, and his two Adjutants, who are
desired to attend the parade to morrow for that purpose,
the same method to be observed in regular rotation.
The Inspector Gen'l. proposes exercising the Officers of
the Second Penna. Brigade at 10 o'clock to morrow, and
at 11 o'clock those of Gen1 Poor's Brigade. As the
stumps and brush in front of the new lines, afford an
excellent obsticle to the approach of the enemy, it is
expressly forbid that any of it should be burned by any

81 Adam Hubley, for memoir and journal see PENNA. MAG. HIST. & BIOG.,
Vol. xxxiii et seq.

33 Elnatkon Haskell, 1st Lieut, and Adjutant 14 Mass. Capt. April, 1778,
Brigade Major; transferred 4 Mass. Jany. 1781, Aide de Camp to Gen.
Howe 1782, Bvt. Major Sepr., 1783. Served to June, 1784.

468 Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Gont. Line.

of the Fatigue parties or any others, for the distance of
extream musquet shot range in front of the lines, in
which all officers commanding Regts are to take particular
notice, as there is a sufficiency of wood to furnish stakes
for the works within the lines.

Co1 Josias Carvill Hall33 tryed by a Gen1 Court Martial
held at Willmington, the 20th of March 1778, by order of
Brigadier Genl Smallwood, whereof Col. Richardson34 was
president, charged of refusing to comply with a Gen1
Order issued on an emergency and calculated to aid the
Service, which at that time could not otherwise be
remedied, and unofficerlike behaviour & threatning to
blow the brains out of any officer who would head a
party to execute the same, and was acquited on the
following terms; that the orders issued on that instant
was not Military, nor conveyed through a Military
Channel in the nature of an Impresment not even ad-
dressed to Co1 Hall, was an absolute confession that he
had not a right to expect, nor exact a complyance to the
order by virtue of superior command; and with respect
to the second charge, altho' the Court do, by no means
approve of Co1 Hall's intention or threats resisting by
force the Officers sent to execute the order, yet as they
can easily account for it. from the keen and sensible
feeling of a person in his situation, and as a few moments
of cool reflection determined him to act otherwise, we
accquit him of ungentlemany, or unofficer-like behaviour,
& are upon the whole unanimously of opinion, that he
is not guilty of the Charges exhibited against him; and
therefore, acquit him with Honour.

It is with much concern that his Excellency thinks
himself obliged to disapprove the Determination; he is
clearly of opinion, that the orders issued through Co1

88 Josias Carvill Hall, Colonel 2 Maryland Battalion of the Flying Camp
1776; Col. 4 Maryland Line Dec. 1776. Retired Jany. 1781.

34 William Richardson, Colonel 4 Maryland Battalion of Flying Camp
1776. Colonel 5 Maryland Line Dec. 1776. Resigned Oct. 22, 1779.

Orderly Boole 2nd Penna. Cont. Line. 469

Sheriffs Division Quater Master was regular*and oblig-
atory, regular because Gen1 Smallwood as Commanding
Officer to be exclusively vested with every power f or the
good of it and consequently that Impressing of horses on
an emergency and because the Division Qr Master, was
a proper channel through which it would operate, agree-
able to the practice of Armies, and to the true spirit and
design of Gen1 orders; obligatory because it was the
orders of the superior Commdg officer, and from the face
of the evidence, appears to have been founded in the
necessity of the Case; and uncalculated to promote the
service ; Co1 Hall's refusal to comply with the order, was
a blamable opposition to the Command of a superior
officer acting in the line of his Duty & the violent threats
thrown out against any person who should execute it,
were at least highly indelicate and improper. Co1 Hall
is released from his arrest.

At a Gen1 Court Martial whereof Col. Swift was presi-
dent, March 28th 1778, Major Thomas Forrest35 tryed for
sending to Co1 Crane,36 Commanding Officer of Artilery,
an insolent and unwarranted letter, it appeared to the
Court, that Major Forrest was president of a Court
Martial when he wrote the letter he was arrested for, and
was done by order of the Court, they are of opinion, that
he is not personably liable for writing the letter; at the
same time are of opinion, having concidered the circum-
stances, that the letter is not insolent nor unwarrant-
able; The Commander-in-Chief confirms the opinion and
orders Major Forrest to be discharged from arrest.

35 Thomas Forrest, was commissioned Captain, Proctor's Battalion Penna.
Artillery, Oct. 1776; promoted Major 4 Continental Artillery, Febry. 1777;
Lieut. Colonel Dec. 1778. Resigned Oct. 7, 1781. After filling some local
positions, was member of Congress 1819-1823. Died in Germantown,
Philada., March 20, 1825, aged 83 years.

wJohn Crane, Captain in Gridley's Mass. Artillery, May, 1775; Major in
Knox Arti'lery, wounded at Corlaer's Hook Sept.14, 1776; Colonel 3 Conti-
nental Arti'lery, Jany. 1777. Brevet Brig. Gen. Sept. 30, 1783, served to
Nov. 3, 1783. Died Aug. 21, 1805.

470 Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Cont. Line.

B: 0:

The officers Commandg the different Regts is requested
to be very particular in having their men turned out
under the inspection of their officers between 9 and 10
o'clock in the morning & at the usual hourers in the
afternoon, to perfect themselves in Manovering.

One of Co1 Hartley's37 houses on the Right to be cleared
for the reception of the Brigade Guard.

JAS. CHAMBERS,

Co1 Commd*.

Detail for Guard
0: Sub: S: 0: P.

1st Regt 0

1

1

1

11

2nd do. 0

0

1

1

6

7th do. 0

0

1

1

8

10th do. 0

0

2

0

61

0: 1: 5: 3: 31.

1: 5

F. Sub:

S:

p.

I8t Regt

0

1

11

2*d do.

1

0

6

7th do.

0

0

9

10th do.

0

0

6

Comm*

1: 1: 32

87For biographical sketch of Col. Thomas Hartley, see PENNA. MAG.
HIST. &_Bioa., Vol. xxv, p. 3G3.

Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Cont. Line. 471

HEAD QUARTERS April 3d 1778 VALLEY FORGE.

Brigadier Wayne

Field Officers L* Col. Green38 and Major Vernon.39
Inspector from the 2d Penna Brigade.

A Sergant and a private from Gen1 Mclntosh's Brigade40
prepared for a fortnights Command to be paraded to-
morrow morning, at Guard mounting on the Grand
parade — the works of the New lines being very carelessly
executed in many parts and the representations of the
Engineers have been heretofore of no avail, the Gen1
calls upon the several Brigadiers to inspect the parts
which have been allotted to their Brigade, and order the
defects to be remided, which appears to be principally
owing to the weakness of the stakes, and those of the
exterior for being placed two perpendicular. At a Gen1
Court Martial whereof Co1 Ogden was president, March
y. 24* 1778, William Morgan, inhabitant of the State of
Penna., Tryed for comeing out of Philadelphia, stealing
a horse and attempting to carry him back to the City,
found Guilty of a breach of a Resolution of Congress
dated Octbr 8th 1777 and extended by another, and sen-
tenced to be kept at hard labour during the contest
with Great Britain not less than thirty miles from the
enemies Camp, and if he is caught making his escape
to suffer Death. At a Gen1 Court Martial whereof
Co1 Vose was president, March 23d 1778, Lieut. Ander-
son41 of the 11th Penns* Reg1 Tryed for behaveing in a

38 John Green, Capt. 1 Virginia, Sept. 1775; Major Aug. 1776, wounded
at Mamaroneck, Oct. 21, 1776; Lieut. Col. March 1777; Colonel 10 Va.
Jany. 1778; transferred to 6 Virginia Sept. 1778.

"Frederick Vernon, Captain 4 Penna. Battalion, Jany. 1776; Captain 5
Penna. Line, Major 8 Penna. Line, June 1777; transferred to 4 Penna. 1781
and to 1 Penna. Jany. 1783, and served to close of the war. Brevet Lieut.
Colonel Sept. 30, 1783.

40 Site of Gen. Mclntosh's headquarters not positively known.

41 Enoch Anderson of Northampton Co .was commissioned First Lieutenant
11 Penna, Line in 1776.

472 Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Cont. Line.

manner unbecoming the Character of an officer and a
gentleman found Guilty of the charge exhibited against
him, being a breach of the 21§t Article 14th Section of the
Articles of War & sentenced to be discharged; his Excel-
lency the Commander-in-Chief approves of the sentence
and orders them to take place. A Subaltern from Gen1
Woodford's and another from Gen1 Scott's to attend at
the Adju* Gen^s Office where they will receive their
orders at 3 o'clock this afternoon.

B: 0:

Adjutant of the Day tomorrow from the first Regt.

Detail for Guard.

C.Sub:S: C. P SubS C P

1 : Reg1

2 : do 1: 0: 2: 1: 6 Fatigue— 0: 0: 0: 6

HEAD QUARTERS VALLEY FORGE April 4, 1778.

Brigadier for tomorrow Varnum

Field Officers Co1 Vose and Major Sumner

Brigade Major Tynick

Brigade Inspector from Gen1 Poor's Brigade.

The Brigade Commissaries are to make an exact Return
of the horns Delivered into the Qr Master Gen1 agreeable
to the Orders of the 8th of Jany last, the Brigadier Gen1
of the Day is to visit the prisoners in the Provost, during
his touer of Duty and to enquire into the manner of their
treatment, which he is to Report with the number and
kind of them, and length of confinement, when he gives
in the Gen1 Report of the Guard, & announces this to be
considered as a standing order and to be punctually
executed.

B: 0:

Adju* of the Day tomorrow from the 7th Reg*.

Detail for Guard.

C:

Sub:

S:

0:

P.

0

0

1

1

10

0

0

1

1

6

0

0

1

1

8

0

0

2

0

8

0:

0:

~5:

3:

32:

Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Gont. Line. 473

lgt Reg1
2d do
7th do
10th do

Division Orders April 4th 1778.

The whole Division to parade on Monday morning at
10 o'clock, fresh shaved, well powdered, arms and Accou-
trements in the best order possible; the officers at the
head of their respective Corps. It is the Gen1' positive
orders, that all the Invalids be paraded at the same time,
and that the Officers take care that they appear clean,
and that the whole are paraded. The Gen1 being deter-
mined to examine every man himself, to the end that If
any of the soldiers are suffering for want of necessaries
or proper care or attention, either in the Officers or Sur-
geons, that these defects may be remedied. The Gen1
wishes the Commanding Officers of Reg18 or Corps, to
see that their men are compleated to 40 Rounds per man
immediately. ANTHONY WAYNE42 B : G.

HEAD QUAKTERS VALLEY FORGE April 5th, 1778.

Brigadier Poor

Field Officers Lieu1 Co1 Meade,43 Major Pollen
Brigade Major Mervin

For Detachment Col. Livingston,44 Major Con way,45 In-
spector from Glover's Brigade.

43 For biographical sketch of Gen. Wayne, see PENNA. MAG. HIST. AND
BIOG., Vol. xxxii, p. 257 et seq.

"Matthew Mead, Capt. 5 Conn. May 1775, wounded at St. Johns,
Canada, Sept. 16, 1775; Major, Silliman'sConn. State Regiment, June 1776;
Lieut. Colonel 5 Conn. Jany. 1777. Resigned May 25, 1778.

44 Henry Beekman Livingston, Colonel 4 New York Line, resigned Jany.
13, 1779. Died Nov. 5 1831.

*John Conway, Capt. 1 New Jersey 1775, wounded at Germantown,
Major 4 N. J. 1777; to 3 N. J. 1778; Lieut. Col. 1 N. J. 1779; retired
Jany. 1781.

474 Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Cont. Line.

The Brigade Inspector's Brigade Major's and all the
Adjutants of the Battalions, are to attend on the Grand
parade tomorrow at Guard Mounting; if the weather
should prove bad they shall attend the first fair day.
No furloughs to be granted to Non-Comnisd Officers or
privates till further orders. Those Regts that want shoes
are to attend at the Clothier's Store for them: few dozen
of Worsted Stocks fit for officers and some shoes, may be
had at the store. For Escort with two Days provisions
to parade at 11 o'clock tomorrow.

Adjutant of the Day tomorrow from the 10th Reg*.

Detail for Guard.
C. Sub. S. C. P.

1" Reg4

1 1

0

11

2d do

2

1

6

7th do

1

1

8 Weeks

10th do

1

1

8 Commd

0:

Sub:

0.

p.

l§t Reg1

1

0:

0

6

2d, do

1

1

3

7th do

1

0

5

10th do

0

•

5

Fatigue.

C: Sub. S: 0: P.
2d Reg1 1

Division Orders April 6th 1778.

The hair of all the Non-Commisis'd officers and privates
to be cut short and alike; this afternoon the Commd*
officers of Reg46, and Corps, will pay a particular attention
to this business as it will not only be a means of keeping
the men clean, but will make them appear more uniform
and soldierly, and be attended with much less trouble.

Orderly Boole 2nd Penna. Cont. Line. 475

Notwithstanding the repeated orders for officers to take
care to oblidge their men to appear clean and decent on
all oceations, the Gen1 is extreamely unhappy to find
so little attention paid to it, when the health, and spirit
of the soldiers, & the good of the service, so much depends
on a strict complyance with this Order.

Gen1 Wayne once for all does assure the Officers that
attention to their soldiers & Descipline will be the crite-
rion by which Congress will be directed on the New
Establishment, he therefore wishes for their own credit
as officers & soldiers, that they would turn their whole
attention to these objects; shoes and other articles for
Officers and men, may be had at the Clothiers Gen1' on
timely application.

HEAD QUARTERS VALLEY FORGE April 6th, 1778.

Brigadier Mulinberg46

Field Officers, Col. Wessen,47 Lt. Col. Haskell48

Brigade Major Minnes

Inspector from Gen1 Arnold's Brigade.

Lieut. Col. [John] Green, is appointed to the Commd of
the 10th, and Lieut. Col. [William] Daviss to the Commd of
the 14th Virginia Reg1 to further orders, and are to be
respected accordingly.

At a Gen1 Court Martial whereof Col. Vose was presi-
dent, March 31§t 1778, Lieut. Dunn49 of Col. Pattons50

48 For biographical sketch of Gen. Muhlenberg see PENNA. MAG. HIST.
AND BIOG., Vol. xxxiii, p. 257. Gen. Muhlenberg was quartered at the
house of John Moore, which is still standing.

47 James Wesson, Colonel 9 Mass. Infantry: wounded at Monmouth
June 28, 1778; retired Jany. 1, 1781; died Oct. 15, 1809.

48 Henry Haskell, Lieut. Col. 15th Mass. Infantry.

*• Abner M. Dunn, Ensign 2 Penna. Battalion, Col. St. Clair, Nov. 1776;
Lieut. McLane's Partisan Co., of Delaware 1777; Lieut 9 Penna., trans-
ferred to 5 Penna., 2 Penna. and 1 Penna. Infantry served to Nov. 1783.

60 John Patton, born in Sligo, Ireland, settled in Philadelphia, commis-
sioned Major 2 Battalion 1776; participated in the battle of Long Island;
appointed by Washington, Jan. 11, 1777, to command one of the sixteen
additional regiments recruited in Penna., New Jersey and Delaware.
Resigning from the army, he was employed in purchase of flour for the
troops. Subsequently engaged in the iron business with Col. Samuel
Miles and built iron furnaces in Centre Co. Pa., where he died in 1804. Col.
Patton was six feet in height, of fine appearance and polished manners.

476 Orderly Boole 2nd Penna. Gont. Line.

Reg' Tryed for strikeing & ungentleman like Behaviour
and acquitted, the Commander-in-Chief confirms the sen-
tence and orders L* Dunn to be discharged from arrest.
At the same time the frequent proceedings of Court Mar-
tials presented to him seem to originate from personal
prejudices and private animosity than real intention to
promote the good of the service, gives him very sensible
pain; he wishes the Officers of this Army to consider
themselves as a band of Brothers cemented by the
Justice of the Common Cause: that a perfect harmony
might subsist among them, and that they would settle
all personal disputes amongst themselves in an amicable
manner ever being cautious not to trouble Court Martials
or the Gen1 with private dicentions, or add to the publick
files; which may hereafter disgrace themselves and the
Army.

B: 0:

Adju' of the Day from the Second Reg'—

l§t Reg1

2d do

7th do

10th do

Detail for Guard.

Cap.

Sub.

s.

0.

p.

0

0

1

1

10

0

0

1

1

6

0

1

1

1

8

0

0

2

0

8

0: 1: 5: 3: 32.

8. P. Cumd 8. P.

Fatigue 01 1: 3

l"Regt 00 0

2nd do 1 11

7th do 0 2

10th do 1 2

0: 3: 2: 8

Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Gont. Line. 477

HEAD QUARTERS, VALLEY FORGE, April 7, 1778.

Major Gen1 to Morrow

Brigadier Patterson

Field Officers . Col. Craig,51 Lt. Col. Maybien
Br'gade Majr . . . . . . . Clay burn

Inspector from Gen1 Patterson's Brigade.

For Fatigue Lt. Col. Miller52

A Gen1 Court Martial of the line whereof Brig. Gen153
Poor is appointed President to set to-morrow morn'g at
nine o'clock at the presidn Quar8 to try such persons as
shall be bro1 before them.

Col. Stewart,54 Lt Col Burr,55 Major Peters56 & a Capt

61 Thomas Craig, a member of the well known family of the name from
the north of Ireland, who settled in the vicinity of Lehigh Gap, Penna.,
about 1733. He entered the service as Captain 2 Penna. Battalion, Col.
A. St. Clair, Jany. 1776, and participated hi the Canada campaign. On
Sept. 7, 1776, commissioned Lieut. Col. 3 Penna. Line, Col. Joseph Wood,
on whose resignation, Col. Craig was promoted Au*. 1, 1777, to command
the regiment. In Jany. of 1778, the 12 Penna. was incorporated with the
Third. Col. Craig commanded the regiment in the battles of Brandywine,
Germantown and Monmouth, and accompanied Gen. Wayne in the South-
ern Campaign. He retired in Jany. of 1783. After the war he was ap-
pointed Major General of the 7th Division Penna. Militia. Col. Craig was
a strict disciplinarian, brave, quick to conceive and prompt to execute,
and courteous and affable in his manners. He died in 1832, at the advanced
age of 92 years.

63 Henry Miller, of Penna., 1st Lieut. Thompson's Penna. Rifle Battl'n
June 1775. His company was the first to reach Boston, south of the
Hudson River. Promoted Capt. Oct. 1775; Capt. 1 Penna. Line Jany. 1776,
Major March 1777; Lieut. Col. 2 Penna. Line, March, 1777. Resigned
Dec. 8, 1778; died April 5, 1824.

M Gen. Poor was quartered in the house of John Beaver, now owned
by the Wood family: the house has been remodelled.

64 For biographical sketch of Col. Walter Stewart, see PENNA. MAO.
HIST, and BIOG. Vol. xxii, pp. 57, 265.

58 Aaron Burr, served as a volunteer in the Canadian campaign; aide-
de-camp to Gen. Putnam; Lieut. Col. of Malcolm's Additional Regt. 4
Jany. 1777; resigned March 3, 1779. For a time Col. Burr was in command
of the outpost at the Gulph Mill.

M Andrew Peters, of Mass., Capt. Reed's Mass. Regt. 1775; Capt. 13 Cont.
Inf. Jany. 1776, Major 2 Mass. Jany. 1777; Lieut. Col. 15 Mass. July, 1779;
resigned Nov. 26, 1779. Died Feb. 5, 1822.

478 Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Cont. Line.

from the Corps of the Artillery ; Woodford's, Scott's,
First & Secd Perm*; Glover's Patterson's, Millinburgh's,
Maxwell's, Huntingden's, Varnum's & Mackintosh's
Brigade's to attend as Members.

Capt Willm Lewis57 is appointed Brigade Inspector in
Gen1 Millenburgh's Brigade & Capt. Croghan58 in Gen.
Scott's, and are to be respected accordingly.

The Brigade Qr Mastr8 will immediately bring in the
empty Ammunition boxes to the Park of the Artillery
& Deliver them to the Commisary of Military Stores.

An Exact Return of Arms & Accoutrements to be
made immediately according to the form which shall be
Deliver'd by the Brigade Majors.

Commanding Officers of the Reg" & Corps are Desir'd
to be very Particular in the next Weekly returns, to Ace1
for all their Officers & Men who are Absent, Sick, on Fur-
lough or Command, and the places where, that proper
Measures may be taken to call them in to Join their
Respective Corps. The Gen1 strictly enjoins it upon
them to be exceedingly Exact to Mention those Officers
in any Department who detain any of their Soldiers as
waiters or for any purpose whatsoever, and any particular
Circumstance relative to their absence, as his first Deter-
mination is that he will know the true state of his Army.

A few Continental Tickets to be had at the Auditor's
Office and at the paymaster Gen18 Office.

B. 0.

Adj* of the Day to Morrow from 1st Reg*. — A Capt
From the 7th Reg* to attend the Court Martial of the Line
to Morow Nine o'clock at Gen1 Poor's Quaters.

Guard 2 Reg1 C: S: S: C: P. Fat. Priv.
0 0 1. 1. 6. 2

M Wittiam Lewis, 1 Lieut. 1 Va., Oct. 1775; Capt. Sept. 1776; Major
10 Va., May 1779; taken prisoner at Charleston, S. C., May 1780; transf'd

3 Va. in 1781, and served to the close of the war. Died 1811.

68 William Croghan, Capt. 8 Va. April 1776; Major 8 Va., May 1778; to

4 Va., Sept. 1778; taken prisoner at Charleston, S. C. May 1780, on parole
to close of war.

Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Cont. Line. 479

HEAD QUARTERS, VALLEY FORGE, April 8, 1778.

Brigadier Tomorrow Maxwell59

Field Officers . Col. Brewer,60 Majr Winslow61

BrigdMaf Ogden62

Inspector from Weedon's Brigd.

A Review of the Orders Relative to the Cleanliness and
proper Appearance of Soldiers who are to mount guard,
however great a reproach to the Officers, whose province
is to attend to these points, it becomes necessary that
the Adjt8 in whom the Delinquents originates as it is
their Duty in the first instance to Inspect Arms, Ammu-
nitions, Accoutrements & Dress of their men before they
Quit the Reg* Parade, are particularly call'd upon; The
Brigade Majors minutely to examine the detachments
Assembled on the parade of the Brigade in all the above
mentiond Respects and the Adjts will remain there till the
men are march'd off in Order to answer for any Deficency.
When the Guards are Assembled on the grand parade
the Brig8 Majr, Field Officers of the Day are carefully to
report the same examination of the arms &c. and to
order the Adjts under an Arrest when any ill appearances or
Deficiency's may justly be attributed to their negligence.
Want of Uniformity in a Soldier's Clothing and its in-
different Quality, so far from excusing Sloveliness and
unsoldierly Neglect, in other respects ought rather to
Excite each man to compensate each man by redouble
attention to the means he has in his power. For in-
stances— a Soldier may always shave his beard, appear
with clean hands and face, in Gen1 have an air of Neat-
ness which will be Conspicuous under all Disadvantages.
A Court of Enquiry whereof Lt Col. Hubley's ap-
pointed Pres* to sit tomorrw morning nine o'clock at the
pres* Quar8 to examine into a complaint exhibited by an

69 William Maxwell of New Jersey. Col. 2 N. J. Line, Nov. 1775; Brig-
adier General Cont. army Oct. 23, 1776; resigned July 25, 1780. Died
Nov. 12, 1798.

60 Samuel Brewer Col. 4 Mass Line.

61 Nathaniel Winslow, Capt. in Thomas' Mass Regt 1775; Capt. 10 Mass
Line, Nov. 1776; Major Nov. 1777; resigned Oct. 26, 1780.

62 Aaron O^den^Brig.'Major'of Maxwell's Brigade.

480 Orderly Book 2nd Penn. Cont. Line.

inhabitant of this State against Cap' Chambers63 of the 12th
Penn* Reg* Majr Lydald & a Captn from Glover's, Con-
way's & Huntingdon's Brig'.

B. 0.

The Officers commanding Reg1" is requested to pay the
strictest attention to the condition of the Sick, appoint a
Weekly Officer to visit the Barracks & see that they have
beds raised off the Ground & that their situation may
be made as Comfortable as circumstances will admitt,
with the condition of the troops much depends on the
strict attention of the Officers to the Cleanliness of the
men, it is therefore expected they will use every endeav-
our to make their men appear in as decent a manner as
possible. J" CHAMBERS, COL CoMMd.

Detail for Guard.

Adj' of the day to-morrow, from y1 7th Regt.
C: S: S: C: P.
00216

No Fatigue.

A Regimental Court Martial to sit this morning whereof
Cap* Patterson64 is to be president, to Try all Prisoners
brought before them belonging to the 2d Penny Reg1.
April 9th 1778

Lieut. Stoy65
Lieut. Percy66

> members Lieut. Waggoner/

w Stephen Chambers, attomey-at-law, of Lancaster, Pa., was commis-
sioned 1 Lieut., 12 Penna. Line, Oct., 1776; Captain, March, 1777; retired
July 1, 1778. In 1783 he was appointed a member ot Council of Censors,
and in 1787 a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. He was mortally
wounded, May 11, 1789, in a duel with Dr. Jacob Riegner, formerly Surgeon
of the Penna. Rifle Battalion, Col. Samuel Miles, and died five days later.
He was a member of the Penna. State Society of the Cincinnati. His sister
Jane married Hon. John Joseph Henry, President Judge of the Second
Judicial District of Penna. and the author of "Campaign against Quebec."

64 John Patterson, appointed by Gen. Gates 2 Lieut. 1 Penna. Battl'n.
Col. John P. de Haas, July, 1776; Adjutant in Canada Campaign; Capt. 2
Penna. Line Jany., 1777; retired from the service Jany. 1, 1783; died 1790.

M John Stoy, 1 Lieut. 2 Penna. Line, promoted Captain-Lieutenant
May, 1780, and retired from the service Jany. 1, 1781.

88 Henry Piercy, of Philada., appointed for the Flying Camp 2 Lieut.
2 Penna. Line, Feb., 1777; 1 Lieut. March, 1777; assigned to 3 Penna. Line,
Jany., 1783.

67 Henry Waggoner, 2 Lieut. 2 Penna. Line, was promoted 1 Lieut.
March 1779, and resigned May 3, 1779.

Orderly Boole 2nd Penna. Gont. Line. 481

Division Orders 9th April 1778.

His Excellency Governor Wharton having requested
that an additional number of Officers be sent on the
Recruiting service, two industrious and active Officers
are to parade from each Reg1 at Gen1 Wayne's Quaters88
tomorrow morning at 10 o'clock to proceed immediately
to Lancaster89 on that business, the encouragement given
to Officers and men is such, that these now meet with
great success, and the Gen1 has the most Flattering hopes
of seeing the Penny* Regts soon Compleated — in case the
Officers do their Duty, the neglect and little attention
paid to the repeated orders for Manovering the Troops
by some of this Division obliges the Gen1 to Order the
Brigade Inspectors to Report Such Officers or Corps as
do not attend the parade at the hours appointed for that
purpose, which is from nine to ten in the morning and
from 4 to 5 o'clock in the afternoon & to the end that
neither Officers or soldier may thereafter plead ignorance
of orders — the orders of the day are in future to be Read,
at the head of each Reg4 at Retreat beating, when every
Officer, and Soldier will punctually attend — this is to be
considered as a standing order. The Gen1 once more
desires that Hooks may be fixed to place the Arms against
every day.

The Court of Enquiry whereof Lt Col. Hubley, is presi-
dent is to enquire into a charge against Capt McGowen
of the 4th Penna. Reg* for accidently wounding Patrick
Cole, a soldier belonging to his company and of which
wound its thought he died; all evidences and parties con-
cerned are to attend at the presidents Quaters tomorrow
morning at 10 o'clock.

68 The Headquarters of Gen. Wayne was at the house of Joseph Walker,
still standing, and owned by descendants of the name.

69 Lancaster throughout the war was an important post for military
stores and the manufacture of arms and accoutrements, and the county
a section in which recruiting was generally successful.

VOL. XXXV 31.

482 Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Cont. Line.

HEAD QUARTERS, VALLEY FORGE, April 9, 1778.

Brigadier for tomorrow .... Wayne
Field Officers, Col Rich. Butler,70 Lt. Col. Farmer71

Br'gade Major McCormick

Inspector from Genl Mulinburg's Brigade.

An addition to the orders of yesterday for the purpose
of effecting Decency and Clainliness of the men, the Com-
manner-in-Chief informs the Sergts and Corp18 of the Line
and desires that it may be deeply impress'd upon them,
that unless they exert themselves to the utmost, to bring
about this desirable change (as far as the circumstances
of Clothing will admit), and the same time by a conduct
& example which ought to distinguish them from privates,
endeavour to preserve Order Regularity and Obedience;
every Delinquent among without exception shall be Re-
duced to the Ranks & others appointed until good ones
can be had to discharge their respective Duties properly.
Nothing does nor nothing can contribute more to the
health of the Soldiers, than a Clean Camp, Clean Clothes
and Vituals well dressed; these however, deeply involv'd
in Rags an army may be; are to be effected by attention
in the Officers, the Gen1 therefore calls on every Officers
from the Major Gen1 to the Corporal for their exertion,
hoping therefore, by the Blessing of God, to prevent such
Numbers of Deaths which unfortunately has happened
since we came to this ground, and see a stricter Attention
to order than has heretofore been paid.

The Court of Enquiry whereof Lt. Col. Hubley is presi-
dent to examine into the circumstances of Cap* Mc-
Gowan's mortally wounding a soldier of the 4th Penns*
Reg'.

70 For biographical sketch of Col. Richard Butler, of the Penna. Line,
see PENNA. MAG. HIST. AND BIOG. Vol. vii, p. 7.

71 Lewis Farmer, of Philada., commissioned Capt. Penna. Rifle Battl'n.
Col. Samuel Miles, April, 1776; wounded at battle of Long Island; 1st
Major State Regiment of Foot, March, 1777; Lieut. Col. 13 Penna. Line,
Col., Walter Stewart.

Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Cont. Line. 483

Detail etc. — Fatigue. Detachmt

Guards C: Sub: S: C: P: C:Sub: S: P: C: S: S: P.
1" Reg1 0 0 21 11 10 050001
2ddo 0111600020001
7th do 0010800040101

10th do 0011800030001

0: 1: 5: 3: 33 0: 1: 0:14 0: 1: 0:4.
Adj* of the Day to morrow from the 10th Reg1.

HEAD QUARTERS, VALLEY FORGE, April 10th, 1778.

Brigadier for tomorrow . . . Varnum72

Field Officers . Col. Seely73 & L' Col. Simmons

Brigade Major Baraian74

Inspector from Gen1 Maxwell's Brigade.

Whereas many inconveniences arise, in settling the
Recruiting Accounts of the Army for want of the Officers
being acquainted with mode of stating said accompts,
the Commanding Officers of each Regiment & Corps is
therefore requested to apply to the Auditors of the Army
who will furnish them with blank forms by which that
business will be much facilitated, and render the adjust-
ment of their accompts both simple and easy, in order
that if difficulties may arise from multiplicity of accompts
the Auditor requests the Officers Commd'g Regu and
Corps to cause the respective Officers of their Regu who
have been employed in the Recruiting service to produce
their Recruiting Accompts which should be calculated
in form of an Abstract, that the whole may appear at
view & thereby inable the Auditors immediatly to
aquit the said Commanding Officers of Regim18 & Corps

72 James M. Varnum, Brig. Gen. Cont. Army Feb. 27, 1777; resigned
March 5, 1779. Gen. Varnum was quartered at the house of David Ste-
phens, which is still standing.

73 Query, Col. Joseph Cilley of the 1 New Hampshire.

7* John Berrien, Brig. Major N. C. Brigade Jany. 8, 1778.

484 Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Cont. Line.

from the several sums, with which they respectively
stand charged.

The increasing warmth of the season requires that the
greatest care should be taken to keep the Hutts of the
men clean — their bedding air'd every day — the streets &
alleys of the Camps free from all kinds of filth — the Com-
mander-in-Chief therefore earnestly requires both the
Brigade and Reg* Officers of the day, to see these duties
regularly & punctually performed. All bones & putred
meat, dirty straw & any other kinds of filth to be every
day collected and burnt. The detachments of Col.
Forman's75 Reg* now in Camp to be got in readiness
immediately to join their Reg* in the Jersys.

As marching men by files is an unmillitary appearance
& attends to make them march in an unsoldier-like man-
ner, all parties commanded by a Commisioned Officer,
are to be marched by Divisions & every Officer command-
ing a Guard or Detachment will be very attentive to see
that his men march properly & when relieved to march
his guard etc. back to the Brigade to which they belong:
if from several Brigades, he will march them to the Grand
Parade before he dismisses them.

At a Gen1 Court Martial whereof Brigadier Gen1 Poor
was President — April 8th /78 — Col. John Grain tryed
for a vexatious & groundless arrest of Forrest, & for
speaking disrespect full of Courts Martial to the prejudice
of good of the service of the United States — acquited of
a vexatious and groundless arrest against Major Forrest,
but found guilty of speaking disrespectfull of Courts
Martial to the prejudice of good order of the service of
the United States by a breach of article the 5th Section
18 of the Articles of War, and sentenced to be Repri-
mand in Brigade Orders.

76 David Forman, Col. N. J. Militia, 1776; Col. of one of the sixteen
Additional Cont. Regt's Feby.-July, 1778. Brig. Gen., N. J. Militia. Died
1812.

Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Cont. Line. 485

The Commander-in-Chief approves the sentence and
orders it to take place to-morrow.

Guard
Regt. C: S: S: C: P.

r o i i i 10

2d 00116 Adj" for tomorrow from
7th 00109 the 2nd Reg*.
10th 00117

0: 1: 4: 3: 32.

HEAD QUARTERS, VALLEY^FORGE, April 11th 1778.

Brigadier Poor

Field Officers . L' Col. Reid76 & Major Dickson77

Brigade Major Bayley

Inspector from Conway's Brigade.

The Gen1 Court Martial whereof Brigadier Gen1 Poor
was president is dissolved. The Commdr-in-Chief earnestly
calls, on all Officers to pay the strictest attention to the
orders of the 28th of January last, respecting the men's
Ammunition and in addition to that order he directs,
that when a Non-commsd Officer or soldier is detected in
discharging his piece or otherwise wasting his ammunition
the first Commissioned Officer he is brought before, shall
order him immediately tyed up and receive 39 lashes on
his bare back, & as many soldiers contrary to Good order,
often straggle into the woods or byplaces to avoid being
detected no soldier for the future to be allowed to carry
his arms or accoutrements out of Camp, unless being on
duty and whenever the report of a Gun is heard in the
vicinity of the Camp the Commanding Officers of the

78 George Reid, Capt. 1 N. H., 1775; Capt. 5 Cont. Inf. Jany., 1776; Major
1 N.H., Nov., 1776; Lieut. Col. April, 1777; 2 N. H., March, 1778; retired
Nov. 17, 1783.

" Henry Dixon, Capt. 1 N. C. 1775; Major 3 N. C., 1777; killed at Stono
Ferry, June 20, 1779.

486 Orderly Boole 2nd Penna. Cont. Line.

Reg* are desir'd to send out parties, under Non-Com-
ms'd. Officers to apprehend the delinquent and bring
him to immediate punishment — the Commdg Officers of
Regts and Corps will see that this order is read to their
Officers & men and the Commanders of Companies will
be Carefull to inform their men now absent of this order
when they return to camp.

At a Gen1 Court Martial whereof Col. Vose was presi-
dent, April the 1st /78, Doctr Vashe78 of the 4th New
York Reg1 tryed for neglect of Duty, Disobedience of
orders and behaving unbecoming a Gentleman and an
Officer Using Menasing language to his Col. and spreading
false Reports to his prejudice, found not guilty of either
the charges exhibited against him and unanimously
acquitted with honour; also Ensign Bloomfield79 of the
3d Jersey Reg* tried by the same Court for conducting in
an unofficer unsoldierlike manner in suffering to be sur-
prised by the enemy near their lines. After mature delib-
eration the Court are unanimously of opinion, that
Ensign Bloomfield is Not Guilty of the charges exhibited
against him and his conduct far from being unofficer-like,
Merits Applause and is worthy of emulation.

The Commander-in-Chief approves of the foregoing
opinions of the Court and orders Doctr Vache and Ensign
Bloomfield to be immediately discharged from their
arrest. At the same Court Ensign Kirk80 of Col. Grayson's
Reg* tryed for suffering Major Tylor81 one of the Officers
of the Day to be surprised at his Piquet for permitting

78 John Francis Vascher, Surgeon 4 N. Y. Feby., 1777; retired Jany. 1,
1781; died Dec. 4, 1807.

n Jar vis Bloomfield, private 3 N. J. March, 1777; wounded at German-
town; Ensign, Oct. 1777; 2 Lieut. Nov., 1777; Adjutant July, 1780; resigned
Oct. 31, 1780.

80 Robert Kirk, of Virginia, Ensign Grayson's Additional Regt., July 1777;
2 Lieut. April, 1778; transf ' d to Col. Gists' regt., April, 1779; retired Jany. 1,
1781; died Aug. 28, 1828.

81 Query Major John S. Tyler of Jackson's Additional Continental Regt.,
who resigned in March of 1779.

Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Cont. Line. 487

several of his Guard to be asleep with their accoutermints
off, & for not demanding either the parole or counter-
sign after the Guard was paraded, found Guilty of the
charges exhibited against him, and sentenced to be
Reprimanded by the Commanding officer of his Reg* in
presence of the Officers of his Corps. The Gen1 approves
the sentence and orders it to take place tomorrow.

B. 0.

Adj* of the Day tomorrow from the first Reg1.

Detail

C:

sub:

S:

C:

P.

r

Reg'

0

0

2

1

11

2d

do

0

0

1

1

6

7th

do

0

0

1

1

8

10th

do

1

0

1

0

8

1: 0: 5: 3: 33.

HEAD QUARTERS, VALLEY FORGE, April 12th 1778.

Brigadier Mulinberg

Field Officers Col. Parker82 and L* Col De Hart.83

Brigade Major Haskell

Inspector from Genl Huntington's Brigade.

The Court Martial whereof Col Vose was president, is
dissolved, and another ordered to sit tomorrow at 9
o'clock, a. m. : at the usual place whereof Col Craig is
appointed president, to try all such prisoners as shall be
brought before them. A Cap' from each Brigade to
attend as members; a subalttern from the 2dPenns* Brigade
to attend at the Adjutant Genls. at 3 o'clock this after-
noon when he will receive his orders. The Honorable
Congress having thought proper to recommend to the

82 Col. Jos. Parker, 5 Va. Line, Muhlenberg's Brigade.

83 Lieut. Col. C. De Hart, 1 N. J., Maxwell's Brigade.

488 Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Cont. Line.

United States of America to set apart Wensday the
23d instant as a day of fasting, humiliation and prayer,
and at one time, and with one voice, the Righteous Dis-
pensations of Providence may be acknowledged and His
goodness and mercy towards us and our arms humbly
supplicated, and implored, the Gen* directs that Day
shall also be Religiously observed that no work be done
thereon, and that the several Chaplains do prepare Dis-
courses, suitable to the occation. —

The funeral honours, at the interment of Officers will
for the future be confined to a solemn procession, of
Officers and Soldiers in numbers suitable to the rank of
the deceased with Revers'd Arms; Firing on these occa-
tions in Camp are to be abolished. At a Gen1 Court
Martial whereof Col. Vose was president, April y' 6th /78,
William Meath, matross, in Cap' Lee's company, Col.
Lamb's Reg* of Artilery, was brought prisoner before
the Court, Chargd with desertion to the enemy. After
making deliberation the Court are of opinion he is Guilty
of breach of Article ye 1st, 6th Sect, of the Articles of War,
and do sentence him to be hanged until he his dead. The
Commdr-in-Chief approves of the sentence, and orders
William M. Meath to be executed next Fryday at 10
o'clock a. m. —

After Order: — Major Nichlas84 is this day appointed
Field Officer vice Major Dickingson.85

B. 0.

C:Sub: S: C: P. Fatigue

1" Regt for Guard, 1 1 1 14 5

2d do " 1116 2

7th do 0109 4

10th do 02173

Total 2: 5: 3: 36 14

84 Francis Nichols, Major 9 Penna. Line, Conway's Brigade.
86 Edmund B. Dickinson, Major 1 Va. Line, Oct., 1777-June 28, 1778
Muhlenberg's Brigade.

Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Goni. Line. 489

Division Orders April 12th 1778.

Gen1 Wayne esteems it his Duty to inform the Soldiers
belonging to his Division that their unworthy Comrades
who have basely Deserted their Country and liberty, and
have thereby forfeited their liberty and lives and the
confidence of Mankind, that those have lately in presence
of the Inhabitants of Philadelphia, Col. Frazer,86 and
many other Gentlemen of Varacity been sent on board
bound hand and foot & Forced to the West India Islands,
there to serve During life — For the very Enimy despise
Desertion, or Deserters, and will not trust them on this
ground; well-knowing that the men who have Infami-
ously Deserted us, will not remain with them, Was it in
their power to make their escape — Yet whilist the Gen1
feels the keenest Resentment at these Unworthy men
humanity induces him to pitty their present wretched
Condition which is far worse than Death, being Doomed
to perpetual Banishment in hot & sickly Islands, from
which there is not the most Distant prospect, of ever
Returning, even were they to receive pardon for their
past Crimes.

If after this'Representation of facts, any Soldier belong-
ing to this Division should be so lost to every Sence of
Duty Virtue and feeling as to follow so Bad an Example,
the Gen1 would be glad to be rid of such Monsters, con-
tious that his faithfull fellow soldiers will stand by him
in every Visisitude of Fortune and as he is determined to
partake every fatigue and Danger with them, he also
wishes to partake part of their Glory — The Surgeons
belonging to this Division are immediately to draw Hos-
pital Stores for the use of the sick, there being plenty to
be had on proper application: he also enjoins the tender-

88 Lieut. Col. Persifor Frazer of the 5 Penna. Line, was a prisoner of
war in Philadelphia, shortly before the date of this "Order." For bio-
graphical sketch of Col. Frazer see PENNA. MAG. HIST. AND BIOG., vol.
xxxi, p. 129, et seq.

490 Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Cont. Line.

est and strictest attention to the sick, not only from the
Doctr8 but from the Officers to which they belong.

The Clothing of the Soldiers to be examined as in former
Orders and no Soldier to carry provisions on his head or
back, as it Ruins his Uniform. The whole Division to
parade tomorrow at 4 o'clock in the afternoon, in the
most neat and soldierlike manner.

ANTHONY WAYNE, B. G.
N. B.

Those who have been relieved of Guard, to parade
with others.

HEAD QUARTERS, VALLEY FORGE, April 13, 1778.

Brigadier Patterson

Field Officers . Lt. Col Grey & Major Moore88

Brigade Major Seely89

Inspector from Gen1 Varnum's Brigade.

The Gen1 Officers are desired to meet at Lord Stirling's90
Quaters at 10 o'clock next Wednesday morning.

The Gen1 Court Martial which is as ordered to sit this
day, will sit tomorrow at the time & place mentioned in
yesterdays orders & strict inquire to be made into the
reason of non-attendance if any member warned.

At a Gen1 Court Martial whereof Col. Vose was presi-
dent, April 14th 78, Philip Gulp an inhabitant of this
state try'd for attemting to carry flour into Phil* found
guilty & sentenced to receive fifty lashes & to be mployed

n Ebenezer Gray, 2 Lieut. 3 Conn., 1775; 1 Lieut, and Reg. Quarter-
master 20 Cont. Inf., 1776; Brig. Major to Gen. Parson's Brigade, 1776;
Major 6 Conn. 1777; Lieut. Col. 1778; transferred to 4 Conn. 1781, and
to 3 Conn. 1783.

88 James Moore, Capt. 4 Penna. Battl'n, Jany., 1776; Capt. 5, Penna.
Line, 1776; Major 1 Penna. 1777; to 2 Penna., 1783.

89 Isaac Seely, 2 Lieut. 4 Penna. Battl'n, 1776; 1 Lieut. 5 Penna. Line,
1777; Capt. Sept., 1777; Brigade Major 2 Penna. Brigade March, 1778;
transferred 1 Penna. Jany., 1783.

80 William Alexander (Earl of Stirling), was quartered in the house of
Rev. Dr. Currie, which is still standing.

Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Cont. Line. 491

in some publick work for the use of the Continent, whilst
the British Army continues in this State unless he shall
choose to enlist in the Continental service during the
present war.

John Bloom, an inhabitant of this State, try'd at the
same Court, for attempting to carry flour into Phil',
found Guilty & sentenced to receive fifty lashes & sen-
tenced the same as Gulp.

At the same Court by adjournment, Capt. Benstead,91
paymaster of the 10th Penna Reg1 tryd for disobeying the
orders of Capt. Cox,92 by refusing to pay him when he
paid the other officers of the Reg1, the Court having con-
sidered the charge & the evidence, are unanimously of
oppinion that Capt. Benstead is guilty of the charge exhib-
ited against him, but think that the order of his Col°
justifies his refusal to pay Capt Cox & therefore do acquit
him. The Commander-in-Chief approves the forgoing
sentences, except the stripes in the two first orders, &
orders them to take place & that Capt Benstead be
released from his arrest.

John Evans *an inhabitant of this State try'd at the
same Court, for attempting to send provisions into Phila
found guilty of the charge exhibited against him, being
a breach of the resolve of Congress, & sentenced to be
sent to Carlisle, & there to be employed in some work
for the benefit of the Publick, during the continuation
of the enemy in this State.

The Commander-in-Chief approves the sentence and
orders it to take place.

Adam Gilcrist Forage-Master try'd at the same Court
Martial for abusing & threatening to take the life of a
soldier, found guilty of the charge exhibited against him,
but as the nature of the insult received by him, rendered
instantaneous chastisement, the Commander-in-Chief con-

91 Alexander Benstead, Paymaster 10 Penna. Line, Col. Joseph Penrose,
Com. Ensign June, 1778; 1 Lieut. March, 1780.

M William Cox, Capt. 10 Penna. Line, 1776; retired July 1, 1778.

492 Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Gout. Line.

firms the opinion of the Court & orders Mr. Gilcrist to be
discharged from his arrest.

B. 0.

Adjutant of the Day tomorrow from the 10th Reg1.
0: S: C: P.
1- 1— 1— 6 Guard
0 — 0 — 1 — 1 Command 1 week
2 Fatigue

Brigade fatigue the same as the Guard except a Com-
mission'd Officer.

HEAD QUARTERS, VALLEY FORGE, April 14th 1778.

Brigader tomorrow Maxwell

Field Officers . Col. Boman93 Lt. Col. Nevil94

Brigade Major Walker.

Inspector from Genl Mclntoshe's Brigade.

Major Vail will immediately repair to the detachment
at Radnor to relieve Major Con way, Lt. McKenney95 is
appointed to do the duty of Brigade Major in Capt. Con-
way's Brigade till Major Hog98 returns; & is to be respected
as such. The Brigade Qr Masters will apply tomorrow
for their respective propertion of paper — the Medicine
Chests from Gen1 Greene's Division to be sent imme-
diately to the Yellow Springs97 to be refilled; a return to
be made of such Regt* as have no Chests to Mr. Cutting98

93 Abraham Bowman, Lieut. Col. 8 Va. Line, 1777; Colonel, 1777.

94 John Nevitte, Lieut, Col. 12 Va. Line.

95 John McKinn&y, 2 Lieut. 9 Penna. Line, 1777 ; 1 Lieut. 1778 ; to 5
Penna., 1781; to 3 Penna., 1783; Dep. Com. of Purchases U. S. A., 1812,
honorably discharged June, 1821. Died Nov. 25, 1833.

* Thomas Hogg, 1 Lieut. 1 N. C., 1775; Capt. 1776; Major 5 N. C. 1777;
to 3 N. C. 1778; taken prisoner at Charleston, S. C.

97 A large military hospital was established at Yellow Springs, Chester
Co., Pa., after the capture of Philadelphia by Gen. Howe.

98 John Brown Cutting, of New York, was appointed Apothecary Gen-
eral of Hospitals Eastern Department and later Middle Department.
Died Feb. 3, 1831.

Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Cont. Line. 493

Apothecary Gen1 of the Middle Hospitals, who will supply
them; the Gen1 was very much pleased on a ride through
the lines yesterday, to see what attention some of the
Brigadiers paid to his Orders, respecting the neatness and
purity of the Camp, he wishes it had been Gen1 but the
case was otherwise, and notwithstanding a repeatted
order enjoining cleanliness; the smell in some places is
intolerable oweing to the want of necessaries & of the
neglect of them; he therefore and for the last time without
proceeding to extremities, requests that all kinds of Dirt,
and filth, as well that in front, rear, and between the huts,
as what shall be found on the parade before the Doors be
raked together, and burned. The Regimental Quater
Masters are to see that necessaries where wanted are
immediately dug, and that fresh earth to be thrown into
them every morning; the Brigade Quartermasters are to
see that the offall at ye Slaughter Pens, are buried dailey,
they will be answerable for a neglect of these Dutys and
will without fail be arrested for the smallest inattention
to them, Centinels from the Qr. Guards are to be posted
at proper places, who are to make prisoner of any Soldier
who shall attempt to ease himself at any where; but at
the proper necessarys and five lashes are to be immediately
ordere'd him by the Commdg Officer of the Reg*, to which
the delinquent belongs for the offence of disobedience of
Orders; that soldiers may not ignorantly offend against
this order, It is to be read to them frequently, and the
Sergants are to take care that All New Commers are
informed thereof, or they will become answerable them-
selves.

The Gen1 observing that many hutts are without straw,
the Qr Master Gen1 there pore will provide it for the
Soldiers to Lodge on.

At a Gen1 Court Martial whereof Col. Vose was presi-
dent Doctr Sonot, Surgeons Mate of the 14th Virginia
Reg1 tryed for repeatedly neglecting to procure neces-

494 Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Gout. Line.

saries for the sick of the Reg*., secondly for absenting
himself without leave and going to the State of New York,
acquited of the first charge, but found guilty of the 2d,
being a breach of the 5th Article 14th Sec* of the Articles
of War, and sentenced to be reprimanded by the Com-
manding Officer of the Reg*, and ordered it to take place
tomorrow.

B. 0.
Adj* of the Day, tomorrow, from the 2d Reg*.

Detail for Guard.

Sub:S:P. S. P.

C: Sub: S: C: P. 1-3 o 8

1st Reg* 0 0 1 1 14 Ftg
2d do 0 0 116

7th do 0 0 0 1 8 4 1 1 0 12

10th Do 0 0 1 0 7 1: 3 1 10

0: 0: 3: 3:35. 1:1:15 1: 1: 2: 50

HEAD QUARTERS, VALLEY FORGE, April 15th 1778.

Brigadier for tomorrow .... Wayne
Field Officers . Col Patton Lt, Col. Carlton,"
Brigade Major
Inspector from Genl. Woodford's Brigade.

The men who are Drafted for the Commdr-in-Chief's
Guard, are to be included in the pay abstracts of their
pay until the first of April, after which they will draw pay,
as a Distinct Corps altho' returned on Comman'd in their
Respective Reg*8. At a Gen1 Court Martial whereof Col.

w Samud CarUon, Lieut. Col. 12 Mass., 1776; deranged Sept. 12, 1778.

Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Cont. Line. 495

Craig was president, April 14th 1778, Lieut. Ritter100 of
Col. Procter's Reg1 tryed for ungentleman-like behaviour
and for going into the City of Phila. since the enemy have
taken possession of it, being guilty of a breach of Article
ye 5th Sect. 18th of the Articles of War, but on account of
circumstances, sentenced to be reprimanded in Brigade
Orders.

The Commander-in-Chief approves the sentence, and
orders it to take place. At the same Court Jn° Foster, of
Col Malcom's Regf tryed for deserting to the enemy plead
Guilty, & in consideration of his youth, only sentenced
to receive 100 lashes on his bare back; ye Commdr-in-
Chief approves of the sentence and orders it to be put in
execution tomorrow morning at the head of the Reg* to
which he belongs.

B. 0.

The Col. Commdg in the Report of the Brigade Guard
this morning, observed that many prisoners are now con-
fined for crimes which are under the immediate notice of
Regimental Courts Martial, the Col. orders that Officers
commdg Reg18 who have such prisoners in the Guard to
have them immediately tryed by the Regimental Courts.
A Brigade Court Martial to convene tomorrow morning
at 10 o'clock at the presidents Quaters for the tryal of all
such prisoners as shall be brought there; the Brigade
Major will order a field Officer and the members to consti-
tute the Court: — President, Col. Bicker.

Cap1. Mt. Gomery,101 is appointed Judge Ad. A Cap1
and two Sub from each Reg1 is to form the Court.

100 William Ritter, 1 Lieut. IjTenna. Artillery Col. Thomas Proctor;
resigned March 11, 1779.

101 Samuel Montgomery, of Cumberland Co., Pa., Ensign 6 Penna. Bat-
tl'n. Jany. 1776, 2 Lieut. June, 1776; Capt. 7 Penna. Line, 1777 to 4
Penna., 1781; shot through the foot at Jamestown Ford, July 6, 1781; to 3
Penna., and served to June, 1783.

496 Orderly Book 2nd Penna. Cont. Line.

Detail for Guard. Fatigue. D
C:Sub:S:0: P. S

etai
P.

1"

Reg1

2

1 14

7

1

2d

do

1

0

1

1 6

3

0

7lh

do

1 8

5 Corpl

0

10th

do

1

2

0 7

3 1:

0

1

: 1:

5

3: 35

18: 1:

1.

0:

Sub:

S:

P. Camp

p.

1st

Reg4

0

1

1

20 Fatigue.

7

2d

do

0

0

1

8

3

7th

do

0

0

0

12

S.

4

10th

do

1

0

0

10

1

3

1: 1: 2: 50 1: 17

(To be continued.)

Letters From The Logan Papers. 497

FIVE LETTERS FROM THE LOGAN PAPERS IN

THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF

PENNSYLVANIA.

Selected by Miss J. C. WYLIE, Assistant Librarian in charge of
Manuscripts.

RICHARD HILL TO JONATHAN DICKINSON, IN JAMAICA.

PHILADA the 14th. 3rd mo : 1704
MY DR FFRD

JONATH. DICKINSON

I gladly Imbrace this optunity being the first & onely
that I conceive shall have from this place before my
depture for Maryland wch Expect may be about two
weeks hence wch time is allso appointed for G. c & M. H.
to Consumate theire Mariage. our Place is geneally very
healthy as is all our relations & thy two Dr Child" they
grow up together as Calves in a stall & are Insepable
Companions and for the most very good Company. Dr
ffrd, I hope this Sumer will Crown our desires wth your
good Company wch would be very acceptable to us all:
We have a new Govr who is lately Com over with the
popriators Comss & Queens approbation — he is an
Episcopall man (young & Soiled) but I hope Every waies
well Suited tour psent Circumstances, the Province &
territories are devided into two Assemblys att last, but
are one Governm1; Its yett to Early to pass oppinion
whether for the better or not but we hope the best: we
Allso have our young Propators Compny who is com
to Stay here ayeare & if he like fetch his Wife. Thy
News ab* Govr Pimento of Carthgena was both new &
Acceptable and I hope will be rewarded for his ffrdShip
for the new king of Spain, when admitted, we have not
much News from Urope that's Credited but dayly Expects
VOL. xxxv— 32.

498 Letters From The Logan Papers.

Nich. Bradish & one Crate of our place are both safe, at
Matineco & is all they have yett known; of ours amongs
150 saile taken this war. I hope they will not inlarge the
number.

I presume Most of my Relations yl may be Expected
will more at large imbrace this optunity therefore shall
not say much for them only my Wife wth me has her very
D' love to Thee thy Wife, Relations unknown & Dr
Johny wch Accept as the needfull from thy Affectionate
& reallffrd. to power.

RD. HILL.

Pray remember my love to Benj. Dickinson Thy sons
have theire dutys to you both & love to Brother.

THOMAS CADWALDER TO JOHN DICKINSON.
MY DEAR COUSIN

When I heard of the base & malicious treatment you
received at the hands, of those Scandalous wretches, the
Councill of Safety, My heart glow'd with Indignation,
at the Insult, but upon Phil's Coming here last night, you
cannot conceive, the Infinite pleasure it gave me, to
hear, how Clearly you cou'd vindicate your honor &
Character, I very much approve of your adress to the
public, in a Cool Candid & Short manner, but that is not
all, your honor demands of the Councill, I wou:d attend
upon them, & by witnesses Satisfy them of the falsity
of the Charges alleged against you, & tell them to their
faces, that you looked upon their Cruell treatment of
you, owing to the malice of Some of their members, if
you do not treat them in this manner, you will Invite
Insults of this kind, during your whole life, I should not
regard their fuming & fretting at this declaration, defy
their utmost malice & power, this Spirited Conduct &

Letters From The Logan Papers. 499

fortitude will endear you to your frds, & Vindicate you
the army our enemies, who hear every thing that passes
excuse my warmth, as I have very Strong feelings for
those I love best, My kind Love to Cousin Polly
I am yr most Affectionate Unkle

T. C.
JOHN DICKINSON ESQR at Dover

CHARLES THOMSON TO COL. JOHN DICKINSON.

SUMMERVILLE Aug 16. 1776

DEAR SIR

I did not receive your letter of the 10th till yesterday,
at which time by the advices received and the move-
ments made I apprehend the difficulties you mention
are in a great measure removed. Besides the very same
cause that occasioned those difficulties operates so strong
in the Army, as to prevent their being removed at this
time by the measure proposed. Had M*. M. when he
moved for rank, moved for the appointment, there would
have been no obstacle; or had Mr W. on receipt of your
former letter, which I communicated to him, agreed to
support it; or if he had not resolved to oppose it, I am
of opinion there would then have been no opposition.
There is a tide in human affairs, which if improved, things
go on smoothly but if neglected, tis in vain to lose from
the wharf.

You and I have differed in sentiment with regard to
the propriety of certain public measures — not so much
about the measures themselves, as the time, which you
thought was not yet come— But from the prejudices,
that I find prevail, & the notions of honour, rank & other
courtly Ideas so eagerly embraced, I am fully persuaded
had time been given for them to strike deeper root, it
would have been extremely difficult to have prepared
men's minds for the good seed of liberty.

500 Letters From The Logan Papers.

I know the rectitude of your heart & the honesty &
uprightness of your intentions; but still I cannot help
regretting, that by a perserverance which you were fully
convinced was fruitless, you have thrown the affairs of
this state into the hands of men totally unequal to them.
I fondly hope & trust however that divine providence,
which has hitherto so signally appeared in favour of our
cause, will preserve you from danger and restore you
not to "your books & fields/' but to your country, to
correct the errors, which I fear those "now bearing rule"
will through ignorance — not intention — commit, in set-
tling the form of government.

There are some expressions in your letter, which I am
sorry for; because they seem to flow from a wounded
spirit. Consider, I beseech you and do justice to your
"unkind countrymen." They did not desert you. You
left them. Possibly they were wrong, in quickening their
march and advancing to the goal with such rapid speed.
They thought they were right, and the only "fury" they
show'd against you was to chuse other leaders to conduct
them. I wish they had chosen better; & that you could
have headed them, or they waited a little for you. But
sure I am when their fervour is abated they will do
justice to your merit. And I hope soon to see you restored
to the confidence & honours of your country.

I am glad to hear you continue hearty.

We have flattering accounts from Canada by some
Canadian officers who have joined our Army. I hope
they will prove true.

Order and harmony are returning to our northern
Army, and if it please providence to dispel the dark
cloud, that hovers over New York, I fondly hope the
sun of peace will quickly shine upon us. May that grac-
ious providence in which I know you place your confi-
dence, protect & preserve you.

I called yesterday to see cousin Polly & Sally. They
are both well.

Letters From The Logan Papers. 501

Your cousin Hannah remembers you with great
affection, & so do the rest of your cousins at Summerville.

Adieu,
I am your sincere & affectionate friend

CHAS. THOMSON.
(Addressed) To

COLONEL JOHN DICKINSON

at
Elizabethtown.

DR. BENJAMIN RUSH TO JOHN DICKINSON.

PHILADELPHIA 4th October 1791

MY DEAR FRIEND

Any person connected in any way with, or recom-
mended by You, cannot fail of commanding my disposi-
tion to serve him.

My usual fee with an Apprentice is £100 cash. I have
in many instances lately, objected to reducing this sum,
chiefly with a design to reduce the number of my Ap-
prentices. At present I have six in my Shop — one of
whom will leave me in a few months. If under the above
circumstances, your friend insists upon coming to me,
I can make no Objection to him.

Dr Wister & Dr Griffitts I believe take Apprentices
for a less sum than £100. They were both Professors in
the College, and will be continued in the new University.
They are moreover both physicians of the Dispensary,
Where a young man will see more practice in a month
than with most private Physicians in a year. The moral
characters of the two Gentlemen alluded to are truly
amiable. They both stand high in the esteem of friends
in this city.

In the midst of my numerous avocations from study
and business, I often cast a look towards your peaceful
retreat from public labor on the heights of Wilmington.

502 Letters From The Logan Papers.

What would I not give for one long evening with you
by your fire side, to trace together the wonderful effects
of the American revolution upon the Old World, in the
progress of reason, and humanity, — to exult together in
the order and tranquility of the United States — to anti-
cipate years of happiness unknown to former ages, to
our posterity, and Alas! — to drop a tear over the departed
honor & character of our beloved State of Pennsylvania. —
I need not mention the cause of our grief. — Our Governor
has named all the fears of the friends of Virtue in the
State. — It is hard to tell whether his private immoralities,
or public follies expose him to the most contempt.—

A Church for the exclusive benefit of our friends the
Blacks, is likely to be established in this city.

My dear Mrs. Rush joins in affectionate regards to Mrs.
Dickinson — Miss Sally & Maria with yours

Sincerely

BENJN RUSH.

SAMPSON LLOYD TO ELIZABETH NORRIS.
From my Farm near BIRMINGHAM,

15. 7th Mo. 1775.
DEAR COUSIN

I received thy affectionate Letter in Course, but it was
inadvertently mislaid for a long time which prevented
my answering it as I intended, but having now found it,
T sat down this Morning to answer it, and as thou men-
tion'st thy desire of being informed of the Situation of
the several Branches of the Family, I shall as they occur
to me give thee a Satisfactory answer, thb' I may not do
it in order of time.

I was glad to See by thy Letter that thou art one left
of the Old Stock of a Family who all my life long I had
a great love & regard for, as descending from that good
man Thomas Lloyd, whose memory & character I revere.

Letters From The Logan Papers. 503

I remember perfectly well thy Father & Mother at
Birmingham in the year 1708, who paid us a very agree-
able visit they had a young Child with them which I
think was born on the water in their voyage to England.

I my self was born in 1699 & of course now pretty far
advanced in years, but am thankful to say, that altho'
I have always had a delicate Constitution, yet I enjoy
at this season as good a Share of Health as ever I did,
And write near as readily, tho' I never used or use Spec-
tacles, yet I have used my Eyes for above 60 years with
uncommon application.

I married first in the year 1727 to a Daughter of Richard
Parkes of this Town, by whom I had a son born in 1728
of my own name, who hath been a great Blessing & Com-
fort to me he married to a Daughter of Samuel Barns of
London in 1762 by whom he hath had 10 fine Children
all alive and healthy which we esteem a high favour from
the fountain of all our mercies.

I lost my first Wife in the Year 1729 & in that of 1731
I married to a Daughter of Nehemiah Champion of Bristol
by whom I had 11 Children 5 of which died in their
Infancy my Second Wife died of a Decay in 1756 Since
which I remain a Widower.

My Dear Daughter Mary married in 1757 to Osgood
Hanbury of London, by whom She had 10 Children 6 of
which are yet alive, Divine Wisdom Saw meet to take
her to himself in 1770, much to our loss she hath left a
most amiable Character worthy of the imitation of every
Christian. My other Dear Daughter Rachel married in
1767 to My valuable Son David Barclay of London who
I esteem a most happy Couple, they are an ornament to
the married State, and a Blessing to me in my declining
Years. I have also 4 other Sons which add much to my
Comfort Nehemiah Charles John and Ambrose, Charles
was married last year to a Daughter of the late James
Farmer & are already Blessed with a fine Hearty Lad of
his own name. My Son John is lately gone for Virginia

504 Letters From The Logan Papers.

being in partnership with my Son Hanbury & intended to
see Philadelphia in Course of his voyage my Sons Sampson
Nehemiah & Charles Carry on the Iron Trade here in
Partnership.

My Father had 16 Children but only 2 now living my
Sister Olive Kirton & my self She hath lived with me a
Widow for about 17 years. We lost my Dear Mother in
1770 in her 93d year a lively Spirited Honest Woman &
a pattern to her sex She could read without Spectacles
to the last week of her life, th° She occasionaly used them.
When thy Father & Mother where in this Town they
Spent much of their time at my Uncle & Aunt Pember-
tons, my said Aunt who was my Father's Sister died in
1711 — I have now before me a Letter from James Logan
on her Death who had been a little before to pay them a
visit & think it a worthy pattern & therefore I copy it.

The world hath lost one of its greatest ornaments tho'
in a private Sphere, her acquaintance the truest and best
of Friends, and a bright pattern to them of every thing
that was vertuous & excellent in her Sex, her Relations
have lost the Joy & Glory of their Family, her Husband
a Treasure that was Constantly too near him to leave
him capable almost of judging of her value, her Children
what can never be repaired to them I mourn her Loss
being sensible of the heavy blow, But it must be Sub-
mitted to, our only Support must be to have an Eye to
him who has taken her, & to endeavour ernestly to become
worthy of being admitted into her Company. She lived
on Earth like an Angel (I'm sure I always thought so) &
is Certainly gone to be made as one of them in a State out
of the reach of Care, where Sorrow cannot reach, where
change hath no place, but constant serene Joy, without
interruption are the portion of those who have lived up
to that State of purity & Innocence. May we all who had
the happiness of knowing her & now mourn our Loss of
her make this our sole use of it to set the vertues She
practiced as a Constant pattern. This account is very

Letters From The Logan Papers. 505

full yet quite Consistant. & I thought proper to Copy it.

About 20 Years Since I had at my House 2 honest
women from your Province whom I much loved & regarded
Margaret Elis and Margaret Lewis I hear the former is
gone from Works to Rewards if the latter is living please
to give my dear Love to her, I shall always be glad to
hear of her Welfare.

The Dolobran Family remains yet under difficulties.
Charles Lloyd the Son of my late Uncle Charles Lloyd
died in 1767 near 70 leaving Several Children his Eldest
Son Charles died in 1773 at about 48 unmarried his
Mother yet resides there who brought a very large Fortune
into the Family. She hath another Son James who is
partner with his first Cousin Charles England a Wine
Merchant in Coventry.

I saw my Coz. Elizabeth Fidoe a few Days since very
well She hath taken a House in this neighbourhood for
a few Years past where she resides a part of the Year
the other part in London.

I have gone a greater length than I intended & think
it fit to conclude but if any furthur intelligence will be
acceptable to thee I will readily send it & I hope in less
time than I have done this I am with very Dear Love to
thy self & my other valued Relations tho' unknown

Thy most affectionate Friend & Kinsman

SAMPSON LLOYD.

506 Tombstone Inscriptions, Gape May C. H., N. J.

TOMBSTONE INSCRIPTIONS IN THE BAPTIST GRAVEYARD
AT CAPE MAY COURT HOUSE, N. J.

COPIED BY MRS. EMMA STEELMAN ADAMS.
(Continued from page 364.)

Hand, Aaron, died May 31, 1852, in the 67th year of his age.
Aaron, born July 18, 1812, died June 7, 1874.
Aaron D., born June 29, 1820, died Feb. 13, 1900. [Father]
Anna M. Fowler, wife of Aaron D. Hand, born Apr. 19, 1823, died

May 5, 1896.
Mary H., daughter off Aaron D. & Anna M. Hand, died Oct. 9, 1864,

aged 7 yrs. 4 mos.
Seth W., son of Aaron D. & Anna M. Hand, died May 28, 1854, aged

13 months.
Abbie, wife of Capt. Leonard Hand, born Mar. 18, 1848, died Dec. 27,

1886.
Abigail Cresse, wife of Capt. Smith Hand, died June 10, 1893 aged

73 years.

Absalom, died 1826, aged 67 yrs. (month & date not given).
Martha, wife of Absalom Hand, died 1824, aged 67 years, 6 months.
Hugh, son of Absalom and Martha Hand, died Feb. 4, 1802, in the 18th

year of his age.

Absalom, died May 11, 1856, aged 56 years, 5 months & 1 day.
Annetta, daughter of E. P. and M. E. Hand, born Aug. 4, 1895, died

July 4, 1898.
Danielia W., wife of Franklin Hand and daughter of Daniel & Jane

Whilldin, died June 7, 1886 in her 75th year.
Arabell, dau. of Franklin & Danielia W. Hand, born Feb. 19 1852,

d. Apr. 16, 1853.

Daniel Hand Sr., d. Apr. 27, 1787, aged 57 yrs.
Hannah, wife of Daniel Hand, d. May 5, 1774, aged 39 yre.
Seth, son of Daniel Hand, killed by falling from his horse July 1, 1812,

in his 44th yr.
Daniel Hand, son of Seth & Esther Hand, b. Nov. 24, 1798, d. Sept. 1,

1823.

Esther, dau. of Seth & Esther, d. Oct. 20, 1815, aged 4 yrs. & 1 day.
Franklin, son of Seth & Esther Hand, d. Feb. 4, 1857, in his 49th yr.
Esther, b Nov. 26, 1778, d Feb. 15, 1844.
Esther, wife of Thomas Hand & dau. of Rev. Jenkin David, d. Feb. 9,

1820, aged 21 yrs.
Esther Hewitt, dau. of Humphrey & Mary Hewitt, b. Mar. 22, 1803,

married to Daniel Hand Mar. 4, 1822, d. Jan. 13, 1892.
Eliza Cresse, b. June 21, 1798, d. Mar. 18, 1868.
Deborah, d. Apr 23, 1808, aged 40 yrs, 8 months & 6 days. "Here
lies a mother and 13 children."

Tombstone Inscriptions, Cape May C. H., N. J. 507

Elias, b. July 26, 1833, d Dec. 12, 1900. " Co I 25 Regt. N. J. Vol."
Elizabeth, wife of Levi Hand, d. Dec. 22, 1843, aged 51 yrs, 4 mos.

6 10 ds.

Ephraim, b Dec. 14, 1811, d Sept. 25, 1885.

Regina, wife of Ephraim Hand, d. Aug. 22, 1889, aged 77 yrs, & 10

mos.
Henry L., son of Ephraim & Regina Hand, d. Feb. 7, 1842, aged 2 yrs.

8 ms. & 5 days.
Leonard C., son of Ephraim & Regina Hand, d. May 27, 1850, aged 2

yrs. 11 ms. & 29 ds.
Rachel F., dau. of Ephraim & Regina Hand, d. Feb. 2, 1842, aged 4

yrs. 5 ms. & 23 ds.
Hannah, dau. of Hugh & Hetty C. Hand, b. Jan. 10, 1859, d. Jan. 10,

1864.
Hugh G., son of Hugh & Hetty C. Hand, b. July 23, 1863, d Jan. 12,

1864.
Infant daughters of Hugh & Hetty C. Hand, d. Aug. 17, 1855 and

May 2, 1856.
Miller, son of Hugh & Hetty Hand, d. Oct. 14, 1860, aged 3 yrs., 6

ms. & 22 ds.

Seth M., son of Hugh & Hetty C. Hand, b. Mar. 6, 1861, d. Jan. 9, 1864.
Hugh, son of Miller & Hannah Hand, b May 13, 1833, d Aug. 13, 1897.
Hannah, dau. of Christopher & Isabella Hand, d. Aug. 16, 1823, aged

7 yrs., 5 ms.

Henry, b. Dec. 15, 1791, d. Dec. 23, 1868.

Arthellia, wife of Henry Hand, b. Aug. 6, 1801, d. Mar. 9, 1864.

Hannah, dau. of Henry & Arthelia Hand, b. Nov. 28, 1831, d Sept. 29

1835.

Isabella, wife of Elijah Hand, d. Apr. 2, 1850, aged 37 yrs, 15 ms. 28 ds.
Alfred S., son of Elijah & Isabella Hand, d. July 29, 1850, aged 3 ms,

29 da.
Gideon H., son of Elijah & Isabella Hand, d. June 22, 1865, aged 20

yrs, 3 ms.

Jeremiah, Esq., d. Aug. 12, 1867, aged 71 yrs. 4 ms. & 25 ds.
Jeremiah, Esq., d. Sept. 12, 1815, in the 52nd year of his age.
Deborah, wife of Jeremiah Hand, Esq., d Dec. 12, 1845, aged 80 yrs,

(Erected to her memory by her grandson, Dr. Z. Hand, 1895.)
Jeffe (Jesse?) d Aug. 1798, in his 20th yr.
Martha, d. Mar. 1800 in her 3d yr.
John M., d Oct. 12, 1846, aged 31 yrs. 1 mo. & 4 ds.
John, d Feb. 2, 1809, aged 44 yrs. 1 mo. & 4 ds.
John, Jr., d. Oct. 10, 1817, aged 22 yrs. 1 m. & 16 ds.
Jonathan, son of Jonathan and Sarah Moore Hand, b. Dec 22, 1818,

d. Mar. 2, 1897. "Clerk of the county of Cape May from 1840

until 1890."

Hannah, wife of Miller Hand, d. Feb. 21, 1860, aged 67 yrs, 3 mos 25 ds.
Amanda, dau. of Miller & Hannah Hand, d. Nov. 11, 1824, aged 10 ms.
Deborah, dau. of Miller & Hannah Hand, d. Oct 21, 1832, aged 5 yre

6 ms. & 11 ds.

508 Tombstone Inscriptions, Gape May C. H.3 N. J.

J. Holmes, son of Miller & Hannah Hand, b. Apr. 5, 1820, d. Sept. 12,

1888.

Jonathan, b. Nov. 15, 1780, d Apr 2, 1834.
Sarah, widow of Jonathan Hand, Dec. Born at Trenton, N. J., July 22,

1778, d. Apr 3, 1871.

Laodioea, wife of Stephen Hand, Esq. d. June 2, 1849, in her 86th yr.
Levi, d. July 22, 1860, aged 82 yrs 4 ms & 20 ds.
Peggy, wife of Levi Hand, d Feb. 16, 1831, aged 50 yra, 3 ms. & 23 ds.
Ludlam, son of William & Eleanor Hand, d. Aug. 4, 1834, aged 9 mo .

& 10 ds.

Miller, d. Aug. 2, 1853, aged 60 yrs. 6 ms. & 29 ds.
Nathaniel, b. Nov. 8, 1782, d Feb. 2, 1852.

Rachel, wife of Nathaniel Hand, d Jan. 6, 1842, aged 56 yrs, 11 ms.
Lovicia L., dau. of Nathaniel & Rachel Hand, d. Jan. 11, 1839, aged

23 yrs & 22 ds.

Rebecca, wife of Aaron Hand, d. June 15, 1868, in her 79th yr.
Rebecca A., dau. of Aaron & Rebecca Hand, d. Oct 24, 1821, in her

8th yr.

Rachel, wife of Jacob Hand, d. Sept. 20, 1883, aged 73 yrs. 10 mo.
Sarah H. wife of Philip Hand, relict of Absalom Hand, b. Dec. 22,

1808, d Feb. 11, 1890.
Thomas, son of Aaron and Rebecca Hand, d. June 21, 1856, in his

28th yr.

Capt. Smith, d. June 10, 1883, aged 74 years.
Harrison, Bessie S., dau. of M. L. & C. V. Harrison, d. Jan. 29, 1893, in her

9th yr.

Harris, Elizabeth F., b Nov 29, 1839, d. Aug. 21, 1867.
Mary J. b. June 26, 1817, d. Jan 26, 1865.
Samuel A. b. Sept 11, 1811, d. Jan 24, 1868.
Heritage, Emeline, wife of Andrew Heritage, b. May 25, 1841, d. June 28,

1904.

Hannah, wife of Isaac Heritage, d. Apr. 14, 1900, aged 70 yrs.
Isaac, d. Sept. 15, 1870, aged 45 yrs.
Joseph, b. Oct 26, 1853, d. July 22, 1895.

Hewitt, Adda, wife of William A. Hewitt, d May 21, 1899, aged 22 yrs.
Carlos H., son of Wm. A. & Adda Hewitt, d. Jan. 28, 1905, aged 7 yrs .
Charles F., son of Thomas & Rachel Hewitt, d May 14, 1842, aged 7

yrs. 6 ms.

Aaron, deacon, d. Apr 23, 1822, aged 57 yrs. 1 mo. 28 ds.
Abigail, formerly consort of Cornelius Bennet & late widow of Aaron

Hewitt, d. Sept. 7, 1843, aged 70 yrs & 6 ms.
Enoch, d. July 12, 1885 in his 76th yr.

Abigail A., wife of Enoch Hewitt, d. Oct. 15, 1879 in her 68th yr.
Reuben, son of Enoch & Abigail A. Hewitt, b. Feb. 26, 1831, d. Nov. 10,

1836.
Calvin, son of Edwin S. & Hannah M. Hewitt, d Jan. 4, 1901, aged 14

yrs, 11 mos. & 4 days.

Hannah M., wife of Edwin S. Hewitt d. Oct. 22, 1892, aged 39 yrs. &
10 ds.

Tombstone Inscriptions, Cape May C. H.f N. J. 509

George Hewitt, Late of Co 25th. N. J. Vols. d. Mar. 9, 1888, aged 65 yrs.
Sarah, wife of George Hewitt, d. June 18, 1900, aged 70 yrs, 2 ms. &

18 ds.

George, b. Jan. 4, 1814, d Apr 12, 1887.
Jemima C. b Aug. 22, 1816, d Mar 4, 1887.
Theodore, b July 14, 1844, d June 28, 1845.

Enoch, son of Aaron & Rosana Hewitt, d. Nov. 1, 1851, aged 19 yrs.
Thomas H., son of Aaron & Rosana Hewitt, d. Aug 12, 1853, in his

28th yr.
Hannah M. dau. of Stephen F. & Elizabeth Hewitt, d Feb. 23, 1858,

aged 7 mos.

Jonathan, d. Oct. 12, 1863, aged 80 yrs. & 8 mos. (Our Father).
Lois, wife of Jonathan Hewitt, d. Dec 22, 1869, in her 87th yr.
Henry Y., son of Jonathan & Lois Hewitt, b. Mar. 17, 1807, d Feb 25,

1866.

Humphrey, b. Dec 5, 1777, d. July 29, 1856.
Mary, wife of Humphrey Hewitt, d. Dec 26, 1839, in her 57th yr.
John, Late of Co. I. 25th Regt N. J. Vols., aged 77 yrs. (No date.)
Jane A., wife of John Hewitt, b. Aug. 30, 1825, d Jan. 23, 1900.
Thomas, son of Humphrey & Mary Hewitt, b. Nov. 26, 1800, d May 12

1855, aged 54 yrs. 5 mos & 16 ds.

Rachel F., wife of Thomas Hewitt, b March 2, 1806, d Feb 27, 1885.
Reuben, accidentally drowned May 21, 1831, aged 23 yrs 8 ms. & 16 ds.
High, Jacob, b. Sept. 15, 1813, d. Dec. 15, 1860.

Rebecca, wife of Jacob High, d. Aug. 31, 1866, in her 36th yr.
HUdreth, David, d Dec 29th, 1862, aged 27 yrs. & 6 mos. ("Farewell, my

husband," etc.)

James, d. Nov. 13, 1766, aged 38 yrs.

Lydia, wife of James Hildreth, d May 25, 1767, aged 36 yrs.
Jonathan, Deacon, d Octr., 1787, aged 47 years.
Joseph, Esq'r, d Apr 10, 1815, in his 53rd yr.

Anne,wife of Joseph Hildreth, d Nov. 10, 1820, aged 42 yrs. 5 mos. 13 ds.
Sarah D., b. Jan. 11, 1814, d Nov. 6, 1889.
Hoffman, George W., d Dec 27, 1899, in the 88th yr of his age.

Mary, wife of Geo. W. Hoffman, d. May 8, 1880, in her 71st yr.
Hollingshead, Rhoda,wife of Jeremiah,d. Sept. 14,1896, aged 81 yrs.7 ms. 2 ds.
Holdzkom, Josiah, son of Isaac & Sarah Ann Holdzkom, d. June 3, 1871,

aged 47 yrs. 3ms. 11 ds.
Sabina, wife of Josiah Holdzkom, d. Jan. 29, 1866, aged 37 yrs. 6 ms.

3ds.
Jacob S., son of Josiah & Sabina Holdzkom, d. Feb. 24, 1856, aged

4 yrs. 4 ms.

Holmes, Emma F., wife of Nathaniel Holmes, d. Oct. 26, 1901, aged 53 yrs.
Major Nathaniel, d. Jan 28, 1834, aged 76 yrs. 10 ms. 11 ds. "Major

Holmes was born in the town of Strabane, in Ireland, Mar. 17,

1757, and landed at Cape May New Jersey in the month of August,

1773. Finally when called to depart this life he was resigned

placing all his hopes and confidence in the merits of his Divine

Redeemer for acceptance and salvation."

510 Tombstone Inscriptions, Cape May C. H.f N. J.

Hannah, wife of Nathaniel Holmes, d. Aug. 29, 1814, in her 51st. yr.
Thomas, son of Nathaniel & Hannah Holmes, d. Jan. 16, 1814, in his

26th yr.
Hannah, dau. of Nathaniel & Hannah Holmes, d. Aug. 1, 1807, aged

22 yrs. 1 mo. & 1 day.
Isabella, d. Feb. 2, 1795.
John, son of Nathaniel & Hannah Holmes, d. Oct. 31, 1811, aged 20

yrs. 2 ds. "Accidentally shot by his gun."
Charles K, b. July 29, 1805, d. Feb. 13, 1875.
Judith S., b. Aug. 16, 1807, d. Nov. 24, 1881.
John, d. Nov. 16, 1822, aged 43 yrs, 13 ds.
Mary L., wife of Robert M. Holmes, late of Cape May Co., New Jersey,

dau. of Persons Learning, b. in Cape May Co. N. J. Oct. 10, 1788,

d. in city of Reading, Penna., Feb. 5, 1861.
Richard C., b. Sept. 17, 1813, d. Jan. 25, 1863.
Emma M., wife of Richard C. Holmes, and dau. of Joseph Hand, late

of Philadelphia, b. Dec. 12, 1822, d. Jan. 31, 1872.
Robert M., b. Oct. 2, 1872, d. Aug. 23, 1840.
Thomas A., b. May 25, 1829, d. Dec. 11, 1899.
Danielia, wife of Thomas A. Holmes, d. Mar. 30, 1868, aged 36 yrs.

6 ins.
Rusted, Esther A., wife of Elijah B. Husted, b. Sept. 19, 1803, d. Dec 11,

1868.

Elijah B., b. Dec. 2, 1804, d. May 27, 1872.
Adelaide, dau. of Elijah B. & Esther A. Husted, b. Jan. 3, 1841, d.

Apr. 9, 1872.

Albert E., d. Nov. 28, 1865, aged 20 yrs. 11 ms. & 12 ds.
George W., d. Oct. 11, 1897, aged 72 yrs & 3 ms.
Elizabeth S., wife of George W. Husted, d. Apr. 22, 1856, aged 29 yrs.

3 ms. & 12 ds.
Daniel W., Son of G. W. & E. S. Husted, d June 16, 1852, aged 8 mo.

&9ds.

James H., b. July 24, 1817, d. Apr. 20, 1873.

Elizabeth A., wife of James M. Husted, b. Oct 15, 1821, d. Dec 15, 1892.
Howett, Millard T., son of B. L. & M. I. Howell, d. Aug. 9, 1886, aged 2

months.

Mitchell, b. Dec. 24, 1833, d. Mar. 17, 1897.
Infant dau. of W. & S. Husted.

James C., b. Nov. 2, 1787, d Nov. 20, 1864, aged 77 yrs.
Sarah S., b. Nov. 21, 1791, d. Apr. 20, 1855.
Irwin, Virgil D., son of John & Rebecca Irwin, b. Feb. 16, 1842, d Feb. 14,

1869.
Isard, Olarrissa, wife of Henry Isard, d. Dec. 12, 1824, aged 25 yrs. 7 mos.

& 3 days.

Henry, d. Jan. 30, 1865, aged 69 yrs. 10 mo, & 20 ds.
Joseph, b Mar. 19, 1829, d. Nov. 24, 1902.
Hetty G., wife of Joseph Isard, b. Oct. 8, 1840, d. Oct 23, 1895.

Tombstone Inscriptions, Cape May G. H.f N. J. 511

Maud Edna.

William Stanton.

Margaret, d. Mar. 22, 1872, aged 80 yrs., 10 ms. & 11 ds. (Erected

by her son.)
Margaret, wife of Reaves Isard, d. Mar. 21, 1849, aged 45 yrs. 11 ma.

& 25 ds.

Charles, son of Reaves & Margaret Isard, d. Aug. 27, 1832, aged 10 ms.
Phebe, dau. of Reaves & Margaret Isard, d. Nov. 15, 1827, aged 1 yr.

9 mo. & 6 ds.
Hannah M., wife of Reeves Isard, d. Apr. 25, 1881, aged 75 yrs. 3 ms.

& 21 ds.
Vera, dau. of Reeves and Anna B. Isard, b. Aug. 24, 1888, d. July 21,

1890.

Nicholas, d. July 5, 1862, in his 75th yr.

Priscilla, wife of Page Isard, d June 23, 1840, aged 20 yrs, 8 ms. & 27 da.
Caroline, dau. of Page & Priscilla Isard, d. July 27, 1840, aged 6 ms. &

Iday.

Page, b. Dec. 25, 1814, d. Feb. 6, 1874. (Our Father.)
Jane B., b Mar. 9, 1815, d Aug. 10, 1894. (Our Mother.)
Sylvitha, wife of Somers Isard, d. Feb. 21, 1883, aged 61 yrs. 6 ms.
Hamilton, son of Somers & Sylvitha Isard, died July 10, 1848.
Somers, son of Somers & Sylvitha Isard, d Oct. 24, 1854, aged 4 yra.

& 11 mos.
Jaggard, Charles, Late of Co. E. 150th. Penna. Vol. b Nov 22, 1828, d.

Jan. 1, 1896.
Jenkins, Grigs, d. Sept. 16, 1835, in his 54th yr.

Martha, wife of Grigs Jenkins, d. Feb. 6, 1867, in her 84th yr.

Nathaniel, d. Aug. 1, 1848, aged 43 yrs., 8 mos. & 19 ds.

Charles G., son of Nathaniel & Hannah Jenkins, d. Mar. 23, 1852,

aged 9 yrs, 2 mos & 7 ds.
Tabitha G., dau. of Nathaniel & Hannah Jenkins, d. Oct 3, 1828,

aged 15 mos. & 7 days.
Grigs, son of Nathaniel & Hannah Jenkins, d. Oct 14, 1856, aged 2 mos.

& 15 ds.

John W., d. July 31, 1871, in his 42nd yr.
Johnson, Effa E., wife of John A. Johnson, d. Apr. 17, 1902, aged 22 yrs.

Isaac P., d. May 23, 1903, aged 68 yre.

Kerman, John L., d. Aug. 30, 1869, aged 26 yrs. " In the battle of Mechan-
icsville, Va. he was severely wounded in the defense of his
country."
Keeler, Jessie S., dau. of Charles W. & Ella S. Keeler, d. Jan. 30, 1893,

aged 4 yrs. 7 ms.

Kiler, Elizabeth, d. Oct. 24, 1862, aged 94 yrs. 5 ms. & 7 ds.
Kimsey, David T., b. Feb. 28, 1844, d. Apr. 13, 1881.
Lake, Mary L. Nickerson, wife of Frank Lake, b. Oct. 18, 1875, d. Aug. 17,
1905.

(To be continued.)

512 Notes and Queries.

NOTES AND QUERIES.

ADAM HOOPS: — Information wanted of the birth-place and parentage of
Adam Hoops who died at Falls, Bucks Co., Pa., June 30, 1771, aged 62,
and of his wife Elizabeth Hoops who died in Philadelphia July 19, 1782,
aged 62. They were both buried in Bank Street Church yard, which was
the 1st Presbyterian Church of Philadelphia. Adam Hoops is supposed
to have lived in that part of Chester Co., Pa., that became Lancaster
county, in 1729, and Cumberland county, in 1750, as the first record we
know of him is his being drawn on the first Grand-jury empanelled in
Cumberland county, July 24, 1750, and his appointment, the same year, as
first Coroner of the county. After this he led an active public life until
his death. He resided for some years at Carlisle, Pa., where lived also his
sister, Margaret Cummins. He had another sister Anne, wife of Joseph
Evans, of South Carolina, married at Christ Church, Philadelphia, October
29, 1734. Both sisters are mentioned in his will. Adam and Elizabeth
Hoops had eight children, the eldest Jane, who was born in 1743, married
Daniel Clark, who moved to New Orleans and amassed the enormous
fortune that was the subject of historic litigation for many years, on be-
half of Myra Clark Games; Isabel who married 1st, James Mease and
2ndly, Jasper Moylan, having by her second marriage one child who became
the wife of Robert Walsh, Jr.; Sarah who married, for his second wife,
Colonel John Syme, of Virginia, the half-brother of Patrick Henry; Mary
who married Thomas Barclay, Consular Agent of the United States in France
at the close of the Revolutionary war; Margaret who married Thomas
Walker; Robert (of New Jersey); David (of Maryland and Virginia), and
Adam (Major U. S. Army), the youngest, born at Carlisle, Pa., January 9,
1760, died at West Chester, Pa., June 9, 1846.

In her "History of Ceres, N. Y.," Miss King, now deceased, says that
Major Adam Hoops " was of English descent and had a genealogical record
back to the ninth century;" which members of her family had seen. This
would be a most important and valuable document to find. Does any one
know of its present whereabouts ?

Major Adam Hoops left all his estate (1846) to his niece, Mrs. Maria
Isabfc" Coulter of Staunton, Va. She was living in 1858. Whose child
was she I

The Adam Hoops family most likely belonged to the Presbyterian
denomination, and although Joshua Hoops, the emigrant ancestor of the
Quaker Hoopes Family, of Chester county, spelled his surname the same
as Ae^,ia Hoops, Gilbert Cope says: "no relationship was known to exist."
But a strong personal likeness existed between Major Adam Hoops and
some members of the Hoopes family of Chester Co. From at least three
of the daughters of Adam Hoops having married bora Irishmen, and his
grand-daughter Moylan also, it would seem not at all unlikely, from the
clannishness of the Irish, that he was of Irish birth or extraction.

There is a tradition, for what it is worth, that there were the proverbial
three brothers Hoops in England, one, Joshua Hoops, emigrating to
America, one to Scotland and one to Ireland. With these key-notes, as
pointers, cannot some of your readers add to our information?

CHARLES HENRY HART.

Officers of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 513

OFFICERS

OF THE

HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

PRESIDENT.
HON. SAMUEL WHITAKER PENNYPACKER.

VICE-PRESIDENTS.

HON. JAMES T. MITCHELL, GEORGE HARRISON FISHER,

HON. CHARLEMAGNE TOWER, HON. HAMPTON L. CARSON,

WILLIAM BROOKE RAWLE, JOHN FREDERICK LEWIS.

RECORDING SECRETARY.

THOMAS WILLING BALCH.

CORRESPONDING SECRETARY. ^, j,

JOHN BACH MCMASTER.

~«r
TREASURER.

FRANCIS HOWARD WILLIAMS.

AUDITOR.

KlCHARD McCALL CADWALADER.
VOL. XXXV 33.

514 Officers of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

CURATOR.
GREGORY B. KEEN.

LIBRARIAN,

JOHN W. JORDAN.

ASSISTANT LIBRARIAN.
ERNEST SPOFFORD.

ASSISTANT LIBRARIAN, IN CHARGE OF MANUSCRIPTS.

J. C. WYLIE.

HISTORIOGRAPHER.

J. GRANVILLE LEACH.

COUNCILLORS.

JOHN C. BROWNE, SAMUEL CASTNER, JR.,

WILLIAM H. LAMBERT, EDWARD EOBINS,

CHARLES MORTON SMITH, JOHN T. MORRIS,

SIMON GRATZ, HON. WILLIAM P. POTTER,

WILLIAM DRAYTON, EDWARD S. SAYRES,

HON. WILLIAM POTTER, ISAAC SHARPLESS.

The Council of the Society is composed of the President, Vice-
Presidents, Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, Treasurer,
Auditor, and the twelve Councillors. Hon. James T. Mitchell is Presi-
dent, and Gregory B. Keen is Secretary of the Council.

TRUSTEES OF THE PUBLICATION FUND.

HON. S. W. PENNYPACKER, HON. JAMES T. MITCHELL,

SIMON GRATZ.
(JOHN W. JORDAN, Editor of Publications.)

Officers of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 515

TRU8TEE6 OF THE BINDING FUND.

HON. S. W. PENNYPACKER, HON. JAMES T. MITCHELL,

SIMON GRATZ.

TRUSTEES OF THE LIBRARY FUND.

HON. S. W. PENNYPACKER, JOHN BACH MCMASTER,

GREGORY B. KEEN.

TRUSTEES OF THE GILPIN LIBRARY.

HON. S. W. PENNYPACKER, GEORGE HARRISON FISHER,

WILLIAM BROOKE RAWLE, SIMON GRATZ,

HON. JAMES T. MITCHELL.

TRUSTEES OF THE ENDOWMENT FUND AND THE
MISCELLANEOUS TRUSTS FUND.

HON. S. W. PENNYPACKER, HON. HAMPTON L. CARSON,

RICHARD M. CADWALADER.

TRUSTEES OF THE FERDINAND J. DREER COL-
LECTION OF MANUSCRIPTS.

HON. S. W. PENNYPACKER, WILLIAM BROOKE RAWLE,

HON. HAMPTON L. CARSON, GREGORY B. KEEN,

EDWIN GREBLE DREER.

TRUSTEES OF THE PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL
STUDY ENCOURAGEMENT FUND.

HON. S. W. PENNYPACKER, WILLIAM BROOKE RAWLE,

GREGORY B. KEEN.

TRUSTEES OF THE BUILDING FUND.

HON. S. W. PENNYPACKER, WILLIAM BROOKE RAWLE,

JOHN F. LEWIS.

516 Officers of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

STATED MEETINGS.

January 8, 1912. May 13, 1912.

March 11, 1912. November 11, 1912.

January 13, 1913.

Annual membership $ 5.00
Life membership 50.00
Publication Fund, life subscription 25.00
Pennsylvania Magazine, per annum (to non-sub-
scribers to the Publication Fund) 3.00

Payments may be made to the Curator at the Hall, 1300 Locust
Street.

INDEX.

(Family surnames of value in genealogical research are printed in CAPITALS; names
of places in italics.)

Abbatt, William, 383

ADAMS, Major, 181, 183

Adams, Major Daniel Jenifer, 86

Adams, Emma S., Tombstone In-
scriptions in Baptist Graveyard,
Cape May C. H., N. J., copied
by, 356, 506

Adams, Lieut. Francis, 75

Adams, John, subscriber to Kentucky
Academy, 354

Adams, Lieut.-Col. Peter, 84

ALBERGER, Maria, 255 ; Philip,
254 ; Sophia, 254

Alden, Major Roger, 156, 179

Alexander, Cosmo, artist, instructor
of Gilbert Stuart, 444 ; paintings
for William Franklin, by, 444,
445

Allen, William, sketch of, 441 ; em-
ploys Rev. William Smith with
others, to asperse character of
Benjamin Franklin, 441 ; John
Hughes, publisher advertisement
for justification of charges
against Benjamin Franklin, 442 ;
verses of David James Dove in-
tended to vilify Franklin, turned
against, 443

ALLISON, Major, 466

American and British Armies, A
Frenchman's Comments on, 1777,
by Francis B. Lee, 365

Amherst, Gen. Jeffrey, comes to
America, 1758, 448; military rec-
ord in America, 448

Anderson, Lieut. Enoch, tried by
court martial, 471

Anderson, Capt. Patrick, suspended
from the army, 81

Angell, Col. Israel, 83

Anspack, Frederick, 337

Anthony, Jacob, sentenced by court
martial, 185

APPELL, Elisabeth, Catharina, 197;
Johann, 188, 189, 193, 195, 197;
Johann Martin, 197

Arboe, John, biographical sketch of,
254

Armstrong, Sergeant , killed at

Battle of Brandywine, 105

Armstrong, Gen. John, sketch of,
304; letter of, 306-307; men-
tioned, 62, 68

Arnold, Gen. Benedict, wounded at
Saratoga, 80 ; thanks of Congress,
on victories in the North, 175 ;
mentioned, 399, 475

Arnold, Margaret Shippen, 399

Ashmead, Capt. Jacob, 334

Askew, John, to Jonathan Dickinson,
247

ATTWOOD, Elizabeth, 255; Mary,
254

BACHE, Benjamin Franklin, 311 ;

Sarah Franklin, 311; Mrs. ,

398

BAIER, Anne Maria, 190

BAILEY, Sally, 254

BAIR, Catharina, 192

Ball, Major Burgess, 65, 156

Ball, Col. James V., 277, 278

Bankson, Capt. John, 335

Banquet by the Historical Society of
Pennsylvania to celebrate ninety-
fifth anniversary of birth of Major-
Gen. Meade, 1 ; guests at, 2-4 ;
Hon. Samuel W. Pennypacker pre-
sides at, 4

Baraian, see Berrien

Barber, Major , 183, 295

Barber, Lieut.-Col. Francis, sketch of,
338 ; mentioned, 178

BARCLAY, David, 503; Rachel
Lloyd, 503

Barclay, Mrs. R., to Mrs. Dickinson,
248

BARTHOLD, Dorothea Margretha,
193

BASELER, Esther, 194

BASSEL, George, 197; Maria Juli-
ana, 197

Bates, Lieut.-Gen. John C., attends
Meade banquet, 2 ; address of, 40

BAUER, Johann Peter, 188

BAUER, Peter, 195

BAUM, Johann Jacob, 189

517

518

Index.

Bayard, Major , 82, 175, 296,

342

BAYLBY, Brigade Major, 466, 485

Baynton, John, member of firm Bayn-
ton, Wharton and Morgan, 449

Baynton, Wharton and Morgan, 445,
449

Bean, C. A., query regarding Michael
McNally, by, 121

Beaufort, Lieut.-Col. , 175

BECH, Anna Elisazeth, 192

BECK, Elisabeth, 190

BECK, Margrethe, 192

Beckel, Clarence E., contributes Rec-
ords of St. Paul's Evangelical
Lutheran Congregation, Lehigh Co.,
Pa., 1750-1764, 188

BECKER, Ann Mary, 254 ; William,
254

Beginnings of the iron industry in
Trenton, N. J., by William Nelson,
228

BEIL, Balthaser, 198; Elisabetha,
198 ; Eva Elisabeth, 191

BEISCH, Bastian, 198 ; Benico Cath-
arina, 198

Benezet, Anthony, 406

Benezet, Major Samuel, 62

Benham, Gen. H. W., to S. A.
Drake, 369

BENNINGTON, Battle of, 175

Benstead, Capt. Alexander, tried by
court martial, 491 ; sketch of, 491

Benyane, Brigade Major , 465

BERNERT, Magdalena, 193

Berrien, Brigade Major John, 483

BEUTELER, Johann, 193

BETJTELMANN, Anna Maria, 198;
Ellas, 198; John Jacob, 194

BEVAN, Elizabeth, 42 ; John, 42

BIBER, Maria Magdalena, 191

Bicker, Col. Henry, Orderly Book of,
Second Penna. Continental Line,
1778, edited by John W. Jordan,
333, 463; biographical sketch of,
333 ; commissioned Jan. 4, 1776,
Major 3d Penna. Infantry, 333 ;
promoted Colonel 2d Penna. Line
Infantry, 334 ; at Battles of Bran-
dywiiie, Germantown and White-
marsh, 334 ; President of court
martial, 495 ; mentioned, 467

Bicker, Lieut. Henry, Jr., 334

Bicker, Adjutant Walter, 334

BICKLEY, Abraham, 42

Biggelow, Col. , 298

BILDHAUS, Anna Margretha, 193

BINGHAM, Nancy Willing, 398

BINGHAM, William, 398

Bird, Lieut.-Col. Benjamin, tried by
court martial, 87

BIRKENSTOCK, Anna Maria, 195

BISCHOF, Maria, 198

BITS, see PITS

Blanchard, J. P., makes first bal-
loon ascension in Philadelphia, 52 ;
Washington, Rush and Wistar,
patrons of, 52

BLANCK, Johann George, 189

Bland, Col. Theodrick, President of
court martial, 88, 167 ; mentioned,
87

BLANK, Adam, 191; Johann, 191

Bloom, John, tried by court martial,
490

Bloomfleld, Ensign Jarvis, tried by
court martial, 486 ; sketch of, 486

Bloomfield, Major Joseph, sketch of,
340; mentioned, 60, 164, 335

" Blue Church," see St. Paul's Evan-
gelical Lutheran Congregation

Bluford, William, 87

BLUM, Polly, 348

BOGER, Anna Maria, 189

BUHMAN, Anna Roslna, 189

Boman, Major , to command ar-
tillery, 185, 186

Bonnell, Isaac, sketch of, 459 ; men-
tioned, 460, 461

Bopst, Col. , 184

Boston, a description of after-evacua-
tion in 1776, 112

Bouquet, Col. Henry, 374

BOWDOIN, Elizabeth, 418

Bowman, Col. Abraham, 492

BRACKER, Eva, 189

Braddock's Defeat, note concerning,
251

Bradford, Col. , 292

Bradford, John, assists in opening
first public library in Lexington,
Va., 352 ; establishes first printing
office and newpaper west of the
Alleghenies, 352

Bradley, Col. , member of court

martial on conduct of Gen. Wayne,
157 ; President of Court of Inquiry
on trial of Col. Josiah Parker,
174, 178; mentioned, 76, 83

Brandywine, Battle of, described by
Dr. Ebenezer Elmer, 104-106 ; con-
duct of Gen. Stephen at, 159 ; men-
tioned, 334, 344

BRAUN, Daniel, 189

Brearly, Lieut.-Col. David, member
of Court of Inquiry, 171 ; sketch
of, 466; mentioned, 86, 162, 178

Index.

519

Breckenridge, Hugh H., portrait of

Henry C. Lea by, 129
BRENNER, Appalonia, 197; Johann

Caspar, 197

BRENNIG, Regina, 193
BREUTZER, Anna Ursula, 198;

Christian, 198
Brewer, Col. Samuel, 479
Brewin, Capt. Peter Bryan, appointed

Alde-de-Camp to Gen. Sullivan, 173
British and American armies, A

Frenchman's Comments on, by

Francis B. Lee, 365
BROCKDEN, Charles, 255; Mary,

255
Brodhead, Col. Daniel, President of

court martial, 70, 86, 158, 160,

164 ; mentioned, 168

Brooks, Lieut-Col. , 298

Brooks, John Nixon, extracts from

journal of Surgeon Ebenezer Elmer,

Sept. 11-19, 1777, contributed by,

103

Browne, Col. -^ , 159

Browning, Charles H., Isaac Wilson,

Head-Master, by, 350
BRUNNER, Anna Maria, 194, 197;

Heinrich, 189, 197 ; Johann George,

195; Johann Philip, 194; Maria

Margretha, 191

Bruno, Dr. , 277

Brussels, , 338

Bruster, Major , 78, 174

BUCK, Elizabeth, 255

Buckingham Meeting House, sick sent

to, 179, 182
Buford, Lieut.-Col. Abraham, sketch

of, 463 ; mentioned, 161
Burchardt, Major Daniel, 166
BURGE, Beulah, 403; Sarah, 396,

403

BURGER, Elisabeth, 191
Burgoyne, Gen. John, surrender of,

at Saratoga, 79, 93, 175
Burlington, Vermont, barracks at, 288
Burr, Lieut.-Col. Aaron, sketch of,

477 ; mentioned, 181, 183
Bush Hill, Hospital, 349
Butler, Lieut.-Col., 67, 169, 302
Butler, Lieut.-Col. Richard, 482

Cabell, Major Samuel Jordan, sketch
of, 340

Cadwalader, Thomas, to John Dick-
inson, 498

Calderwood, Capt. James, 78, 294

Gamble, Major , 465

Campbell, John, Earl of Loudoun, 417

Campbell, Major Richard, 59

Capel & Osgood, James Pemberton
to, 250

Carleton, Gen. Guy, succeeds Sir
Henry Clinton, 462

Carlton, Lieut.-Col. Samuel, 299, 494

Camel, , 297

Carnes, Peter, amateur balloonist, 51

Carson, Hon. Hampton, address at
Meade Banquet, 5 ; personal recol-
lections of Gen. Meade, 6 ; remarks
of, on presentation of portrait of
Henry C. Lea to Hist. Soc. Pa., 135

CASSLER, Christina, 255 ; John,
255; Lewis, 255; Ludwig, 255;
William, 255

Casson, Ensign Charles, sentenced by
court martial, 75

Caswell, Gov. Richard, requested by
Congress to erect monument to
Gen. Francis Nash, 175

Cedar Creek Hundred, Letter of J.
Moore to Freeholders of, by Rev.
C. H. B. Turner, 382

CERVAS, Anna Elisabeth, 189 ; Gott-
fried, 190

CERVING, Jacob, 193

Chamberlin, Mason, portrait of Ben-
jamin Franklin by, 433, 435 ; men-
tioned, 437

Chambers, Col. James, sketch of, 339 ;
mentioned, 62, 89, 162, 299, 466,
470, 480

Chambers, Joseph, complaint of,
against Col. Josiah Parker, 174,
178

Chandler, Col. , 72, 83

Chase, Salmon P., General George
G. Meade, pupil of, 7

Chesterfield Township, Burlington
Co., N. J., town dockets of, 1692-
1712, by Dr. Carlos E. Godfrey,
211

CHRISTEIN, Peter. 190

Cilley, Col. Joseph, 483

Claiborne, Richard, appointed Brig-
ade Major, 181 ; mentioned, 185,
294, 477

Clark, Col. , member of Court of

Inquiry, 71 ; mentioned, 65, 174

Clark, Sir Francis Carr, taken pris-
oner, 80

CLAUS, Johann, 190

Cleaver, Nathan, 170

CLIFFORD, Anna Rawle, 389 ; John,
389

Climer, Daniel, appointed Deputy
Commissary of Prisoners, 297

Clinton, Sir Henry, succeeded by
Gen. Guy Carleton, 462

520

Index.

Cochran, Dr. John, 87, 182

Cole, Patrick, death of, 481

Colonial Dames of America, Laurel
Hill and Some Colonial Dames
Who Once Lived There, paper by
William Brooke Rawle read be-
fore, 385

Commissioners from the two armies
to meet at Germantown, 1778, 465

Congress, resolution of, appointing
Dec. 18, 1777, a day of thanksgiv-
ing and praise, 291, 300

Conner, Col. , 301

Connor, Col. Morgan, 65

Converse, Capt. Thomas, sketch of,
341

Conway, Major John, sketch of, 473 ;
mentioned, 492

Conway, Gen. Thomas, member of
court martial on conduct of Gen.
Wayne, Oct. 20, 1777, 157; men-
tioned, 59, 65, 74, 77, 84, 88, 164,
480

Cook, Col. , 59

Coudray, see Du Coudray

Cougan and Mallard, extracts from
letters of, to John Perry, by Fran-
cis B. Lee, 116

Courtland, Col. , 290

Courts, Lieut. William sentenced by
court martial, 86

Cox, Brigade Major — , 71

Cox, Capt. William, 491

Cragg, Lieut. Robert, tried by court
martial, 61

Craig, Dr. , 79

Craig, Capt. Charles, captures British
soldiers, 173; mentioned, 64

Craig, Lieut.-Col. Thomas, sketch of,
477 ; President of court martial,
487, 495; mentioned, 62

Grain, Lieut. James, tried by court
martial and acquitted, 160

Crane, Col. John, sketch of, 469 ;
sentenced by court martial, 484 ;
mentioned, 161

Crawford, Major , 63

Crawford, Col. William, Brigade of
Virginia Militia under command of,
73; mentioned, 70, 77, 81

CREUTZ, Daniel, 255 ; Elizabeth,
255; Johanetta, 255; Margaret,
255 ; Maria, 255 ; William, 255

Croghan, Col. George, Robert Lettls
Hooper, surveys tract of land in
Ohio for, 450, 451 ; mentioned, 375

Croghan, Capt. William, appointed
Brigade Inspector, 478 ; sketch of,
478

Cropper, Major John, 86

Crump, Capt. Abner, sentenced by

court martial, 86
Culp, Philip, tried by court martial,

490
Currie, Rev. Dr., headquarters of

Gen. Stirling at house of, 490
Curtin, Andrew G., appoints General

Meade Brigadier-General of Penna.

Reserves, 9
Cutting, John Brown, sketch of, 492

DANNERHAUER, Abraham, 197 ;
Andreas, 195 ; Anna Catharina,
197

DASSER, Elizabeth, 255 ; Henry,
255 ; Paul, 255

Davers, Sir Robert, killed by Indians,
429

navies, Lieut.-Col. William, sketch
of, 338 ; appointed to command
14th Va. Regiment, 475

Davis, Col. , member of court

martial on conduct of Gen. Wayne,
157 ; mentioned, 75. 172, 302

Day, Major , 59, 65, 163, 172,

299

Dayton, Col. , member of court

martial on conduct of Gen. Wayue,
157 ; mentioned, 61

Declaration of Independence, first
anniversary of, celebrated in
Philadelphia, 372

Dehart, Col. , member of court

martial on conduct of Gen. Wayne,
157 ; mentioned, 162

De Hart, Lieut.-Col. C., 487

De Kalb, Major-Gen. Baron, 184. 292,
294, 298

De Lisle, , letter of, extract from

N. J. Gazette, 365

Deloyant, M., offered a Colonelcy, 92

Dennis, Henry, to Isaac Norris, 116

Denny, Gov. William, correspond-
ence of, with John Hughes, 442

Dickenson, Lieut. Richard, to be
tried by general court martial, 335

Dickinson, Major Edmund B., sketch
of, 488

Dickinson, John, notes of, for con-
tractors for his house in Wilming-
ton, 115 ; note of, concerning busi-
ness at time of Stamp Act, 116 ;
Thomas Cadwalader to, 498 ; Dr.
Benjamin Rush to, 501

Dickinson, Col. John, Charles Thom-
son to, 499

Dickinson, Mrs. John, Mrs. R. Bar-
clay to, 248

Itidex.

521

Dickinson, Jonathan, slaves of, 148 ;
John Askew to, 247 ; Richard Hill
to, 497

Dickson, Capt. Henry, promotion of,
to Major, 75

DIEMER, Andreas, 190

Dixon, Major Henry, sketch of, 485

Dodd— Holland and other family rec-
ords from Bible of Mrs. Charles
Jones, by Rev. C. H. B. Turner,
380

Donop, Count Carl von, of Hessians
attacks Port Mercer, 159; killed
at, 345, 365

DORFFLINGER, Maria Catharina,
196

DORN, Caspar, 193

DORNGLASER, Paulus, 195

DORSTLINGER, Anna Margaretha,
195, 197; Anna Maria, 189, 197;
Catharina, 189 ; Friedrich, 197

Dove, David James, schoolmaster and
political writer, 315 ; comes to
Philadelphia and obtains position
in the Academy and College of
Phila., 316 ; opens school for young
ladies, 318 ; leaves academy, 319 ;
opens private school in Phila., 319 ;
methods of punishment of, 320 ;
caricatures and pamphlets by, 323—
325, 329-331; makes acquaintance
of Joseph Galloway, 323 ; sides
with Galloway against academy,
323-325 ; appointed English mas-
ter in Germantown Academy, 325 ;
dismissed, 328 ; school of in School
House Lane, 328 ; opens school in
Front Street, 332; will of, 332;
death of, 332 ; employed to write
verses vilifying Franklin, 443 ;
verses of, turned against William
Allen, 443

Dove, Nathaniel, 317

DOWNES, Elizabeth, 311, 415, 419,
421 ; wife of William Franklin,
312, 415, 416, 419, 421 ; death of,
421

Drake, S. A., Gen. H. W. Benham
to, 369

Draper, Dr. , 297

DRAUB, Jacob, 196

Drayton, Col. William, 278

Drexel, Mrs. Joseph W., presents
portrait of Anthony Wayne to the
Hist. Soc. of Pa., 257 ; elected an
honorary member of the Hist. Soc.
of Pa., 263

Drinker, John, 402

Drury, Lieut. John T., 279, 280

Du Coudray, Gen. Philip, death of,
92

Duffy, Capt. Lieut. , wounded by

Major Howard, 293 ; tried by court
martial, 293, 294

Dulles, Charles W., M.D., extracts
from the diary of Joseph Heatly
Dulles, contributed by, 276

Dulles, Joseph Heatly, extracts from
the diary of, contributed by
Charles W. Dulles, M.D., 276 ; bio-
graphical sketch of, 276

Duncan, Robert, appointed paymaster
of 4th N. C. Line, 291

Dunn, Lieut. Abner M., sketch of,
475 ; tried by court martial, 476

Durgee, Col. . 83

Durkee, Col. John, 158

EBERHARD, Johann Ahrenhold, 191

Edmunds, Albert J., translation of
letters of a French officer, writ-
ten at Easton, Pa., 1777-1778,
90

Elliot, Lieut. , 114

Elliott, Robert, Chaplain, 279

Ellis, Col. , 187

Ellison, Major , 174

ELMER, Rev. Daniel, 103

ELMER, Dr. Jonathan, 103

Elmer, Surgeon Ebenezer, extracts
from the Journal of Sept. 11—19,
1777, by John Nixon Brooks, 103 ;
biographical sketch of, 103; de-
scribes Battle of Brandywine, 104-
106

Elouis, Henry, portrait of Gen. An-
thony Wayne by, 258 ; engraving
after portrait of Gen. Wayne, by,
259; biographical sketch of, 259-
262 ; paints miniatures of George
Washington and Mrs. Washington,
261 ; instructs Eleanor Custis, 261 ;
to Washington, 261

EMMERICH, Jacob, 192

Emory, Richard, appointed Brigade
Major, 79

ENGELERT, Jacob, 190

ENGELHARD, Michael, 191

ENGLAND, Charles, 505

ERDMANN, Abraham, 194 ; Andreas,
189, 197; Anna Catharina, 196,
197 ; Anna Dorothea, 194 ; Doro-
thea, 197 ; Johann Jacob, 194

ERLEBACH, George, 193

Erskine, Brigadier-Gen. Sir William,
character of, described by De Lisle,
365

522

Index.

Evans, John, tried by court martial,

491
EVERTS, Adam, 190

Farmer, Lieut-Col. Lewis, member

of Court of Inquiry on trial of

Col. Josiah Parker, 174; sketch

of, 482; mentioned, 171, 294
Farndon, John, sentenced by court

martial, 67, 68, 70
Febiger, Col. Christian, 180, 297
FEGELE, Anne Elisabeth, 190
FENSTERMACHER, Barbara, 255;

Christmann, 255 ; Christian, bio-
graphical sketch of, 254
Fenwick, Col. John R., 283, 284
FERGUSON, Elizabeth Graeme, 416
FERGUSON, Hugh Henry, 415
Ferris, Lieut. Nathan, sentenced by

court martial, 158
FIDOE, Elizabeth, 505
Field, Charles, sentenced by court

martial, 87
First Balloon Hoax, The, by Joseph

Jackson, 51

FISH, Hon. Hamilton, 340
FISH, Major Nicholas, 340; sketch

of, 340
Fish, Lieut. Joseph, sentenced by

court martial, 158
Fishborn, Hannah, Letitla Penn to,

251
FISHER, Samuel W., 402 ; Sarah,

402; William, 402; sketch of, 402
Ford, Lleut.-Col. Benjamin, 89
Ford, Ensign Dennis, 75

Force, Major , 69

Foreman, Gen. , 60, 62

Forman, Col. David, sketch of, 484 ;

mentioned, 185
Forrest, Col. Thomas, 57, 58 ; tried

by court martial, 75, 469; sketch

of, 469 ; mentioned, 484

Fort, Lleut.-Col. , 183

Fort Mercer, attack on, 159, 365
Fort Mifflin, attack on, 159, 365, 176
Fort Pitt, site of Pittsburgh, 450
Fort ScUuyler, 175
Fort Washington, construction of

under Col. Kufus Putnam, 333 ;

mentioned, 334
Foster, Capt. James, interred with

honors of war, 181
Foster, John, tried by court martial,

495
Fothergill, John, lodges at house of

Joseph Richardson, 43
FRANCK, Daniel, 255
FRANCK, Peter, 255

FRANCK, Wilhelm, 197

FRANCKENFELD, Philipp Peter,
198

FRANK, Peter, 193

FR.&NKE, Elizabeth, 255

FRANKE, Jacob, 255

FRANKE, Maria, 255

FRANKEN, Dorothea, 190

Franklin, Benjamin, endorsement of,
on note of William Plumsted to
Overseers of the Poor, 251 ; makes
acquaintance of Deborah Read,
308 ; visits England, 309 ; marries
Deborah Read, 309 ; quoted from
his autobiography and letters, 308-
312 ; appointed on a committee to
inquire into conduct of David
James Dove, 319 ; portrait of, by
Benjamin Wilson, 430 ; portrait of,
by Mason Chamberlin, 433 ,
435 ; William Allen, employs Rev.
William Smith with others, to
asperse character of, 441 ; John
Hughes publishes advertisement for
justification of charges against,
442 ; David James Dove writes
verses vilifying character of, 443

FRANKLIN, Deborah Read, 309

Franklin, Deborah, quoted, 311-313;
death of, 310

FRANKLIN, Elizabeth Downes, 311,
421

FRANKLIN, William, 310, 311, 415,
419, 421

FRANKLIN, William Temple, 310,
420

Franklin, William, quoted from his
letters, 310-311 ; marries Elizabeth
Downes, 312, 419, 421 ; letters to
William Strahan from, edited by
Charles Henry Hart, 415 ; bio-
graphical sketch of, 415; letter
of, 417 ; becomes acquainted with
the Earl of Bute, 418 ; with Lord
Halifax, *19 ; appointed by Lord
Halifax, Governor of N. J., 419;
arrested as a Loyalist, 419 ; ex-
changed for John McKinley, 419 ;
leaves America and resides In Eng-
land, 419 ; English government re-
munerates losses and grants a pen-
sion, 419 ; bequest of Benjamin
Franklin to, 420; portrait of, by
Benjamin Wilson, 420, 422, 426,
430, 435, 444 ; to William Strahan,
421, 422, 424, 427, 429, 431, 433,
436, 437, 439, 440, 444, 446, 453,
454, 456, 457, 459, 460 ; arrives in
Philadelphia. 425; becomes Gov-

Index.

523

ernor of N. J., 425 ; correspond-
ence of, with Wills Hills, Lord
Hillsborough, 447-449; writes to
William Strahan regarding the
Ohio settlement, 419-451, 453

Franklin, William Temple, Secretary
to Benjamin Franklin while in
France, 420 ; died in France, 420 ;
mentioned, 310

FRANKS, Rebecca, 455

FRANTZ, Anna Margaretha, 198

Fraser, Gen. Simon, killed at Battle
of Saratoga, 80

Fraze, Benzona, 87

Frazer, Lieut.-Col. Persifor, prisoner
of war, 489

Fretz, Mrs. C. D., query regarding
Scholl, 121

FRIDERICH, Jacob, 189 ; Anna Mar-
garetha, 189

FRITSCHMANN, Hans Adam, 191

FRITZ, Elizabeth, 255 ; John, 255 ;
Sebastian, 255

FUCHS, Anne Maria, 192

FURLONG, Betsey Leach, 348;
John, 348 ; Thomas, 348

Gage, Gen. Thomas, to Sir William
Johnson, 373. 375

Galloway, Joseph, elected to Assem-
bly, 322 ; makes acquaintance of
David James Dove, 323 ; one of
the founders of Germantown
Academy. 325 ; with Samuel Shoe-
maker, takes charge of civil affairs
in Philadelphia, 392; declared
guilty of high treason, 392 ; friend
of Benjamin Franklin, 459 ; sketch
of, 459 ; becomes Tory and joins
Gen. Howe, 459 ; mentioned, 461,
462

GAN, Regina, 194

GANGEWEHR, Christopher, 197 ;
Jacob, 191, 196, 197; Christina,
191

GANN, Elisabetha, 189 ; Johannes, 188

GARTER, ANNA Marcathar, 192

GARTNER, George, 192

Gates, Gen. lioratio, surrender of
Gen. Burgoyne to, 79, 93 ; thanks
of Congress extended, 175 ; Con-
gress presents gold medal to, 175

GEIGER, Gertraut, 189

George III, Samuel Shoemaker pre-
sented to, 409 ; interview of, with,
410-411 ; presents engraving of
one of West's portraits, 411 ; por-
trait of, by Alexander Ramsay, 434,
444

GEBERICH, Johann Michael, 189

GERHARD, Magdalena, 192

Germantown Academy founded, 325

Germantown, Commissioners from
two armies to meet at, 1778, 465

Germantown, Battle of, 64, 66; by
Congress, 74 ; conduct of Gen.
Stephen at, 159 ; mentioned, 94,
334, 345

GERNER, Henrich, 197

Gettysburg, poem by Charles Leonard
Moore, 26

Gibson, Capt. , 344

Gibson, Col. George, sketch of, 336;
mentioned, 337

GILBERT, Margaret, 255

Gilcrist, Adam, tried by court mar-
tial, 491, 492

Gillilan, Major , 298

Gillingham, Joseph E., Orderly Book
of the Second Penna. Line, pre-
sented to Hist. Soc. of Pa., by, 335

Glover, Gen. John, 187, 473, 478,
480

Godfrey, Dr. Carlos E., Town Dockets
of Chesterfield Township, Burling-
ton Co., N. J., 1692-1712, by, 211

GOOS, Elizabeth, 255; John Adam,
255

Gordon's Ford, 41

GOTZ, Maria Elisabeth, 192

GRAEME, Elizabeth, 415 ; biographi-
cal sketch of, 416

GRAF, Anna, 189

GRAFF, Adam, 192

Gragiers, Lieut. , tried by court

martial, 115

GRAMLICH, Hans Adam, 188

Graves, Thomas, sentenced by court
martial, 185

Gray, Lieut.-Col. , 179

Gray, Lieut.-Col. Ebenezer, sketch of,
490

Graydon, , pupil of David James

Dove, 320

Grayson, Col. William, President of
court martial, 88, 156, 293 ; men-
tioned, 486

Gregg, Gen. David McM., letter of,
read at Meade Banquet, 16

Green, Lieut.-Col. John, sketch of,
471 ; appointed to command of
10th Va. Line, 475 ; mentioned,
76, 83, 84

Greene, Major-Gen. Nathaniel, Presi-
dent of Court of Inquiry, 81, 159,
160 ; at Battle of Brandywine, 105 ;
order of march of, Nov. 2, 1777,
168 ; mentioned, 59, 60, 62, 67, 68,

524

Index.

72, 78, 85, 89, 157, 159, 163, 168,
171, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180, 185,
290, 294, 297, 301, 492
Greenwood, John, to George Wash-
ington, 110

Grier, Lieut.-Col. David, 163
GRILL, Anna Margaretha, 190
GROSS, Johann Caspar, 192
GUEST, Henry, 255
Gurney, Lieut.-Col. Francis, 84
Gutekunst, Frederick, presents photo-
graphs of General Meade to guests
at banquet of the Hist. Soc. Pa., 4

Haest, Betsey, 347

Haight, Col. , 187

Hail, Major , 492

HALBERSTADT, 255

Halifax, Lord, appoints William
Franklin, Governor of N. J., 419

Hall, David, printer, partner of Ben-
jamin Franklin, 425 ; founder of
firm of Hall and Sellers, 425

Hall, Col. David, 88, 171, 181

Hall, Capt. Henry, 277, 278

Hall, Col. Josias Carvill, tried by
court martial, 468 ; sketch of, 468

Hall and Sellers, 425

Hamilton, Capt. , 278

Ham ton, Gen. , 77, 84

Han, Lieut.-Col. , 82

HANBURY, Mary Lloyd, 503; Os-
good, 503

Hand, Gen. Edward, Gen. George
Washington to, 115

HAPPEL, Nicolaus, 192

HARDIN, 120

Hardy, Josiah, Governor of N. J.,
425 ; succeeded by William Frank-
lin, 425

Harmar, Col. Josiah, 334

HARMER, Major , 163, 172

Harney, Lieut. -Col. Selby, sketch of,
339

Harris, Ensign , tried by court

martial, 115

Harrow, Isaac, purchases lot in Tren-
ton, 236; mill of, 237; will of,
237 ; property of sold, 239

Hart, Charles Henry, Anthony
Wayne, presentation of his por-
trait to the Hist. Soc. of Penna.,
on behalf of Mrs. Joseph W.
Drexel, by, 257 ; to Hon. Samuel
W. Pennypacker, 257 ; discovers
portrait of Gen. Anthony Wayne
in Washington, 258 ; Who Was the
Mother of Franklin's Son, by, 308 ;
Letters from William Franklin to

William Strahan, edited by, 415;
query regarding Adam Hoops, by,
512.

Hartley, Col. Thomas, 470

HARTMAN, Philip, 195 ; Regina, 190

Haskell, Major Elnathan, sketch of,
467 ; mentioned, 487

Haskell, Lieut.-Col. Henry, 475

Hathaway, Col. , 187

HAUSER, Verona, 193

HAUSMANN, Martin, 192

HAWS or HAWES, 122

Hay, Major , 71

Hazelwood, Commodore John, Con-
gress presents sword to, in appre-
ciation of services, 176

Hazen, Gen. Moses, 77, 84

Heath, Lieut-Col. , 88, 160

HEISCH, Catharina, 193

HEISER, Felix, 196

HELD, Johann Martin, 195

HELDEBRANDT, Maria Anna, 192;
Eva, 191

HELFFRICH, Anna Maria, 196;
Johann, 196 ; Johann Michael, 196

HELLER, Catharina Dorothe, 190;
Maria Elisabetha, 196

HENCKE, Johann, 189

Hendricks, Col. James, 59

HENINGER, Christina, 192

HENZ, Borchert, 191

HERBOLD, Johanna Margaretha, 188

HERDER, George, 189

HERMENN, Elisabeth, 190

HERRGUTH, Christina E., 255;
Hannah, 255 ; John H., 255

HERRGUT, John, 255 ; Justina, 255

HERTZ, Andreas, 198 ; Anna Catha-
rina, 198

Hess, Mrs. Francis Hardin, query re-
garding Reed,-Schrack-Hardin, by,
121

Heth, Lieut.-Col. William, 184

HEUMACHER, Gerhard, 194

HEUMAN, Catharine, 255; Johan-
etta, 255; John, 255; Wilhelmina,
255

HEYL, Barbara, 255 ; George, 255 ;
John, 255; Maria, 255; Philip,
255; Susan, 255; Thomas, 255

Hill, John, copy of non-cupative will
and probate of, 381

Hill, Richard, to Jonathan Dickin-
son, 497

HILLER, George, 198

Hills, Wills, Earl -of Hillsborough,
correspondence of, with William
Franklin, 447-449 ; enemy of the
Colonies, 447

Index.

525

Hlnckley, Robert H., selections from
the diary of Christiana Leach, of
Kingsessing, 1765-1796, contrib-
uted by, 343

Hinly, Archer, sentenced by court
martial, 165

Historical Society of Pennsylvania,
banquet given by, to celebrate the
95th anniversary of the birth of
General Meade, 1 ; descendants of
General Meade at, 2 ; guests at,
2-4 ; presentation of portrait of
Henry Charles Lea to, 129 ; mem-
bers of, for over fifty years, 254 ;
extracts from the Report of the
Librarian of, 1910, 376 ; officers of,
513

Hitchcock, , appointed Brigade

Major, 79 ; mentioned, 83, 161, 178,
183, 196, 292, 301

HO'FFMAN, Betsey, 345; Catharine,

344, 346; Jacob, 344, 345; Katy,
346; William, 344

Hogan, Col. , 170

Hogg, Major Thomas, sketch of, 492 ;
mentioned, 181

Hooper, Robert Lettis, extract of let-
ter from to William Franklin re-
garding the Ohio settlement, 450;
sketch of, 450 ; surveys tract of
land for Col. George Croghan, 450,
451

Hoops, Adam, query regarding, by
Charlfs Henry Hart, 512

Hopkins, Edward, 170

Hopkins, Capt. Samuel Goode, 277

Hopkinson, Francis, credited with
having contrived the first balloon
ascension in America, 52, 53, 54,
56, 58

HORLACHER, Daniel, 191

HORNECKER, Maria Catharina, 188

Howard, Major , tried and sen-
tenced by court martial, 293, 294

Howard, Major John Eager, 88

Howe, Gen. Robert, promoted to rank
of Major-General, 162

Howe, Gen. Sir William, at Battle of
Germantown, 94 ; character of, de-
scribed by De Lisle, 365

HOWELL, Catharine Warner, 401;
Joshua, 401 ; Joshua, with Francis
Rawle, purchases Laurel Hill from
Joseph Shute, 387

Howell, Major , 59

Hubley, Lieut.-Col. Adam, President
of court martial, 480, 481, 482;
mentioned, 166, 467

HUDSON, William, 42

HUGHES, Hugh, 442; John, 442;
publishes an advertisement for jus-
tification of charges against Ben-
jamin Franklin, 442; sketch of,
442 ; appointed chief distributor of
stamps for Penna. and Delaware,
442 ; one of a commission to erect
a fort at Wyoming for Indians,
442 ; sells Walnut Grove to Joseph
Wharton, 442 ; appointed Collector
of Customs at Portsmouth and
Charlestown, 442; death of, 442;
mentioned, 443

Hulings, Major John, sketch of, 341

Hull, Major , 340

Hunt, Isaac, 57, 58

Huntington, Gen. Jedidiah, member
of court martial, 157 ; mentioned,
73, 78, 83, 86, 163, 294, 299, 478,
480

Hupper, Major , 61

ILLIG, Amelia, 255; John Philip, 255.
Indian, or Indiantown Ford, 41
Indian affairs, Gen. Thomas Gage

writes to Sir William Johnson

concerning, 374, 375
Indian Atrocities in Lynn Township,

Lehigh Co., Pa., 1756, 372
INDORFF, Augusta Catharina Mar-

garetha, 197
INDORHT, Killan, 194; Catharina,

188

Ingram, Col. , 75

Innis, Major , 59

Innis, Lieut.-Col. James, 168

Iron Industry in Trenton, N. J.,

Beginnings of, by William Nelson,

228

IRVIN, Anna, 255
Irvin, Capt. John, sketch of, 334;

First Lieut., Second Penna. Line,

334 ; wounded at Paoli, 334 ; Or-
derly Book, Second Penna. Line,

kept by, 335

Irvine, Lieut.-Col. , 60

Irvine, Gen. William, order of march,

Nov. 2, 1777, 168 ; mentioned, 173,

176, 180, 291
Izard, Gen. George, 278, 279

Jackson Joseph, The First Balloon
Hoax, by, 51; A Philadelphia
Schoolmaster of the Eighteenth
Century, by, 315
JAHN, Johann Zacharias, 191
Jameson, J. Franklin, contributes
Letters of a French Officer, written
at Easton, Penna., 1777-1778, 90

526

Index.

Jaune, Dr. , 54, 55

Jeffries, Thomas, 436

Jennings, Samuel, Receiver-General,
William Penn's account with,
1690-1693, 199

JOHNSON, Francis, 255

JOHNSON, Col. Henry, 455; Re-
becca Franks, 455 ; Col. Henry in
command at Stony Point, 455 ;
sketch of, 455

Johnson, Brigade Major , 60, 88,

162

Johnson, Amandus, " The Swedish
Settlements on the Delaware, 1638-
1664," by, 223

Johnson, Sir William, Gen. Thomas
Gage to, 373, 375; sketch of, 437

Johnston, Col. , 83

Jones, Mrs. Charles, extracts from
Bible of, 380

Jones, Ellas, Grammar Master of
Transylvania Seminary, 351

Jordan, John W., Orderly Book of
the Second Pennsylvania Line, Col.
Henry Bicker, 1778; edited by,
333, 463 ; extracts from Report of,
as Librarian of the Hist. Soc. Pa.,
1910, 376

Joseph Richardson's Road, by Hon.
Samuel W. Pennypacker, 41 ; sur-
veyed by Hendrick Pannebecker,
45-47 ; Isaac Norris objects to
same, 47-49 ; modern description
of, 50

JUNGHEN, Heinrich, 190; Johann
192

KAUER, Barbara, 194

Kearsly, Capt. , 78

KECK, Henrich, 198; Wilhelm, 194

Keen, Gregory B., review of " The
Swedish Settlements on the Dela-
ware, 1638-1664," by Amandus
Johnson, by, 223

Kentucky Academy organized, 353 ;
contributors to, 354

KEPLER, Jacob, 193

KERSCHNER, Anna Margaretha,
197; Johann Jacob, 197; Maria,
193

KILICHER, Catharina, 192

KILIERS, Maria, 190

KING, Anna, 255; James, 255;
John, 255 ; Samuel, 255 ; Susanna,
255

Kinkaid, Adjutant William, tried by
court martial, 61

KINZING, Abraham, 255

Kirk, Ensign Robert, tried by court
martial, 486; sketch of, 486

KIRSCHENER, Maria Christina, 193

KIRTON, Olive, 504

KISTNER, Ludwig, 198

KLEIN, George, 188

KLEIN, Peter, 198

KLEINTAP, Christopher, 192; Jo-
hann, 191

KNAUSS, Anna Margaretha, 189

KNEPLE, Peter, 191

Knox, Gen. Henry, member of Court
of Inquiry, 71 ; mentioned, 174

KOCH, Maria Margretha, 191

KOHLER, Francisca, 196; Martin,
196

KRAMER, Hinrich, 190

KRATZER, Anna Margretha, 195;
George Friedrich, 189

KRAUSE, 255

KREISCHER, Maria Catharina, 191 ;
Ann Sophia, 190

KUCKER, Daniel, 192

KUCKERT, Johann Adam, 188

La Fayette, Major-Gen. Marquis de,
to command Gen. Stephens' Divi-
sion, 294 ; mentioned, 296, 29fc, 335

Lamb, Col. , 166, 297, 488

Lambert, Thomas, deed of Richard
Newcome, for tract of land in West
New Jersey, 228; partner%in first
company for manufacture of iron
in Trenton, 230

Lancaster, important post during
Revolutionary War, 481

LANE, Edward, 42

LANG, Elisabeth, 192

LAUBACH, Johanna Elisabetha, 188

Laurel Hill and Some Colonial Dames
Who Once Lived There, by William
Brooke Rawle, 385 ; built 1748 and
owned by Joseph Shute, 387 ; pur-
chased 1760, by Francis Rawle and
Joshua Howell, 387 ; sold at public
sale by the State agents for confis-
cated estates, 394, 404 ; occupied
by President Joseph Reed, 400 ;
purchased by Major James Parr,
404 ; occupied by Chevalier de
Luzerne, 404 ; conveyed to William
Rawle, 406 ; purchased by Dr.
Philip Syng Physlck, 414

Laurel Hill Cemetery Company, in-
corporated, 1837, 388

LAWAR, Maria Barbara, 192; Wil-
helm, 192

Index.

527

Lawrence, John, appointed Aide-de-
Camp to Commander-in-Chief, 66

Lawrence, William, 165

Lawson, Col. , 158

Lawson, John, appointed Brigade Ma-
jor, 79

Lea, Arthur H., to Samuel W. Penny-
packer, 129

Lea, Henry Charles, presentation of
portrait of, to the Hist. Soc. of Pa.,
129; remarks of William Brooke
Rawle on life and works of, 130-
135 ; elected Vice-President and
Honorary Vice-President of Hist.
Soc. of Penna., 131 ; meeting in
memory of in Hall of College of
Physicians, 131 ; work of, during
Civil War, 132 ; President of Wis-
tar Party, 133; remarks of Hon.
Hampton L. Carson, on presenta-
tion of portrait of to Hist. Soc. of
Penna., 135 ; acceptance of portrait
of, by Hon. Samuel W. Penny-
packer on behalf of Hist. Soc. of
Penna., 140

LEACH, Betsey, 344; Catharine,
343; Christiana, 348; Deborah,
349; Henry, 343, 344, 346, 347;
John, 344, 345, 347, 348, 349;
Joseph, 343, 344, 347, 349; Katy,
344 ; Maximilian, 344, 346, 347,
349 ; Molly, 349 ; Polly Blum, 348 ;
Wmiam, 344, 345, 346, 349; Bet-
sey Haest, 347

Leach, Christiana, of Kingsessing,
1765-1796, Selections from the
Diary of, contributed by Robert
H. Hinckley, 343

Leach, John, taken prisoner by the
British, 345

Leach, William, taken prisoner by
the British, 345

Lear, Tobias, to George Washington,
108

Lee, Capt. , 488

Lee, Francis B., extracts from let-
ters of Cougan and Mallard, con-
tributed by, 116 ; mentioned, 365

Lee, Gen. " Light Horse " Harry,
George Washington to, 108

Lee, Capt. Henry, 64, 66, 173

LHFEBER, Christina, 188

LEISENRING, Conrad, 190; Johann
Conrad, 197

Letters of a French Officer, written
at Easton, Penna., 1777-1778, 90

Letters of Two Distinguished Penn-
sylvania Officers of the Revolu-
tion, 304

Letters from William Franklin to
William Strahan, edited by Charles
Henry Hart, 415

Lewis, Col. , 99

Lewis, Ensign Meriwether, tried by
court martial, 114

Lewis, Capt. William, appointed Brig-
ade Inspector, 478 ; sketch of, 478

Lexington, Transylvania Seminary
opened at, 1788, 350; Grammar
School founded by Isaac Wilson,
351 ; merged into Transylvania
Seminary, 351 ; first public library
at, 352 ; first printing office and
newspaper west of Alleghenies,
352

Lincoln, Gen. Benjamin, wounded at
Saratoga, 80 ; thanks of Congress
extended to, 175 ; mentioned, 62

Linley, Lleut.-Col. , 178

Linnard, Major , 335

Little, Lieut.-Col. , 162

Livingston, Col. , 293

Livingston, Col. Henry Beekman,
sketch of, 473

LLOYD, Ambrose, 503 ; Charles, 503,
505 ; James, 505 ; John, 503 ; Mary,
503; Nehemiah, 503; Rachel, 503;
Sampson, 503, 504 ; to Elizabeth
Norris, 502

LOCK, Catharine, 255 ; Englebert, 255

Lockhart, Major Samuel, promo-
tion of, to Lieut.-Col., 75 ; men-
tioned, 84, 183

LOECHLER, Anna, 256 ; Anton, 256 ;
Elizabeth, 255; George, 255;
Henry, 256 ; John G., 256 ; Justina,
256; Maria, 255

LOESCHER, George, 255, 256;
George, Jr., 255 ; Franz, 256 ;
Jacob, 256; William, 256

LOFFLER, Catharina, 198; Johann,
198

Logan, James, to John Penn, 252 ;
to Thomas Penn, 264, 265, 267;
to Richard Peters, 270, 272; to
Isaac Taylor, 273, 274

Logan Papers in Historical Society
of Pennsylvania, Five Letters
from, selected by J. C. Wylie, 497

LOHREN, Anna Barbara, 195

Loudon, Earl of, see Campbell

Ludley, Judah, sentenced by court
martial, 165

Ludwell, Col. Philip, 433

LUDWIG, Jacob, 189

Luzerne, Chevalier de, occupies
Laurel Hill, 404

Lydald, Major , 480

528

Index.

LYNDALL, 255

Lyne, Charles, appointed to act as
Commissary, 185

Lynly, Lieut-Col. , 78

Lynn Township, Lehigh Co., Pa., In-
dian atrocities in, 1756, 372

Lytle, Lieut. Andrew, 335

McClanachan, Col. Alexander, mem-
ber of court martial on conduct
of Gen. Wayne, 157

McClintock, Major Nathaniel, 298

McClure, Major , 297

McCormick, Capt. George, tried by
court martial, 160

McCormick, Adjutant Henry, 162;
Brigade Major, 463, 482

McCRACKIN, 255

McDonough, Commodore Thomas,
279-281

McDougall, Gen. Alexander, member
of court martial, 71 ; promoted to
rank of Major-General, 162 ; order
of march, Nov. 2, 1777, 168 ; men-
tioned, 62, 63, 68, 72, 83, 85, 157,
162, 163, 169

McDougall, Banold Stephen appointed
Aide-de-Camp to Gen. McDougall,
164

McGowan, Major John, 86, 162, 169,
175, 181, 291, 298, 341; tried by
court martial, 481, 482

Mclntosh, Gen. Lachlan, succeeds
Gen. Nash in command of N. C.
troops, 463; mentioned, 465, 471,
478

MACK, Anna Maria, 197

McKinley, John, President of Dela-
ware, William Franklin exchanged
for, 419

McKinney, John, teacher at Lexing-
ton, 350

McKinney, Lieut. John, sketch of,
492

McKnight, Dr. Charles, 296

McMichael, Lieut. James, to be tried
by general court martial, 335

McNALLY, Michael, 121

Macomb, Gen. Alexander, Jr., 283

Magaw, Col. , 334

Malcolm, Col. William, 74, 78, 162,
294, 495

Marshall, Col. , 71, 169

Marshall, Lieut. John, appointed
Deputy Judge Advocate, 182

MARSTELLER, Anna Margaretha,
189, 197; Catharina, 196; Elisa-
beth, 197; Elizabetha, 188; Joh.
George, 194, 197

Martin, Col. Alexander, tried by
court martial, 164 ; mentioned, 164,
184

Martin, Col. Ephraim, 82
Masonic Hall, Philadelphia, destroyed
by fire, 1819, 372

Maybien, Lieut. -Col., 477
Maxharm, Lieut.-Col. John, sen-
tenced by court martial, 160

Maxwell, Gen. William, Court of In-
quiry on charges against, 81, 160 ;
at Battle of Brandywine, 104,
105; acquitted, 170, 172; men-
tioned, 77, 84, 159, 172, 178, 181,
294, 298, 467, 478, 479, 492

Meade, General George Gordon, ban-
quet given by the Hist. Soc. of Pa.
to celebrate the 95th anniversary of
birth of, 1 ; descendants of at
banquet, 2 ; swords of, 2 ; portrait
of, by Thomas Hicks, 2 ; head-
quarters and Fifth Corps flags of,
2; early life of, 6, 37; pupil of
Salmon P. Chase, 7 ; enters West
Point, 8 ; military record of, 8-15 ;
joins Army of the Potomac, 9 ;
wounded at Battle of Frazier
Farm, 9 ; commands Fifth Corps,
9 ; takes command of Army of the
Potomac, 9; at Battle of Gettys-
burg, 10-14

Meade, Lieut.-Col. Matthew, sketch
of, 473 ; mentioned, 172

Meath, William, tried by court mar-
tial, 488

Medical graduates of the University
of Pennsylvania, query regarding,
244

MEIER, Catharina Elisabeth, 191;
Johann, 190

Meltz, Lieut. Jacob, suspended from
the army, 81

Melville, Rear Admiral George W.,
attends Meade anniversary ban-
quet, 2 ; address of, 32

Menbys, Major , 168

Mennis, Major — -, 170, 176, 185,
293, 302, 475

Mentges, Major Francis, 184

MERCKERT, Anna Christina, 196;
cnristina Margaretha, 197; Jo-
hann Philip, 197; Peter, 197;
Rosina Catharina, 197

MERSCH, Nicolaus, 198

Mervin, Brigade Major , 473

METZ, Conrad, 256 ; Henry, 254

Meyer, Jeremiah, 434

MICHAEL, George, 189

Index.

529

Michael, , appointed Grammar

Master of Transylvania Seminary,
351

MIES, Anthonius, 188

Mifflin, Charles, items relating to
school days of, 379

Mifflin, Gen. Thomas, 333

Miles, Lieut.-Gen. Nelson A., at-
tends Meade banquet, 2 ; address
of, 28

MILLER, Peter, 254

Miller, Lieut. -Col. Henry, sketch of,
477

Miller, Major Henry, 65, 156, 178,
297

MOLIG, Johann, 188

Monckton, Gen. Robert, sketch of,
429

Monmouth, Battle of, 345

Monroe, James, appointed Aide-de-
Camp to Major-Gen. Lord Stirling,
182

Montgomery, Capt. Samuel, sketch of,
495

MOORE, Fanny, 256 ; Jenny, 254 ;
John, 256; Martha, 256; Mary,
254; Thomas, 254

Moore, Charles Leonard, Poem
" Gettysburg," by, read at Meade
banquet, 26

Moore, J., to Freeholders of Cedar
Creek Hundred, contributed by
Rev. C. H. B. Turner, 382

Moore, Rev. James, Grammar Mas-
ter of Transylvania Seminary, 351,
353

Moore, Major James, sketch of, 490

Moravian Congregation, Oldman's
Creek, N. J., 1777-8, extracts from
diary of, 378

Moravian Congregation, Philadelphia,
register of members and their chil-
dren, 1757, 254

More, Lieut. Thomas, tried by court
martial, 160

Morgan, Col. Daniel, 178, 187

Morgan, George, member of firm of
Baynton, Wharton and Morgan, 449

Morgan, Lieut. Simon, tried by court
martial, 87

Morgan, William, tried by court mar-
tial, 471

MORRI, George Wilhelm, 188

Morris, Major, 83

Morris, Anthony, partner in first
company for manufacture of iron
in Trenton, 230

Morris, Herbert, query regarding
Haws or Hawes by, 122

VOL. XXXV — 34.

Morris, Mrs. Robert, 398

MORY, Jacob, 196

MOSER, Elisabetha, 198; Michael,
198

Moylan, Col. Stephen, President of
court martial, 81, 87; tried by
court martial, 165

MUENZER, David, 255 ; Mary, 255 ;
Marx, 255

Muhlenberg, Rev. Henry M., letter
of, 117

Muhlenberg, Gen. John Peter Ga-
briel, Orderly Book of, March 26-
Dec. 20, 1777, 59, 156, 290 ; mem-
ber of Court of Inquiry, 81 ; mem-
ber of court martial on conduct of
Gen. Wayne, 157 ; mentioned, 65,
66, 72, 84, 162, 170, 185, 186,
292, 297, 475, 478, 487

Mullens, Thomas, appointed Brigade
Major to Gen. Conway, 66 ; men-
tioned, 159, 168, 178

MULLER, Catharina, 189; George
Henrlch, 191; Johann, 193

MUNTZER, Adam, 256; Barbara,
256; Catherine, 256; Englebart,
256; Joseph, 256; Sarah, 256;
William, 256

Murray, Major Francis, 71, 296

MYRTETUS, John A., 256; Christo-
pher, 255 ; Elizabeth, 255

Nagel, Lieut.-Col. George, 79, 176,

294

NAREGANG, Michael, 190
Nash, Gen. Francis, interment of, 69 ;
camp equipage of to be sold, 83 ;
at Battle of Brandywine, 105 ;
Congress requests Gov. Caswell, of
N. C., to erect monument to mem-
ory of, 175 ; death of, 463 ; men-
tioned, 61, 62, 68, 84
NAUMANN, Margaretha, 190
NEFE, Maria Margaretha, 188
" Negociator," query regarding,
wreck of, 383

Nelson, , 171

Nelson, William, Beginnings of the
Iron Industry in Trenton, N. J.,
by, 228

Nelson, Lieut.-Col. William, 72
Neville, Lieut.-Col. John, 59, 83, 492
Nevin, Capt. Daniel, 294
Newcombe, Richard, deed of, to
Thomas Lambert for tract of land
in West New Jersey, 228
Nichol, Col. Lewis, 296
Nicholas, Lieut.-Col. George, 168
Nicholls, Major Francis. 62, 67, 488

530

Index.

Nicholson, Lieut. -Col. John P., mem-
ber of committee on Meade ban-
quet, 1 ; address of, 17

NICKEL, Catharina, 191

NICOLAUS, Johann, 193

NOLFP, Philip, 197

Norris, Elizabeth, Sampson Lloyd to,
502

Norris, Isaac, objects to survey of
Joseph Richardson's road, 47 ;
meets Richardson and Pannebecker
to go over same, 47 ; presents pe-
tition to the court, objecting to
Joseph Richardson's road, 49 ;
Henry Dennis to, 116 ; death of,
250

North, Major , member of court

martial, 291 ; President of court
martial, 301

Notes and queries, 112, 244, 365, 512

Notes of court martial, sub-legion of
U. S., 114

NUCHTERN, Johannes, 189

NUNN, Major , 294

Nutt, Samuel, founder of the iron
industry, 41

Officers of the Hist. Soc. of Pa., 513

Ogden, Major Aaron, 339, 479

Ogden, Col. Matthias, President of
court martial, 291, 296, 463, 471;
sketch of, 463 ; mentioned, 162

Ohio settlement, William Franklin
writes to William Strahan regard-
ing, 449-451, 453

Oldman's Creek, N. J., extracts from
diary of the Moravian congregation
at, 1777-78, 378

OLDT, Matthias, 197

Olethgo, Joseph Richardson pur-
chases tract of, 42 ; petition of
inhabitants of, for road to Phila-
delphia, 45

Olney, Col. , President of court

martial, 185

Orderly Book of Gen. John Peter
Gabriel Muhlenberg, March 26-
Dec. 20, 1777, 59, 156, 290

Orderly Book of the Second Pennsyl-
vania Continental Line, Col. Henry
Bicker, 1778, edited by John W.
Jordan, 333, 463

Organ, David, tried by court martial,
87

OSWALT, Johann. 192

OTTO, Matthias, 193

Pannebecker, Hendrick, surveys Jos.

Richardson's road, 45
Park, Lieut.-Col. , 65

Parker, Col. Josiah, President of
court martial, 75 ; Court of In-
quiry on complaint of Joseph
Chambers against, 174, 178 ; report
of same, 179 ; mentioned, 168, 487

Parker, Capt. Paul, appointed Bri-
gade Major, Gen. Wayne's Bri-
gade, 74 ; mentioned, 79, 156, 171, 180

Parr, Major James, purchases Laurel
Hill, 404

PARSONS, Hannah, 255; Juliana,
255

Paschal, Dr. , 344

Pastorius, Francis Daniel, Joseph
Richardson's sons pupils of, 42

Patterson, Gen. John, 339, 466, 477,
478, 490

Patterson, Capt. John, President of
court martial, 480; sketch of, 480

Patterson, Robert, settles In Lexing-
ton, Va., 1775, 354; founder of
first Presbyterian Church, Lexing-
ton, Va., 354

Patterson, Gen. Samuel, 184

Patterson, William, sentenced by
court martial, 165

Patton, Col. John, sketch of, 475;
mentioned, 161, 180, 494

Paulus Hookf capture of, 455

Peers, Major Valentine, 65, 75, 89,
164

Peisley, assistant to David James
i)ove, 318

Pemberton, James, to Capel & Os-
good, 250

PENINGTON, Edward, 403

PENINGTON, Sarah Shoemaker, 403

Penn, John, James Logan to, 252

Penn, Letitia, to Hannah Fishborn,
251

Penn, Thomas, James Logan to, 264,
265, 267

Penn, William, account of, with
Samuel Jennings, Receiver-General,
1690-1693, 199 ; a slave-owner, 141

Pennsylvania Gazette, advertisements
appearing in, 1760, 118

Pennsylvania, militia at Battle of
White Marsh, 368 ; State Guard
of, 1814, 369

Pennypacker, Samuel W., member of
Committee on Meade Banquet, 1 ;
presides at same, 4 ; Joseph Rich-
ardson's road by, 41 ; presides at
meeting of Hist. Soc. of Pa., 129 ;
Arthur H. Lea to, 129 ; accept-
ance of portrait of Henry Charles
Lea on behalf of the Hist. Soc. of
Pa. by, 140; Charles Henry Hart
to, 257

Index.

531

Penrose, Col. Joseph, 334

Percy, see Piercy

Perginer, Lieut.-Col. , tried by

court martial, 4G4
Perry, John, extracts from letters

of Conga n and Mallard to Francis

B. Lee, 110
PETER, Christian, 255; Elizabeth,

255, 250 ; Johanetta, 255 ; John,

255, 250 ; Juliana, 250
Peters, Major Andrew, sketch of, 477
Peters, Richard, James Logan to,

270, 272 ; appointed on a commit-
tee to inquire into conduct of

David James Dove, 319
Peters, Richard, Jr., student of

David James Dove, 319
PFEIFFER, Franz, 255; Margaret,

250 ; Margaretha, 255
PFINGSTAG, Jacob, 255; Michael,

255; Rosina, 255
Philadelphia Schoolmaster of the

Eighteenth Century, by Joseph

Jackson, 315
PMluilclijhia, occupation of by the

British, 94, 344 ; taking of, by

Howe's army an advantage to the

country, 307 ; lirst anniversary of

the Declaration of Independence,

celebrated in, 372
Phillips, Major-Gen. William, 93
Physick, Dr. Philip Syng, purchases

Laurel Hill from William Rawle,

414

Pickett, Major , 68

Piercy, Lieut. Henry, sketch of, 480

Pinckney, Col. , 278

PIOU, Maria, 189

PITS, Barbara, 189

PITZ, Anna Maria, 192

Platt, Richard, appointed Aide-de-

Camp to Gen. McDougall, 104 ;

mentioned, 07, 78
Pittsburgh, description of, 282
Plumsted, William, to Overseers of

the Poor, 251

Polk, Major , 108

Pollen, Major , 473

Poor, Gen. Enoch, sketch of, 403 ;

President of court martial, 477,

484, 485; headquarters of, 477;

mentioned, 295, 407, 472, 473, 478,

485

Pope, Lieut.-Col. , 156

Porter, Major , 403

Porterfield, John, partner in first

company for manufacture of iron

In Trenton, 230
POSSERT, George Peter, 192

Potter, James, classmate of Joseph

Heatly Dulles, 276
Potter, Gen. James, 297
POWELL, Martha, 255 ; Samuel, 255
Powell, Lieut.-Col. Levin, 172
Pownall, Thomas, sketch of, 432

Prentice, Col. , 83, 150

Price, Col. , Court of Inquiry on

conduct of, 180
Price, Col. Thomas, 80, 174
Pringle, Sir John, sketch of, 424
Proctor, Col. Thomas, 495
Pulaski, Brigadier-Gen. Casimir, 65,

104, 105
Putnam, Col. Rufus, 333

RAIIN, Anna, 190; Johann Henrich,
198 ; Johannes, 196

Rains, Lieut. Giles, tried by court
martial, 87

Ralston, Adjutant , sentenced by

court martial, 301

Ramsay, Alexander, portrait of
George III by, 434, 444

Ramsey, Lieut.-Col. , 295

Ramsey, Charles Frederick, delivers
an address before Hist. Soc, of ira.
on "West," 152

Randolph Mansion, paper read by
William Brooke Rawle before
Colonial Dames of America, Chap-
ter II, on opening of, 385

RAUB, Barbara, 196 ; Christian, 190 ;
Maria Sarah, 196

RAUP, Andreas, 196; Anne Maria,
191 ; Maria Sara, 198 ; Philip, 198

RAWER, Jacob, 191

RAWLE, Anna, 389 ; Francis, 388 ;
Margaret, 389 ; Rebecca Warner,
388; Sarah Burge, 390, 403;
William, 389, 390, 403

Rawle, Francis, with Joshua Howell,
purchases Laurel Hill from Joseph
Shute, 387 ; sketch of life of, 388 ;
marries Rebecca Warner, 388;
death of, 389

Rawle, William, accompanies Samuel
Shoemaker to New York as refugee
393 ; Laurel Hill conveyed to,
400 ; sells Laurel Hill to Dr. Philip
Syng Physick, 414

Rawle, L5eut.-Col. William Brooke,
member of Committee on Meade
Banquet, 1 ; address of, 18 ; re-
marks of, on presentation of por-
trait of Henry Charles Lea to
Hist. Soc. Pa., 130; Laurel Hill
and Some Colonial Dames Who
Once Lived There, by, 385

532

Index.

Read, Archibald, appointed paymas-
ter 8th Pcnna. Regiment, 208

Read, Deborah, makes acquaintance
of Benjamin Fra-.klin. 308 ; mar-
ries Rogers, 309 ; marries

Benjamin Franklin, 309

Road, Col. James, 59

Red Hank, Battle of, 345

REDMAN, Martha, 253

RUED. 120

Heed. Lieut. -Col. , 298

Reed. Major , 09, 294

Rood, Joseph, sketch of, 431

Reed. President Joseph, occupies
Laurel Hill, 400; death of wife of,
400

Reed, Thomas, appointed assistant
paymaster, 405

REICH. Johann Jacob. 197

Reid. Lleut.-Col. George, sketch of,
485

Reignrt. Adam, sketch of. 337

REINER. John Peter, 190

REINIIARD. Barbara. 197: Johann
George. 198 : Maria Barbara, 198 ;
Valentin. 197

REINIIARDT. Clara, 193

REXER. Cntharinn. 190 : Christina,
192 : Johann Jacob, 190

Reynolds. General John F., killed at
Gettysburg, 10

Rhea. Lieut.-Col. . 1G2

Richard, Capt. , 105

RICHARDSON, Ann, 42; Aubrey,
42; Edward, 42 ; Elizabeth, 42;
John. 42 : Joseph, 42 ; Mary, 42 ;
Samuel, 42

Richardson, Col. . member of

Court of Inquiry, 81 ; mentioned,
05, 100

Richardson, Joseph. Road of, by
Hon. Samuel W. Pennypacker, 41 ;
buys land on the Schuy'kill and
Perkioraen. 42 ; of Olethgo, 42 ;
son of Samuel Richardson, 42 ;
marries Elizabeth Bevan. 42; sons
of, pupils of Francis Daniel Pas-
torius. 42 ; Friends' Monthly Meet-
Ing at house of. 43 ; John Fother-
gill lodges at house of, 43 ; slaves
of, 43 ; advertisement of run-
away servants, 43 ; with others
unites in a petition to Court of
Quarter Sessions for a road from
Olethgo and neighboring parts, to
Philadelphia. 45 ; appointed over-
Beer of above road, 45 ; meets
Isaac Norrls to go over same, 47

Richardson, Samuel, Provincial
Councillor, father of Joseph Rich-
ardson, 42 ; property of, 42

Richardson, Col. William, President
of court martial, 408 ; sketch of,
408

Richedson, Major Holt, 79, 181

Ricker, Lieut.-Col. , 184

Rignier, Lieut.-Col., 405

RITSCHI, Maria Catharina, 198

Rittenhouse, David, credited with
having contrived the first balloon-
ascension in America, 52, 53, 54,
50

Ritter, Lieut. William, tried by court
martial, 495

Roberts, Hugh, 254

Roch, Thomas, sentenced by court
martial. 101 ; execution of, res-
pited, 103; pardoned. 107

Rodney, Sir George, success of, in
West Indies, 401 ; sketch of, 4C1

ROGERS, , 309

ROGERS, Deborah Read, 309

ROIIN, Elisabeth, 190

ROSLER, Francisca. 188

Koss, Brigade Major , 162

Ross, Lieut.-Col. James, 09

ROTII, Anne Elisabeth. 191

Rudolph. Capt. , 344

IUIMETSCII, Caspar, 192

RUMFELD, Barbara. 197; Henrlch,
197; Margrethe, 193

Rumney, Col. , 05

Rush, Dr. Benjamin, to John Dickin-
son, 501

Russell, Col. , 84, 172

Russell, Joseph, letters of, 1776, 112,
113

Ruther, Michael, sentenced by court
martial, 185

St. James Church, Kingsessing, 383
St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran
Congregation, Lehigh Co., Pa.,
1750-1704, contributed by Clar-
ence E. Beckel, 188
Sanford, Capt. William, 165
Saratoga, Battle of, 79, 93, 345
SAXER, Jacob, 198
SCHADE, Matthew, 255
SC1IAFFER, Johann George, 192;
Elisabeth, 193; Hinrich, 190; Jo-
hann, 189, 197
SCIIALL, Nicolaus, 192
SCIIANTZ, Maria Barbara, 192
SCH A NT, Jacob, 189

SCIIERER, , 190; Hinrich, 190

SCHILP, Catharina, 198; Peter, 198

Index.

533

SCIILAGEIIAUP, Anna Maria, 107

SCIILOSSER, Anna M., 250; Anna
Maria. I2.j.~> ; Ernst, 256 ; George,
253 ; Maria Eva, 191 ; Mary M., 250

SCIIMEL, Michael, 190

SCHMIDT, Abba Barbara, 108;
Elisabeth Margrotba, 102; Mar-
gretba, 103; Michael, 108

Schmidt, Kev. Frederick, pastor Mo-
ravian Congregation, Oldmaa's
Creek, N. J., 378

SCHNEIDER, Johann George, 188

SCI10LL, 121

SCII RACK, 120

SCHUMACHER, Catharlna, 108; Jo-
hann George, 108

SCI1UTZ, Joh. Philip, 102

Schuyler, Col. Peter, 333

SCITWARZ, Conrad, 255 ; Susanna,
250

Scott, Gen. Charles, 63, G5, 71, 84,
l(5t, 102, 160, 170, 175, 180, 472,
478

Scull, Major , 158. 180, 207

SEIiOLD, Mngdalena. 180

Second Pennsylvania Continental
Line, Orderly Book of 1778,
edited by John W. Jordan, 333,
403

Sedgwick, Major John, 150

Seely, Brigade Major Isaac, sketch
of, 400

Seely, see Cilley

Selections from the diary of Chris-
tiana Leach, 1705-1700, contrib-
uted by Robert H. Ilinckley, 340

SEYDER, Eva Dorothea, 107; Jo-
hann Heinrich, 105 ; Michael, 197;
Susanna, 105, 107

Shauk, Ensign Thomas, sentenced
by court martial, 75

Shaylor, Major Joseph, President of
court martial, 114, 115

Shead, Major , 208

Shede, Capt. Henry, sentenced by
court martial, 87

Shee, Col. John. 333

Sheldon, Col. Elisha, 105

Sheriff. Col. , 409

SHILLING, Mary, 255

SHOEMAKER. Benjamin, 307 ;
Samuel, 380. 307 ; Sarah, 403

Shoemaker. Samuel, sketch of life of,
380 ; signs non-importation agree-
ment, 300 ; with Joseph Galloway,
takes charge of civil affairs in
Philadelphia, 301-302 ; declared
guilty of high treason, 302 ; goes
to New York as refugee, 303 ;
property of, sold at public sale,

304; sails for England, 305;
friend of Benjamin West, 407 ;
presented to King and Queen, 400;
describes interview with George
III. 410-411; engraving of one of
West's paintings presented to, by
George III. 411; returns from
England, 411; death of, 411

Shrieve, Col. Israel, wounded at Bat-
tle of Gerrnautown, 105-107

Shute, Joseph, builds Laurel Hill,
1748, 387

SUTTTEHELM, Christian, 250;
Elisabeth, 256; John, 250; John
Adam, 255 ; Margretha, 255 ; Peter,
253

SIGMAXX, Barbara, 107; George,
107: Leonhard, 107

SILCKERT, Wilhelm, 193

Sill, Major , 172

Simmons. Lieut.-Col. , 483

Simms, Lieut.-Col. Charles, member
of court martial, 201 ; mentioned,
50, GO, 1G3

Skinner. Capt. William, 333

Skipjack Road, order of march of
troops on, Nov. 2, 1777, 108

Slait. Major , 158

.Slaughter, Major , 179

Slavery in Colonial Pennsylvania, by
Edward Raymond Turner, 141 ;
in Pennsylvania in 1077. 141; laws
passed In colony imposing a duty
on, 142 ; Friends and GiM-mans
oppose, 142 ; ceases among
Friends, 142 ; origin of, 144 ;
laws of, 144-140; abolition of,
1780, 151

Slaves, introduced into Penna., 141 ;
number of in Penna., 142, 143;
prices of, 144 ; laws governing,
145 ; punishment of, 140 ; adver-
tisements for runaway slaves, 147,
148, 140 ; treatment of, 148, 150 ;
advertisements for sale of, 148,
140, 150; religious welfare of, 149

Smallwood, Gen. William, order of
march. Nov. 2, 1777, 108; men-
tioned. 02, 07, 08, 75. SO, 102, 104,
174. 180, 183, 200, 301, 408, 409

SMITH, John, 348; Mathias Newton,
347

Smith, Major , 01, 88, 290

Smith, Capt. , 340, 349

Smith, Lieut.-Col.. 101

Smith, Robert, 100

Smith. Lieut.-Col. Samuel, Congress
presents sword to, in appreciation,
of his defence of Fort Mifflin, 170

Smith, Major Thomas, 102, 104

534

Index.

Smith, Rev. William, 424, 430, 431,
441

Smith, William Alexander, presents
letter of George Washington and
two letters to Washington to the
Hist. Soc. of Pa., 108-111

Snead, Major Thomas, 09, 159

SOIINS, 1'eter, 191

Some Family Expenses of a Century
Ago. 376

SOMMER, 255

Sonot, Dr. , tried by court mar-
tial, 493

SONSTET, Dorothea, 193

Spencer, Col. Oliver, member of Court
of Inquiry, 71 ; mentioned, 102,
174

Sproat, Lieut.-Col. , 301

SPROGEL, 255; Mary, 255

Sprogell, Ludwig, Muster Master-
General at White Marsh, return
of, Nov. 24, 1777, 368

Sprout. Lieut.-Col. Ebenezer, sketch
of, 340

STADLER, Jacob, 255; Mary, 255,
256; Robert, 256

Stamp Act Incident, 116

Starr, Lieut.-Col. , 174

State Guard of Philadelphia, 1814,
3G9

State House Bell, Philadelphia, items
in account rendered by Hugh Rob-
erts for, 254

Staten Island, Court of Inquiry on
con-duct of Gen. Sullivan at, 71, 82

STAUTER, Cntharina, 192

STECHER, Adam, 193

Steel. Capt. David, 78

STEESER. Eva Christina, 197; Mel-
chior, 197

STEIN, Jacob, 255

STEINMETZ, Anna Elisnbetha, 198;
Eva Elisabethn, 189 ; Valentin, 198

Stephen, Gen. Adam, at Battle of
Brandy wine, 104 ; Conrt of Inquiry
on conduct of at Brandywine and
Germantown, 159 ; order of march,
Nov. 2, 1777, 1G8 ; court martial
for trial of. 369, 182; declared
guilty and dismissed from the ser-
vice, 182; mentioned, GO, 61, 62,
65, 68, 69, 75, 79, 83, 85, 156, 158,
162, 164, 170, 294

Stephens, David, headquarters of
Gen. Varnum, at bouse, 483

Stephens, Col. E., member of court
martial on conduct of Gen. Wayne,
157 ; mentioned, 78

Sterrett, Major William, 76, 176

Steuben, Baron, 338
Stewart, Col. Walter, member of
Court of Inquiry, 81, 157 ; men-
tioned. 477

STIEBEK. Maria Barbara, 188
STIER, Jacob, 190, 197
Stirling, Gen. William Alexander,
Lord, President of court martial,
71, 73, 7G, 82 ; at Battle of Bran-
dywine, 104 ; order of march, Nov.
2, 1777, 108 ; sketch of, 438 ; head-
quarters of, at Valley Forge, 490 ;
mentioned, GO, 62, G3, G8, 84, 85,
175, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 291,
294. 295, 298, 302
STOCKER, Anna Margaretha, 188,

197
Stockton, Richard, 444

Stoddard, Lieut.-Col. , 291

Stoddard, Major , 180, 296

STuLZE, George, 191

Stoner, Capt. John, sentenced by

court martial, SG
Stony Point, capture of, 455
Stout, Capt. Joseph, killed at Battle

of Brandywine, 105
Stoy, Lieut. John, sketch of, 480
STRAHAN, George, 452
STRAIIAN, William, Jr., 452
Strahan, William, Letters to, from
William Franklin, edited by
Charles Henry Hart, 415 ; bio-
graphical sketch of, 420 ; friend
of Benjamin Franklin, 421 ;
William Franklin to, 421, 422, 424,
427, 429, 431, 433, 43G, 437, 439,
440, 444, 446, 453, 454, 456, 457,
459, 460; mentioned, 310, 311,
418

STROII, Margretba, 192
Stuhblefield, Major George, 88, 295
STURGEUS [Sturgis], Cornelius, 255
STURM, Anna Barbara, 198
Sub-Legion of U. S., notes of court

martial of, 114

Sullivan, Major-Gen. John, Court of
Inquiry on conduct of, in Staten
Island, 71 ; report of Court of In-
quiry on, 82 ; at Battle of Brandy-
wine, 104 ; President of court mar-
tial, 157, 160, 1G6, 1G9, 170, 182;
order of march, Nov. 2, 1777, 168 ;
resolution of Congress concerning
opinion of Court of Inquiry rela-
tive to, 176 ; mentioned, GO, 62, 65,
68, 71, 76, 77, 82, 85, 86, 88, 15ft
157, 161, 162, 166, 170, 172, 173,
181, 183, 293, 297, 299, 4G6
Sumner, Major , 72, 472

Index.

535

Sumner, Col. Jethro, 156

SUSSHOLTZ, Adam, 255

Swedish Colonial Society, founded,
1909, 226 ; officers of, 226

Swedish Settlements on the Delaware,
1638-1664, by Amandus Johnson,
review of, by Gregory B. Keen, 223

Swift, Col. Heman, President of
court martial, 464, 469 ; sketch of,
464; mentioned, 69, 83, 158, 298

Talmadge, Capt. Benjamin, 165
TANNEBERGEB, Barbara, 256 ;

John, 255

Taylor, Major , 71, 170

Taylor, Francis, 165

Taylor, Isaac, James Logan to, 273,

274
Temple, Sir John, biographical

sketch of, 418

Tenant, , 338

Tenny, Dr. Samuel, appointed to act

as Surgeon-General, 186
TEUTSCH, Anne Marie, 190
Thackston, Col. James, member of

court martial on conduct of Gen.

Wayne, 157 ; mentioned, 89
THANI, Ludewig, 193
THEBI, Solomon, 193
Themper, — , Deputy Clothier-
General, 178

THEOBALD, Johann, 192
Thompson, Hannah, 398
Thompson, Col. William, sketch of,

304; letter of, 304-306
Thomson, Charles, assistant to David

James Dove, 318 ; to Col. John

Dickinson, 499
Thomson, John, 165
Tombstone inscriptions in the Baptist

Graveyard at Cape May Court

House, N. J., copied by Emma

S. Adams, 356, 506
Toolmin, , Grammar Master of

Transylvania Seminary, 351, 353
Tower, Hon. Charlemagne, member

of Committee on Meade Banquet, 1
Transylvania Seminary, opened, 1788,

350, 351 ; Wilson's Grammar School

merged into, 351, 352
TRAPP, Priderica Dorothea, 197; |

Philipp, 197

Trent, James, partner in first com-
pany for manufacture of iron in

Trenton, 230
Trenton, N. J., Beginnings of Iron

Industry in, by William Nelson,

228
Trevior, Capt. , 78

Tryon, Gov. William, of North Caro-
lina and New York recalled, 456

Tupper, Col. Benjamin, sketch of,
340; mentioned, 294

Turner, Rev. C. H. B., contributes
records from Bible of Mrs. Charles
Jones, 380; letter of J. Moore to
Freeholders of Cedar Creek Hun-
dred, contributed by, 382

Turner, Edward Raymond, Slavery
in Colonial Pennsylvania, by, 141

Tyler, Major John S., 486; tried by
court martial, 486

Tynick, Brigade Major , 472

UHLER, Valentin, 198

Union School in Germantown, see
Germantown Academy

University of Pennsylvania, query
concerning data of medical gradu-
ates of, 244 ; pioneer of " higher
education " west of the Alle-
ghenies, 350

Vancortland, Nicholas, appointed
Aide-de-Camp to Gen. Sullivan, 172

Varnum, Gen. James M., member of
Court of Inquiry, 81 ; sketch of,
483; mentioned, 73, 76, 83, 156,
185, 186, 298, 339, 472, 478

Vascher, Dr. John Francis, tried by
court martial, 486 ; sketch of, 486

Vaughan, Major , 67, 180

VEHLER, Adam, 198

VEIT, Sibilla, 190

VELT, Maria Clara, 197

Vernon, Major Frederick, sketch of,
471

Vennoh, Robert, portrait of Henry
Charles Lea, by, 129

Vose, Col. Joseph, President of court
martial, 463, 471, 475, 486, 487,
488, 490, 493: sketch of, 463;
mentioned, 472

Waggoner, Lieut. Henry, sketch of,

480

WAGNER, Philip, 193
WAKE, Baldwin, 457 ; William, 457 ;

Sir William, 458; Baldwin, 457,

458, 459
Walker, Capt. Benjamin, appointed

Brigade Major, 340; sketch of,

341; mentioned, 492
Walker, Joseph, headquarters of

Gen. Wayne at house of, 481
Walker, Lewis, Friend's Monthly

Meeting at house of, 43

536

Index.

Wallace, Major Gustavus Brown,
member of court martial, 291 ;
sketch of, 337 ; mentioned, 340

" Walnut Grove " sold to Joseph
Wharton by John Hughes, 442

WALP, Johann Jost, 192; Maria
Catharina, 197

WARNER, Anna, 401; Catharine,
401 ; Edward, 401 ; Rebecca, 388

Washington, George, to Gen ." Light
Horse" Harry Lee, 108; Tobias
Lear to, 108 ; John Greenwood to,
110 ; to Gen. Edward Hand, 115 ;
miniature of, painted by Henry
Elouis, 261 ; Henry Elouis to, 261 ;
a subscriber to Kentucky Academy,
354 ; description of troops under,
367 ; mentioned, 368

Washington, Martha, miniature of,
by Henry Elouis, in collection of
Mrs. Drexel, 261

Washington Almanac, 1818-1819,
notes from interleaved copy of, 372

Wayne, Gen. Anthony, Court of In-
quiry on conduct of, October 20,
1777, 73, 76, 157, 166; acquitted,
167 ; at Battle of Brandywine,
104 ; order of march, Nov. 2, 1777,
168 ; presentation of his portrait
to the Hist. Soc. of Penna., on be-
half of Mrs. Joseph W. Drexel, by
Charles Henry Hart, 257 ; portrait
of, painted from life by Henry
Elouis, 258 ; other portraits of,
258, 259 ; headquarters of at Val-
ley Forge, 481; mentioned, 68, 69,
77, 83, 84, 85, 162, 166, 171, 176,
183, 296, 342, 465, 471, 473, 475,
482, 489, 490, 494

Weaver, Capt. Jacob, 171

WEBER, Anna, 256 ; Anne Margreth,
191; Catharina, 197; Elizabeth,
198, 256; Eva Christina, 191;
Friedrich, 197; Jacob, 188, 189,
197, 198, 256 ; Johann, 193 ; Maria,
256 ; Margaret, 255 ; Sarah, 196 ;
Susan, 255 ; Tobias, 255

Webster, Peletiah, appointed English
Master at Germantown Academy,
327

Weedon, Gen. George, member of
court martial, 157 ; mentioned, 79,
83, 84, 165, 170, 185, 186, 293,
297, 302

WEIHER, Susanne, 190

WEILAND, Anne Margretha, 191

Weisenfels, Lieut.-Col. Fredirick, 298

WEISER, Adam, 190

WEISINGER, Barbara, 255; Jacob,
255

WEISS, Anna, 256; Benedict, 255;
Christina, 255; Elizabeth, 256;
Jacob, 255, 256; Ludwig, 255;
Peter, 256 ; Rebecca, 255, 256

Welcom, Major , 182

Weltner, Lieut.-Col. Ludowick, 156

WERLES, Anna Maria, 193

WERNE, William, 256

Wesson, Col. James, sketch of, 475

West, Major , 162, 181

West, Benjamin, exhibition of collec-
tion of works and manuscripts of,
152 ; Charles Frederick Ramsey de-
livers an address on, 152 ; portraits
by, in possession of the Hist. Soc.
of Pa., 152; portrait of, by Sir
Thomas Lawrence, 152 ; engraved
portraits of, 152 ; original sketches
by, 153 ; letters and manuscripts
in handwriting of, 153 ; letters to,
154 ; receipt for funeral expenses
of, 155 ; friend of Samuel Shoe-
maker, 407

West Collection of the Historical
Society of Pennsylvania, 152

WtiARTON, Isaac, 389; Margaret
Rawle, 389 ; Samuel, 445 ; Thomas,
Jr., 445

Wharton, Joseph, purchases, " Walnut
Grove " from John Hughes, 442

Wharton, Samuel, introduced to
William Strahan by William Frank-
lin, 445 ; member of firm of
Baynton, Wharton and Morgan,
445, 449 ; mentioned, 446, 449

Wharton, Thomas, one of founders of
Germantown Academy, 325 ; men-
tioned, 481

Wheaton, Dr. Walter V., 277, 281

White, John, appointed Aide-de-Camp
to Gen. Sullivan, 59

Whitemarsh, Battle of, 334, 368

Who Was the Mother of Frank-
lin's Son, by Charles Henry Hart,
308

Wilcox, James, 53, 54, 55, 56

WILLIAMS, Prudence, 188

Williams, Major William, 61, 69, 82,
158, 166, 174, 181, 297

WILLING, Nancy, 398

Wills, Major , 293

Wilson, Benjamin, portrait of
William Franklin by, 420, 422,
426, 430, 435, 444; portrait of
Benjamin Franklin by, 430 ; men-
tioned, 438

Index.

537

Wilson, Isaac, Head Master, by
Charles H. Browning, 350 ; estab-
lishes the Lexington Grammar
School, 350, 351 ; Grammar Mas-
ter of Transylvania Seminary, 351 ;
Grammar School of, merged into
Transylvania Seminary, 351, 352 ;
Head Master of Transylvania Sem-
inary, 351 ; dismissed from same,
353 ; Trustee of Transylvania Sem-
inary, 353 ; military and land office
records concerning, 355

Wilson, Judge James, a subscriber to
Kentucky Academy, 354

\Vilson, Mrs. James, 398

WINDT, Anna Regina Catharina, 195

WINDT, Maria Barbara, 194

AVinslow, Major Nathaniel, sketch of,
479

Wiomlnkj see Wyoming

Wlsson, Col. , 291

WOLFF, Johann Philip, 189

Wood, Col. James, President of court
martial, 61

Woodford, Gen. William, 68, 156,
158, 162, 170, 172, 178, 181, 294,
298, 472, 478

Wooster, Gen. , 284

Wright, Lieut. Clinton, 277

Wylie, J. C., 497

Wyoming, commission to construct a
fort for Indians at, 442

Yard, Benjamin, purchases Isaac
Harrow's mill property, 239 ; steel
works of, 240 ; first steel works in
New Jersey, 241

Yard, William, iron works of, Borden-
town, N. J., 239

Yellow fever, account of In Philadel-
phia, 1793, by Christiana Leach,
349

Yellow Springs Hospital, 492

Yorktown, surrender of Cornwallis at,
described in diary of Anna Rawle,
400

YOUNG, Elizabeth, 345; William,
846; Capt. , 344

Young, Lieut.-Gen. S. M. B., attends
Meade banquet, 2 ; address of, 85

Young, William, receives title of
Botanist to the King and Queen,
343 ; death of, 346

ZBLLER, Maria Magdalena, 189;

Franz, 197

Zielinski, John de, 165
ZIMMERMANN, Ludwig, 198
ZIMMERMANN, Margaretha, 198
ZION, Luise, 193

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